Post-transcriptional regulation of the Sef1 transcription factor controls the virulence of Candida albicans in its mammalian host
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The yeast Candida albicans transitions between distinct lifestyles as a normal component of the human gastrointestinal microbiome and the most common agent of disseminated fungal disease. We previously identified Sef1 as a novel Cys(6)Zn(2) DNA binding protein that plays an essential role in C. albicans virulence by activating the transcription of iron uptake genes in iron-poor environments such as the host bloodstream and internal organs. Conversely, in the iron-replete gastrointestinal tract, persistence as a commensal requires the transcriptional repressor Sfu1, which represses SEF1 and genes for iron uptake. Here, we describe an unexpected, transcription-independent role for Sfu1 in the direct inhibition of Sef1 function through protein complex formation and localization in the cytoplasm, where Sef1 is destabilized. Under iron-limiting conditions, Sef1 forms an alternative complex with the putative kinase, Ssn3, resulting in its phosphorylation, nuclear localization, and transcriptional activity. Analysis of sfu1 and ssn3 mutants in a mammalian model of disseminated candidiasis indicates that these post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms serve as a means for precise titration of C. albicans virulence.
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During iron-depleted conditions, Sef1 is induced and activated by Ssn3 and induces expression of HAP43 and iron acquisition genes.
“During iron depleted conditions, Sef1 is induced and activated by Ssn3 (Chen and Noble, 2012), and induces the expression of HAP43 and iron acquisition genes (Chen et al., 2011).”
From Iron at the Centre of Candida albicans Interactions (2018) · cites this paper as Chen and Noble, 2012
Suppression of Sef1 by Sfu1 is not only mediated by transcriptional inhibition, but Sfu1 has also been shown to physically associate with Sef1 and sequester it in the cytoplasm, where it is unable to perform transcriptional activation of iron acquisition genes.
“This suppression of Sef1 by Sfu1 is not only mediated by transcriptional inhibition, but Sfu1 has also been shown to physically associate with Sef1 and sequester it in the cytoplasm, where it is unable to perform transcriptional activation of iron acquisition genes (Chen and Noble, 2012).”
From Iron at the Centre of Candida albicans Interactions (2018) · cites this paper as Chen and Noble, 2012
Other pathogenic fungi such as A. fumigatus, C. neoformans, and C. albicans generally rely on iron-dependent regulation via GATA factor orthologs and the CCAAT-binding complex.
“In contrast, other pathogenic fungi such as Aspergillus fumigatus, Cryptococcus neoformans, and C. albicans generally rely on iron-dependent regulation via GATA factor orthologs and the CCAAT-binding complex (12, 48–51).”
From A novel hybrid iron regulation network combines features from pathogenic and nonpathogenic yeasts (2016) · cites this paper as [49]
In C. albicans, Sef1 is crucial for iron uptake in bloodstream infections, as shown by severely decreased virulence and recovery from murine organs of a sef1Δ/Δ mutant.
“In C. albicans, Sef1 is crucial for iron uptake in bloodstream infections, as shown by severely decreased virulence and recovery from murine organs of a sef1Δ/Δ mutant (49).”
From A novel hybrid iron regulation network combines features from pathogenic and nonpathogenic yeasts (2016) · cites this paper as [49]
In C. albicans, SEF1 deletion has a large effect on iron-dependent transcriptional responses, where Sef1 is a major activator of iron uptake-related genes.
“This is especially striking in comparison to the large effect that SEF1 deletion has on C. albicans iron-dependent transcriptional responses, where Sef1 is a major activator of iron uptake-related genes (reference 49 and own unpublished observations).”
From A novel hybrid iron regulation network combines features from pathogenic and nonpathogenic yeasts (2016) · cites this paper as [49]
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- Authors
- Chen, C., & Noble, S. M.
- Affiliations
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Corresponding author
- Noble, Suzanne M.
- Venue
- PLoS Pathogens
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2012-11-01
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- e1002956
- ISSN
- 1553-7366 (ISSN-L)
- 1553-7374
- PMC
- PMC3486892
- OpenAlex
- W2018239620
- Cited by
- 83
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 4
- FWCI
- 2.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- PLoS Pathogens (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- National Foundation for Infectious Diseases
- Hellman Family Foundation
- Astellas Pharma
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Fungal and yeast genetics research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Antifungal resistance and susceptibility
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Fungal Infections and Studies
- Keywords
- Candida albicans, post-transcriptional regulation, protein stability, protein-protein complex formation, iron uptake genes, iron limitation, commensalism, systemic candidiasis, virulence, transcriptional repressor, cytoplasmic localization, nuclear localization
- MeSH terms
- Candida albicans, Candidiasis, Fungal Proteins, Humans, Iron, Mutation, Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal, Cyclin-Dependent Kinases, Multiprotein Complexes, Core Binding Factor Alpha 1 Subunit
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