Identification of Host-Targeted Small Molecules That Restrict Intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis Growth
Open accessAbstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis remains a significant threat to global health. Macrophages are the host cell for M. tuberculosis infection, and although bacteria are able to replicate intracellularly under certain conditions, it is also clear that macrophages are capable of killing M. tuberculosis if appropriately activated. The outcome of infection is determined at least in part by the host-pathogen interaction within the macrophage; however, we lack a complete understanding of which host pathways are critical for bacterial survival and replication. To add to our understanding of the molecular processes involved in intracellular infection, we performed a chemical screen using a high-content microscopic assay to identify small molecules that restrict mycobacterial growth in macrophages by targeting host functions and pathways. The identified host-targeted inhibitors restrict bacterial growth exclusively in the context of macrophage infection and predominantly fall into five categories: G-protein coupled receptor modulators, ion channel inhibitors, membrane transport proteins, anti-inflammatories, and kinase modulators. We found that fluoxetine, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, enhances secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α and induces autophagy in infected macrophages, and gefitinib, an inhibitor of the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR), also activates autophagy and restricts growth. We demonstrate that during infection signaling through EGFR activates a p38 MAPK signaling pathway that prevents macrophages from effectively responding to infection. Inhibition of this pathway using gefitinib during in vivo infection reduces growth of M. tuberculosis in the lungs of infected mice. Our results support the concept that screening for inhibitors using intracellular models results in the identification of tool compounds for probing pathways during in vivo infection and may also result in the identification of new anti-tuberculosis agents that work by modulating host pathways. Given the existing experience with some of our identified compounds for other therapeutic indications, further clinically-directed study of these compounds is merited.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Fluoxetine and gefitinib stimulate autophagy and reduce intra-macrophage survival of M. tuberculosis.
“Specifically, fluoxetine, a selective serotoine re-uptake inhibitor, and gefitinib, an inhibitor of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) activity stimulated autophagy and reduced intra-macrophage survival of M. tuberculosis.”
From Macrophage defense mechanisms against intracellular bacteria (2015) · cites this paper as [80]
The effect of gefitinib on autophagy and intracellular M. tuberculosis is traced to blockade of EGFR-mediated p38-MAPK activation, a known inhibitory pathway of autophagy.
“The effect of gefitinib could be traced back to blockade of EGFR mediated p38-MAPK activation, a known inhibitory pathway of autophagy (80).”
From Macrophage defense mechanisms against intracellular bacteria (2015) · cites this paper as [80]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
CellProfiler: image analysis software for identifying and quantifying cell phenotypes
Carpenter, A. E., Jones, T. R., Lamprecht, M. R., Clarke, C., Kang, I. H., Friman, O., Guertin, D. A., Chang, J. H., Lindquist, R. A., Moffat, J., et al. (2006) · Genome biology · doi:10.1186/gb-2006-7-10-r100 · Cited by 5,077 · see citing works
Self-citationTuberculosis Associated with Infliximab, a Tumor Necrosis Factor α–Neutralizing Agent
Keane, J., Gershon, S. K., Wise, R. P., Mirabile‐Levens, E., Kasznica, J. M., Schwieterman, W. D., Siegel, J. N., & Braun, M. M. (2001) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa011110 · Cited by 3,683 · see citing works
Mechanism of activation of protein kinase B by insulin and IGF‐1.
Alessi, D. R., Andjelković, M., Caudwell, B., Cron, P. D., MORRICE, N. A., Cohen, P., & Hemmings, B. A. (1996) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1996.tb01045.x · Cited by 2,985 · see citing works
Peyron, P., Vaubourgeix, J., Poquet, Y., Levillain, F., Botanch, C., Bardou, F., Daffé, M., Emile, J.-F., Marchou, B., Cardona, P.-J., et al. (2008) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1000204 · Cited by 751 · see citing works
Gardam, M. A., Keystone, E. C., Menzies, R., Manners, S., Skamene, E., Long, R., & Vinh, D. C. (2003) · The Lancet Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(03)00545-0 · Cited by 742 · see citing works
Discovery of Q203, a potent clinical candidate for the treatment of tuberculosis
Pethe, K., Bifani, P. J., Jang, J., Kang, S., Park, S., Ahn, S., Jiřiček, J., Jung, J., Jeon, H. K., Cechetto, J. D., et al. (2013) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm.3262 · Cited by 601 · see citing works
Roca, F. J., & Ramakrishnan, L. (2013) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2013.03.022 · Cited by 592 · see citing works
Host Genotype-Specific Therapies Can Optimize the Inflammatory Response to Mycobacterial Infections
Tobin, D. M., Roca, F. J., Oh, S. F., McFarland, R., Vickery, T. W., Ray, J. P., Ko, D. C., Zou, Y., Bang, N. D., Chau, T. T. H., et al. (2012) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2011.12.023 · Cited by 576 · see citing works
Linezolid for Treatment of Chronic Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis
Lee, M., Lee, J., Carroll, M. W., Choi, H., Min, S., Song, T., Via, L. E., Goldfeder, L. C., Kang, E., Jin, B., et al. (2012) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1201964 · Cited by 557 · see citing works
Drug Tolerance in Replicating Mycobacteria Mediated by a Macrophage-Induced Efflux Mechanism
Adams, K. N., Takaki, K. K., Connolly, L. E., Wiedenhoft, H., Winglee, K., Humbert, O., Edelstein, P. H., Cosma, C. L., & Ramakrishnan, L. (2011) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2011.02.022 · Cited by 522 · see citing works
Mycobacterium tuberculosis Prevents Inflammasome Activation
Master, S. S., Rampini, S. K., Davis, A. S., Keller, C., Ehlers, S., Springer, B., Timmins, G. S., Sander, P., & Deretic, V. P. (2008) · Cell Host & Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2008.03.003 · Cited by 421 · see citing works
The BCR-ABL Story: Bench to Bedside and Back
Wong, S., & Witte, O. N. (2004) · Annual Review of Immunology · doi:10.1146/annurev.immunol.22.012703.104753 · Cited by 402 · see citing works
Barnett, S. F., Defeo-Jones, D., Fu, S., Hancock, P. J., Haskell, K., Jones, R. E., Kahana, J. A., Kral, A. M., Leander, K. R., LEE, L. L., et al. (2005) · Biochemical Journal · doi:10.1042/bj20041140 · Cited by 398 · see citing works
Chen, M., Divangahi, M., Gan, H., Shin, D. S., Hong, S., Lee, D. M., Serhan, C. N., Behar, S. M., & Remold, H. G. (2008) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20080767 · Cited by 352 · see citing works
Kumar, D., Nath, L., Kamal, M. A., Varshney, A., Jain, A., Singh, S., & Rao, K. V. S. (2010) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2010.02.012 · Cited by 345 · see citing works
Eierhoff, T., Hrincius, E. R., Rescher, U., Ludwig, S., & Ehrhardt, C. (2010) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1001099 · Cited by 340 · see citing works
Shin, D.-M., Jeon, B., Lee, H., Jin, H. S., Yuk, J., Song, C., Lee, S. H., Lee, Z.-W., Cho, S.-N., Kim, J., et al. (2010) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1001230 · Cited by 337 · see citing works
Christophe, T., Jackson, M., Jeon, H. K., Fenistein, D., Contreras-Domínguez, M., Kim, J. C., Genovesio, A., Carralot, J., Ewann, F., Kim, E. H., et al. (2009) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1000645 · Cited by 325 · see citing works
Survival of Mycobacteria in Macrophages Is Mediated by Coronin 1-Dependent Activation of Calcineurin
Jayachandran, R., Sundaramurthy, V., Combaluzier, B., Mueller, P., Korf, H., Huygen, K., Miyazaki, T., Albrecht, I., Massner, J., & Pieters, J. (2007) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2007.04.043 · Cited by 310 · see citing works
Deretic, V. P., Singh, S., Master, S. S., Harris, J., Roberts, E. A., Kyei, G. B., Davis, A., Haro, S. A. D., Naylor, J., Lee, H.-H., et al. (2006) · Cellular Microbiology · doi:10.1111/j.1462-5822.2006.00705.x · Cited by 306 · see citing works
Intracellular bacterial growth is controlled by a kinase network around PKB/AKT1
Kuijl, C. P., Savage, N. D. L., Marsman, M., Tuin, A. W., Janssen, L., Egan, D. A., Ketema, M., van den Nieuwendijk, R., van den Eeden, S. J. F., Geluk, A., et al. (2007) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature06345 · Cited by 300 · see citing works
Singh, V., Jamwal, S., Jain, R., Verma, P., Gokhale, R., & Rao, K. V. S. (2012) · Cell Host & Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2012.09.012 · Cited by 295 · see citing works
Warner-Schmidt, J. L., Vanover, K. E., Chen, E. Y., Marshall, J. J., & Greengard, P. (2011) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1104836108 · Cited by 291 · see citing works
How tumour necrosis factor blockers interfere with tuberculosis immunity
Harris, J., & Keane, J. (2010) · Clinical & Experimental Immunology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2249.2010.04146.x · Cited by 288 · see citing works
Efferocytosis Is an Innate Antibacterial Mechanism
Martin, C. J., Booty, M. G., Rosebrock, T. R., Nunes-Alves, C., Desjardins, D. M., Keren, I., Fortune, S. M., Remold, H. G., & Behar, S. M. (2012) · Cell Host & Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2012.06.010 · Cited by 285 · see citing works
Serotonin Skews Human Macrophage Polarization through HTR2B and HTR7
Casas-Engel, M. D. L., Domínguez‐Soto, Á., Sierra‐Filardi, E., Bragado, R., Nieto, C., Puig‐Kröger, A., Samaniego, R., Loza, M. I., Corcuera, M. T., Gómez, F., et al. (2013) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1201133 · Cited by 253 · see citing works
Stanley, S. A., Grant, S. S., Kawate, T., Iwase, N., Shimizu, M., Wivagg, C. N., Silvis, M. R., Kazyanskaya, E., Aquadro, J. A., Golas, A. J., et al. (2012) · ACS Chemical Biology · doi:10.1021/cb300151m · Cited by 252 · see citing works
Self-citationEicosanoid pathways regulate adaptive immunity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Divangahi, M., Desjardins, D., Nunes-Alves, C., Remold, H. G., & Behar, S. M. (2010) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni.1904 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
Coordinated regulation of autophagy by p38α MAPK through mAtg9 and p38IP
Webber, J. L., & Tooze, S. A. (2009) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1038/emboj.2009.321 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
Lee, M. R., & Dominguez, C. (2005) · Current Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.2174/092986705774462914 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
Critchley, J., Young, F., Orton, L., & Garner, P. (2013) · The Lancet Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(12)70321-3 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Napier, R. J., Rafi, W., Cheruvu, M., Powell, K. R., Zaunbrecher, M. A., Bornmann, W. G., Salgame, P., Shinnick, T. M., & Kalman, D. (2011) · Cell Host & Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2011.09.010 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Tailleux, L., Waddell, S. J., Pelizzola, M., Mortellaro, A., Withers, M., Tanne, A. J., Castagnoli, P. R., Gicquel, B., Stoker, N. G., Butcher, P. D., et al. (2008) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0001403 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Malik, Z. A., Iyer, S. S., & Kusner, D. J. (2001) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.166.5.3392 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Bekker, L., Freeman, S. L., Murray, P. J., Ryffel, B., & Kaplan, G. (2001) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.166.11.6728 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Acceleration of Tuberculosis Treatment by Adjunctive Therapy with Verapamil as an Efflux Inhibitor
Gupta, S., Tyagi, S. K., Almeida, D. V., Maiga, M. C., Ammerman, N. C., & Bishai, W. R. (2013) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/rccm.201304-0650oc · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Korf, H., Beken, S. V., Romano, M., Steffensen, K. R., Stijlemans, B., Gustafsson, J.-�., Grooten, J., & Huygen, K. (2009) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci35288 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Cloëz-Tayarani, I. (2003) · International Immunology · doi:10.1093/intimm/dxg027 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Spangler, J. B., Neil, J. R., Abramovitch, S., Yarden, Y., White, F. M., Lauffenburger, D. A., & Wittrup, K. D. (2010) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0913476107 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Discovery of 2,3,5-trisubstituted pyridine derivatives as potent Akt1 and Akt2 dual inhibitors
Zhao, Z., Leister, W., Robinson, R., Barnett, S. F., Defeo-Jones, D., Jones, R. E., Hartman, G. D., Huff, J. R., Huber, H. E., Duggan, M. E., et al. (2005) · Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters · doi:10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.12.062 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Host-Directed Drug Targeting of Factors Hijacked by Pathogens
Schwegmann, A., & Brombacher, F. (2008) · Science Signaling · doi:10.1126/scisignal.129re8 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Reconsidering Adjuvant Immunotherapy for Tuberculosis
Wallis, R. S. (2005) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/430914 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Gaskill, P. J., Carvallo, L., Eugenin, E. A., & Berman, J. W. (2012) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/1742-2094-9-203 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Bruns, H., Stegelmann, F., Fabri, M., Döhner, K., van Zandbergen, G., Wagner, M., Skinner, M., Modlin, R. L., & Stenger, S. (2012) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1201538 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Yan, F., Cao, H., Chaturvedi, R., Krishna, U. S., Hobbs, S. S., Dempsey, P. J., Peek, R. M., Cover, T. L., Washington, M. K., Wilson, K. T., et al. (2009) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2008.12.059 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Sternberg, E. M., Trial, J., & Parker, C. W. (1986) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.137.1.276 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Participation of β-Adrenergic Receptors on Macrophages in Modulation of LPS-Induced Cytokine Release
Izeboud, C. A., Mocking, J. A. J., Monshouwer, M., van Miert, A. S. J. P. A. M., & Witkamp, R. F. (1999) · Journal of Receptors and Signal Transduction · doi:10.3109/10799899909036645 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Jayaswal, S., Kamal, M. A., Dua, R., Gupta, S., Majumdar, T., Das, G., Kumar, D., & Rao, K. V. S. (2010) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1000839 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Liu, K., Gualano, R. C., Hibbs, M. L., Anderson, G. P., & Bozinovski, S. (2008) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m710257200 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Stanley, S. A., Kawate, T., Iwase, N., Shimizu, M., Clatworthy, A. E., Kazyanskaya, E., Sacchettini, J. C., Ioerger, T. R., Siddiqi, N., Minami, S., et al. (2013) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1302114110 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Self-citationSubbian, S., Tsenova, L., O’Brien, P. E., Yang, G., Koo, M.-S., Peixoto, B., Fallows, D. A., Dartois, V. A., Muller, G. W., & Kaplan, G. (2011) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1002262 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Sundaramurthy, V., Barsacchi, R., Samusik, N., Marsico, G., Gilleron, J., Kalaidzidis, I. V., Meyenhofer, F., Bickle, M., Kalaidzidis, Y. L., & Zerial, M. (2013) · Cell Host & Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2013.01.008 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Koo, M.-S., Manca, C., Yang, G., O’Brien, P. E., Sung, N., Tsenova, L., Subbian, S., Fallows, D. A., Muller, G. W., Ehrt, S., et al. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0017091 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Skerry, C. M., Harper, J. S., Klunk, M. H., Bishai, W. R., & Jain, S. K. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0039680 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Wong, S., McLaughlin, J., Cheng, D., Zhang, C., Shokat, K. M., & Witte, O. N. (2004) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0407061101 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Maïga, M., Agarwal, N., Ammerman, N. C., Gupta, R., Guo, H., Maiga, M. C., Lun, S., & Bishai, W. R. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0030749 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Voltage Gated Calcium Channels Negatively Regulate Protective Immunity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Gupta, S., Salam, N., Srivastava, V., Singla, R., Behera, D., Khayyam, K. U., Korde, R., Malhotra, P., Saxena, R. K., & Natarajan, K. (2009) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0005305 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Glosli, H., Stray‐Pedersen, A., Brun, A. C., Holtmon, L. W., Tønjum, T., Chapgier, A. L. A., Casanova, J., & Abrahamsen, T. G. (2008) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/525855 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Chemical Tools for Dissecting Bacterial Physiology and Virulence
Stanley, S. A., & Hung, D. T. (2009) · Biochemistry · doi:10.1021/bi9009083 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationSTEROID THERAPY AND TUBERCULOSIS
Shubin, H. (1959) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1959.03010160001001 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
On the Prediction of Statistical Parameters in High-Throughput Screening Using Resampling Techniques
Ilouga, P. E., & Hesterkamp, T. (2012) · SLAS DISCOVERY · doi:10.1177/1087057112441623 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Introducing Bayesian Thinking to High-Throughput Screening for False-Negative Rate Estimation
Wei, X. L., Gao, L., Zhang, X., Qian, H., Rowan, K., Mark, D., Peng, Z., & Huang, K. (2013) · SLAS DISCOVERY · doi:10.1177/1087057113491495 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Clinical benefit in NSCLC: the evidence for gefitinib (‘Iressa’, ZD1839)
Lynch, T. J. (2003) · European Journal of Cancer Supplements · doi:10.1016/s1359-6349(03)80016-2 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
CellProfiler 3.0: Next-generation image processing for biology
McQuin, C., Goodman, A., Chernyshev, V. S., Kamentsky, L. D., Cimini, B. A., Karhohs, K. W., Doan, M., Ding, L., Rafelski, S. M., Thirstrup, D. J., et al. (2018) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.2005970 · Cited by 1,835 · see citing works
Self-citationMacrophage defense mechanisms against intracellular bacteria
Weiss, G., & Schaible, U. E. (2015) · Immunological Reviews · doi:10.1111/imr.12266 · Cited by 989 · see citing works
Host-directed therapies for bacterial and viral infections
Kaufmann, S. H. E., Dorhoi, A., Hotchkiss, R. S., & Bartenschlager, R. F. W. (2017) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/nrd.2017.162 · Cited by 847 · see citing works
Interplay Between NLRP3 Inflammasome and Autophagy
Biasizzo, M., & Kopitar‐Jerala, N. (2020) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.591803 · Cited by 620 · see citing works
Mycobacterium tuberculosis induces the miR-33 locus to reprogram autophagy and host lipid metabolism
Ouimet, M. I., Köster, S., Sakowski, E. T., Ramkhelawon, B., Solingen, C. V., Oldebeken, S. R., Karunakaran, D., Portal‐Celhay, C., Sheedy, F. J., Ray, T. D., et al. (2016) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni.3434 · Cited by 357 · see citing works
Khandia, R., Dadar, M., Munjal, A. K., Dhama, K., Karthik, K., Tiwari, R., Yatoo, M. I., Iqbal, H. M. N., Singh, K. P., Joshi, S. K., et al. (2019) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells8070674 · Cited by 323 · see citing works
Advancing host-directed therapy for tuberculosis
Wallis, R. S., & Hafner, R. (2015) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri3813 · Cited by 291 · see citing works
Gideon, H. P., Hughes, T. K., Tzouanas, C. N., Wadsworth, M. H., Tu, A. A., Gierahn, T. M., Peters, J. M., Hopkins, F. F., Wei, J.-R., Kummerlowe, C., et al. (2022) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2022.04.004 · Cited by 278 · see citing works
Therapeutic host-directed strategies to improve outcome in tuberculosis
Young, C., Walzl, G., & du Plessis, N. (2019) · Mucosal Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41385-019-0226-5 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Therapeutic targeting of autophagy in neurodegenerative and infectious diseases
Rubinsztein, D. C., Bento, C. F., & Deretic, V. (2015) · Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20150956 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Targeting Bacterial Central Metabolism for Drug Development
Murima, P., McKinney, J. D., & Pethe, K. (2014) · Chemistry & Biology · doi:10.1016/j.chembiol.2014.08.020 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Immunomodulatory Effects Mediated by Serotonin
Arreola, R., Becerril-Villanueva, E., Cruz-Fuentes, C., Velasco-Velázquez, M., Garcés-Alvarez, M. E., Hurtado-Alvarado, G., Quintero-Fabián, S., & Pavón, L. (2015) · Journal of Immunological Research · doi:10.1155/2015/354957 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Bacterial Pathogens versus Autophagy: Implications for Therapeutic Interventions
Kimmey, J. M., & Stallings, C. L. (2016) · Trends in Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2016.10.008 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Macrophage Autophagy and Bacterial Infections
Bah, A., & Vergne, I. (2017) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2017.01483 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Autophagy: A new strategy for host-directed therapy of tuberculosis
Paik, S., Kim, J. K., Chung, C., & Jo, E.-K. (2018) · Virulence · doi:10.1080/21505594.2018.1536598 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Host-Directed Therapeutic Strategies for Tuberculosis
Kolloli, A., & Subbian, S. (2017) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2017.00171 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Signaling pathways in macrophages: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic targets
Li, M., Wang, M., Wen, Y., Zhang, H., Zhao, G., & Gao, Q. (2023) · MedComm · doi:10.1002/mco2.349 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
The cell biology of late blight disease
Whisson, S. C., Boevink, P. C., Wang, S., & Birch, P. R. J. (2016) · Current Opinion in Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.mib.2016.09.002 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Granulomas and Inflammation: Host-Directed Therapies for Tuberculosis
Ndlovu, H., & Marakalala, M. J. (2016) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2016.00434 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Liu, F., Chen, J., Wang, P., Li, H., Zhou, Y., Liu, H., Liu, Z., Zheng, R., Wang, L., Yang, H., et al. (2018) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-018-06836-4 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Towards host-directed therapies for tuberculosis
Zumla, A. I., Chakaya, J. M., Höelscher, M., Ntoumi, F., Rustomjee, R., Vilaplana, C., Yeboah‐Manu, D., Rasolofo, V., Munderi, P., Singh, N., et al. (2015) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/nrd4696 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Host-Directed Therapies for Tuberculosis: Figure 1.Preprint
Tobin, D. M. (2015) · Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine · doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a021196 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Innate Immune Responses to Tuberculosis
Schorey, J. S., & Schlesinger, L. S. (2016) · Microbiology Spectrum · doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.tbtb2-0010-2016 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Barczak, A. K., Avraham, R., Singh, S., Luo, S. S., Zhang, W. R., Bray, M.-A., Hinman, A. E., Thompson, M., Nietupski, R. M., Golas, A., et al. (2017) · PLOS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1006363 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Self-citationKumar, R., Sahu, S. K., Kumar, M., Jana, K., Gupta, P., Gupta, U. D., Kundu, M., & Basu, J. (2015) · Cellular Microbiology · doi:10.1111/cmi.12540 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Repurposing of Anticancer Drugs for the Treatment of Bacterial Infections
Soo, V. W. C., Kwan, B. W., Quezada, H., Castillo‐Juárez, I., Peréz-Eretza, B., García-Contreras, S. J., Martínez‐Vázquez, M., Wood, T. K., & García‐Contreras, R. (2016) · Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.2174/1568026616666160930131737 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Cell death and autophagy in tuberculosis
Moraco, A. H., & Kornfeld, H. (2014) · Seminars in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.smim.2014.10.001 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Mycobacterium tuberculosis MetabolismPreprint
Warner, D. F. (2014) · Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine · doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a021121 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Hit Generation in TB Drug Discovery: From Genome to Granuloma
Yuan, T., & Sampson, N. S. (2018) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00602 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Costa-Gouveia, J., Pancani, E., Jouny, S., Machelart, A., Delorme, V., Salzano, G., Iantomasi, R., Piveteau, C., Queval, C. J., Song, O., et al. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-05453-3 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Maphasa, R. E., Meyer, M., & Dube, A. (2021) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2020.618414 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Protection and pathology in TB: learning from the zebrafish model
Meijer, A. H. (2015) · Seminars in Immunopathology · doi:10.1007/s00281-015-0522-4 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Chiang, C.-Y., Uzoma, I., Moore, R. T., Gilbert, M., Duplantier, A. J., & Panchal, R. G. (2018) · mBio · doi:10.1128/mbio.01932-17 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Autophagy in the Fight Against Tuberculosis
Bento, C. F., Empadinhas, N., & Mendes, V. (2015) · DNA and Cell Biology · doi:10.1089/dna.2014.2745 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
The role of macrophages in anti-inflammatory activity of antidepressant drugs
Nazimek, K., Strobel, S. D., Bryniarski, P., Kozlowski, M., Filipczak-Bryniarska, I., & Bryniarski, K. (2016) · Immunobiology · doi:10.1016/j.imbio.2016.07.001 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Pathogenesis and therapeutic targets
Yang, J.-X., Zhang, L., Qiao, W., & Luo, Y. (2023) · MedComm · doi:10.1002/mco2.353 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Ellis, M. J., Tsai, C. N., Johnson, J. W., French, S., Elhenawy, W., Porwollik, S., Andrews‐Polymenis, H. L., McClelland, M., Magolan, J., Coombes, B. K., et al. (2019) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-018-08190-x · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Zhang, R., Varela, M., Vallentgoed, W., Forn‐Cuní, G., van der Vaart, M., & Meijer, A. H. (2019) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1007329 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
The Expanding Diversity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Drug Targets
Wellington, S., & Hung, D. T. (2018) · ACS Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1021/acsinfecdis.7b00255 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Self-citationSorrentino, F., del Río, R. G., Zheng, X., Matilla, J.-L. P., Torres, P. A., Martínez-Hoyos, M., Pérez‐Herrán, E., Mendoza-Losana, A., & Av‐Gay, Y. (2015) · Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy · doi:10.1128/aac.01920-15 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Host Antimicrobial Peptides: The Promise of New Treatment Strategies against Tuberculosis
Arranz‐Trullén, J., Lu, L., Pulido, D., Bhakta, S., & Boix, E. (2017) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2017.01499 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Identification and validation of novel drug targets in Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Singh, V., & Mizrahi, V. (2016) · Drug Discovery Today · doi:10.1016/j.drudis.2016.09.010 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
The Role of ErbB Receptors in Infection
Ho, J., Moyes, D. L., Tavassoli, M., & Naglik, J. R. (2017) · Trends in Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.tim.2017.04.009 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Torfs, E., Piller, T., Cos, P., & Cappoen, D. (2019) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms20122868 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
A Fluorogenic Trehalose Probe for Tracking Phagocytosed Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Dai, T.-T., Xie, J.-H., Zhu, Q.-H., Kamariza, M., Jiang, K., Bertozzi, C., & Rao, J. (2020) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/jacs.0c07700 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
The Future for Early-Stage Tuberculosis Drug Discovery
Zuniga, E. S., Early, J. V., & Parish, T. (2015) · Future Microbiology · doi:10.2217/fmb.14.125 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Autophagy-activating strategies to promote innate defense against mycobacteria
Kim, Y. S., Silwal, P., Kim, S. Y., Yoshimori, T., & Jo, E. (2019) · Experimental & Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1038/s12276-019-0290-7 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Hawn, T. R., Shah, J. A., & Kalman, D. (2015) · Immunological Reviews · doi:10.1111/imr.12255 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Budzik, J. M., Swaney, D. L., Jimenez‐Morales, D., Johnson, J. R., Garelis, N. E., Repasy, T., Roberts, A. W., Popov, L. M., Parry, T. J., Pratt, D. R., et al. (2020) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.51461 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Wang, Z., Arat, S., Magid-Slav, M., & Brown, J. R. (2018) · BMC Systems Biology · doi:10.1186/s12918-017-0524-z · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Potentiation of P2RX7 as a host-directed strategy for control of mycobacterial infection
Matty, M. A., Knudsen-Palmer, D. R., Walton, E. M., Beerman, R. W., Cronan, M. R., Pyle, C. J., Hernandez, R. E., & Tobin, D. M. (2019) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.39123 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Drug repurposing to overcome microbial resistance
Jampílek, J. (2022) · Drug Discovery Today · doi:10.1016/j.drudis.2022.05.006 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Unconventional screening approaches for antibiotic discovery
Farha, M. A., & Brown, E. D. (2015) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.12803 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Paroxetine differentially modulates LPS-induced TNFα and IL-6 production in mouse macrophages
Durairaj, H., Steury, M. D., & Parameswaran, N. (2015) · International Immunopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2015.02.029 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Sogi, K. M., Lien, K. A., Johnson, J. R., Krogan, N. J., & Stanley, S. A. (2017) · ACS Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1021/acsinfecdis.7b00046 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Self-citationKorbee, C. J., Heemskerk, M. T., Kocev, D., van Strijen, E., Rabiee, O., Franken, K. L. M. C., Wilson, L., Savage, N. D. L., Džeroski, S., Haks, M. C., et al. (2018) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-017-02777-6 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
TNF in Human Tuberculosis: A Double-Edged Sword
Yuk, J., Kim, J. K., Kim, I. S., & Jo, E. (2024) · Immune Network · doi:10.4110/in.2024.24.e4 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Autophagy in Mycobacterium tuberculosis and HIV infections
Espert, L., Beaumelle, B. D., & Vergne, I. (2015) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2015.00049 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Tuberculosis drug discovery: Progression and future interventions in the wake of emerging resistance
Perveen, S., Kumari, D., Singh, K., & Sharma, R. (2021) · European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.114066 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Bouzeyen, R., Haoues, M., Barbouche, M., Singh, R., & Essafi, M. (2019) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2019.02922 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Mimicry of Short Linear Motifs by Bacterial Pathogens: A Drugging Opportunity
Sámano‐Sánchez, H., & Gibson, T. J. (2020) · Trends in Biochemical Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tibs.2020.03.003 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Targeting Molecular Inflammatory Pathways in Granuloma as Host-Directed Therapies for Tuberculosis
Guler, R., Ozturk, M., Sabeel, S., Motaung, B., Parihar, S. P., Thienemann, F., & Brombacher, F. (2021) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.733853 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Yavvari, P. S., Awasthi, A. K., Sharma, A., Bajaj, A., & Srivastava, A. (2019) · Journal of Materials Chemistry B · doi:10.1039/c8tb02962h · Cited by 50 · see citing works
An effective nano drug delivery and combination therapy for the treatment of Tuberculosis
Sheikhpour, M., Delorme, V., Kasaeian, A., Amiri, V., Masoumi, M., Sadeghinia, M. J., Ebrahimzadeh, N., Maleki, M., & Dizaji, S. P. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-13682-4 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Reens, A. L., Crooks, A. L., Su, C., Nagy, T. A., Reens, D., Podoll, J. D., Edwards, M., Yu, E. W., & Detweiler, C. S. (2018) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1007115 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Autophagy and Bacterial Infection
Xiao, Y., & Cai, W. (2020) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-981-15-4272-5_29 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Targeting Batf2 for infectious diseases and cancer
Guler, R., Roy, S., Suzuki, H., & Brombacher, F. (2015) · Oncotarget · doi:10.18632/oncotarget.5576 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Interplay of autophagy, receptor tyrosine kinase signalling and endocytic trafficking
Dudley-Fraser, J., Cabodevilla, A. G., Simpson, J. E., & Gammoh, N. (2017) · Essays in Biochemistry · doi:10.1042/ebc20170091 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Advances in the design of combination therapies for the treatment of tuberculosis
Larkins‐Ford, J., & Aldridge, B. B. (2022) · Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery · doi:10.1080/17460441.2023.2157811 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Illuminating Host-Mycobacterial Interactions with Genome-wide CRISPR Knockout and CRISPRi Screens
Lai, Y., Babunovic, G. H., Cui, L., Dedon, P. C., Doench, J. G., Fortune, S. M., & Lu, T. K. (2020) · Cell Systems · doi:10.1016/j.cels.2020.08.010 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Exploring the potential of adjunct therapy in tuberculosis
Rayasam, G. V., & Balganesh, T. S. (2015) · Trends in Pharmacological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tips.2015.05.005 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Immunotherapy for tuberculosis: future prospects
Hoft, D. F., & Abate, G. (2016) · ImmunoTargets and Therapy · doi:10.2147/itt.s81892 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Fluorescent Mycobacterium tuberculosis reporters: illuminating host–pathogen interactions
MacGilvary, N. J., & Tan, S. (2018) · Pathogens and Disease · doi:10.1093/femspd/fty017 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Host-directed therapy for tuberculosis
Tian, N., Chu, H., Li, Q., Sun, H., Zhang, J., Chu, N., & Sun, Z. (2025) · European journal of medical research · doi:10.1186/s40001-025-02443-4 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Cell-Autonomous Effector Mechanisms against Mycobacterium tuberculosisPreprint
MacMicking, J. D. (2014) · Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine · doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a018507 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Yavvari, P. S., Gupta, S., Arora, D., Nandicoori, V. K., Srivastava, A., & Bajaj, A. (2017) · Biomacromolecules · doi:10.1021/acs.biomac.7b00106 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Hussain, T. A., Zhao, D., Shah, S. Z. A., Sabir, N., Wang, J., Liao, Y., Song, Y., Dong, H., Mangi, M. H., Ni, J., et al. (2019) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells8050506 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
xCT increases tuberculosis susceptibility by regulating antimicrobial function and inflammation
Cai, Y., Yang, Q., Liao, M., Wang, H., Zhang, C., Nambi, S., Wang, W., Zhang, M., Wu, J., Deng, G., et al. (2016) · Oncotarget · doi:10.18632/oncotarget.9052 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Natural products in anti-tuberculosis host-directed therapy
Huang, X., Lowrie, D. B., Fan, X., & Hu, Z. (2024) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2023.116087 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Zheng, W., Chang, I.-C., Limberis, J. D., Budzik, J. M., Zha, B. S., Howard, Z. P., Chen, L., & Ernst, J. D. (2024) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1012205 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Host-directed therapies offer novel opportunities for the fight against tuberculosis
Machelart, A., Song, O., Hoffmann, E., & Brodin, P. M. (2017) · Drug Discovery Today · doi:10.1016/j.drudis.2017.05.005 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Eating the unknown: Xenophagy and ER-phagy are cytoprotective defenses against pathogens
Reggio, A., Buonomo, V., & Grumati, P. (2020) · Experimental Cell Research · doi:10.1016/j.yexcr.2020.112276 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Mahon, R. N., & Hafner, R. (2015) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/civ621 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Medigeshi, G. R., Kumar, R., Dhamija, E., Agrawal, T., & Kar, M. (2016) · Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy · doi:10.1128/aac.01367-16 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Tanner, L., Denti, P., Wiesner, L., & Warner, D. F. (2018) · IUBMB Life · doi:10.1002/iub.1866 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Host-directed therapies to combat tuberculosis and associated non-communicable diseases
Baindara, P. (2019) · Microbial Pathogenesis · doi:10.1016/j.micpath.2019.03.003 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Strong, E. J., & Lee, S. (2021) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2020.614313 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Silwal, P., Paik, S., Kim, J. K., Yoshimori, T., & Jo, E. (2021) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2021.633360 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Dean, S. N., & van Hoek, M. L. (2015) · Virulence · doi:10.1080/21505594.2015.1046029 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Chandra, P., Rajmani, R. S., Verma, G., Bhavesh, N. S., & Kumar, D. (2016) · mSphere · doi:10.1128/msphere.00043-15 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Application of antimicrobial peptides as next-generation therapeutics in the biomedical world
Datta, M., Rajeev, A., & Chattopadhyay, I. (2023) · Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Reviews · doi:10.1080/02648725.2023.2199572 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Rana, A., Ahmed, M., Rub, A., & Akhter, Y. (2015) · Virulence · doi:10.1080/21505594.2015.1062211 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Reporter-Based Assays for High-Throughput Drug Screening against Mycobacterium abscessus
Gupta, R., Netherton, M., Byrd, T. F., & Rohde, K. H. (2017) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2017.02204 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Combating Intracellular Pathogens with Repurposed Host-Targeted Drugs
Schor, S., & Einav, S. (2018) · ACS Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1021/acsinfecdis.7b00268 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Arora, G., Gagandeep, Behura, A., Gosain, T. P., Shaliwal, R. P., Kidwai, S., Singh, P., Kandi, S. K., Dhiman, R., Rawat, D. S., et al. (2020) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2019.03051 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Corcino, Y. L., Gonzalez-Ferrer, S., Mantilla-Muriel, L. E., Trikeriotis, S., Yu, J., Kim, S., Hansen, S., Portillo, J. C., & Subauste, C. S. (2019) · Cellular Microbiology · doi:10.1111/cmi.13084 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Zhu, Y., Xiao, Y., Kong, D., Liu, H., Chen, X., Chen, Y., Zhu, T., Peng, Y., Zhai, W., Hu, C., et al. (2020) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2020.00108 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Shapira, T., Rankine-Wilson, L., Chao, J. D., Pichler, V., Rens, C., Pfeifer, T. A., & Av‐Gay, Y. (2020) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2020.553962 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Adikesavalu, H., Gopalaswamy, R., Kumar, A., Ranganathan, U. D., & Shanmugam, S. (2021) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina57060522 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Why should cell biologists study microbial pathogens?
Welch, M. D. (2015) · Molecular Biology of the Cell · doi:10.1091/mbc.e15-03-0144 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
- Authors
- Stanley, S. A., Barczak, A. K., Silvis, M. R., Luo, S. S., Sogi, K., Vokes, M., Bray, M.-A., Carpenter, A. E., Moore, C. B., Siddiqi, N., Rubin, E. J., & Hung, D. T.
- Affiliations
- Broad Institute (US)
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- Harvard University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hung, Deborah T.
- ORCID
- Venue
- PLoS Pathogens
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2014-02-20
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- e1003946
- ISSN
- 1553-7366 (ISSN-L)
- 1553-7374
- PMC
- PMC3930586
- OpenAlex
- W2009324985
- Cited by
- 251
- References
- 63
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 32 · 2015: 30 · 2014: 6
- FWCI
- 20.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- PLoS Pathogens (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Helen Hay Whitney Foundation
- Broad Institute
- National Institutes of Health (NIH-R01)
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R01GM089652)
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (K08AI080944, T32AI007061)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Tuberculosis Research and Epidemiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Infectious Diseases and Tuberculosis
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune responses and vaccinations
- Keywords
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis, host-pathogen interaction, macrophages, intracellular bacterial growth, autophagy, TNF-alpha secretion, gefitinib, EGFR signaling, p38 MAPK signaling, fluoxetine, tuberculosis drug discovery, ion channel inhibitors
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Antitubercular Agents, Disease Models, Animal, Macrophages, Male, Mice, Inbred BALB C, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Tuberculosis, Signal Transduction, Mice, Host-Pathogen Interactions, High-Throughput Screening Assays
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
