Candida albicans specializations for iron homeostasis: from commensalism to virulence
Open accessAbstract
Candida albicans is a fungal commensal-pathogen that persistently associates with its mammalian hosts. Between the commensal and pathogenic lifestyles, this microorganism inhabits host niches that differ markedly in the levels of bioavailable iron. A number of recent studies have exposed C. albicans specializations for acquiring iron from specific host molecules in regions where iron is scarce, while also defending against iron-related toxicity in regions where iron occurs in surfeit. Together, these results point to a central role for iron homeostasis in the evolution of this important human pathogen.
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Elevated concentrations of hepcidin increase iron sequestration by macrophages and decrease duodenal iron absorption during inflammatory reactions, thus reducing plasma iron levels.
“Elevated concentrations of hepcidin increase iron sequestration by macrophages and decrease duodenal iron absorption during inflammatory reactions and thus reduces plasma iron levels (Cassat and Skaar, 2013; Noble, 2013).”
From Iron at the Centre of Candida albicans Interactions (2018) · cites this paper as Noble, 2013
In “Mechanisms of iron acquisition in the bloodstream” (page unavailable), Noble says inflammatory responses reduce serum iron through decreased intestinal absorption and retention within reticuloendothelial cells. The passage does not identify elevated hepcidin as the cause or specify duodenal absorption and macrophages. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIron ions regulate hyphal development and morphological transitions by modulating key transcription factors, including Sef1, Hap43, and Sfu1.
“They regulate hyphal development and morphological transitions by modulating key transcription factors, including Sef1, Hap43, and Sfu1 (Noble 2013; Singh et al. 2011).”
From Aloe emodin disrupts Candida albicans mitochondrial iron homeostasis against its hyphal development and oral candidiasis (2026) · cites this paper as Noble 2013
The section ‘Defense against iron excess in the gut’ describes iron-dependent regulation involving Sef1, Hap43, and Sfu1. But ‘From iron homeostasis to developmental switches’ says further experiments are needed to determine whether iron levels trigger the developmental transition; it does not establish that these factors regulate hyphal development. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredC. albicans has evolved a complex regulatory program for iron uptake that operates in both commensal and pathogenic states.
“Thus, C. albicans has evolved an intricate transcriptional program to regulate iron acquisition during commensal or pathogenic states [91].”
From Buried Treasure: Evolutionary Perspectives on Microbial Iron Piracy (2015) · cites this paper as [91]
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“They regulate hyphal development and morphological transitions by modulating key transcription factors, including Sef1 , Hap43 , and Sfu1 (Noble 2013; Singh et al. 2011).”
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Bacterial suppression of intestinal fungi via activation of human gut γδ T-cellsPreprint
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- Authors
- Noble, S. M.
- Affiliations
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Corresponding author
- Noble, Suzanne M
- ORCID
- Noble, Suzanne M
- Venue
- Current Opinion in Microbiology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-12
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 708-715
- ISSN
- 1369-5274 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3855070
- OpenAlex
- W2093869242
- Cited by
- 104
- References
- 83
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 0.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Current Opinion in Microbiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Burroughs Wellcome Fund
- Pew Charitable Trusts
- National Institutes of Health (R21AI099659-01)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Antifungal resistance and susceptibility
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Fungal and yeast genetics research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Fungal Infections and Studies
- Keywords
- Candida albicans, iron homeostasis, iron acquisition, iron toxicity, commensalism, fungal virulence, host-pathogen interaction, iron starvation
- MeSH terms
- Candida albicans, Homeostasis, Iron, Symbiosis, Virulence
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