The DOI matches its Crossref record; 11 of the 11 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Stabilization of Glucose in Blood Samples: Why It Matters
Open accessAbstract
In this issue of Clinical Chemistry , Gambino et al. (1) describe careful studies of a blood-collection container that stabilizes the concentration of glucose in blood samples. At a time of an increasing disease burden attributable to diabetes and the use of lower glucose concentrations than in the past for the diagnosis of diabetes, this study and its findings are especially important. Measurements of glucose are used worldwide to diagnose diabetes and to identify patients at risk of developing diabetes [e.g., (2)(3)]. For both diagnosis and risk assessment, fixed cutpoints of plasma glucose concentrations are used to classify patients and to make decisions regarding management. For this reason, all steps in the analytical process require careful attention. Clinical chemists in hospital laboratories and diagnostic companies have made great strides in improving the measurement of glucose. With the use of enzymatic methods and sophisticated analyzers with stable optics, electronics, fluid handling, and other components, central clinical laboratories routinely achieve an astoundingly low within-laboratory imprecision (CV) of 1%–2%. [Glucose meters do not fare so well and are not recommended for diagnosis of diabetes (4).] By contrast, the preanalytical issues surrounding glucose measurements have not been solved. The loss of glucose in blood samples has been studied for many years (5). Glucose is lost through glycolysis at a rate of 5%–7%/h at concentrations near the reference interval. In absolute terms, a loss in glucose of about 0.67 mmol/L (12 mg/dL) occurs at a concentration of 5.55 mmol/L (100 mg/dL) after 2 h at room temperature (6). Higher rates of loss occur commonly, such as with increased ambient temperature and in samples with high white blood cell counts. In 1923, Major introduced potassium fluoride as a potent inhibitor of glycolysis (7), and fluoride, usually as NaF, has been used for decades to …
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“Decrease in glucose concentration in the sample due to glycolysis is a serious and underappreciated problem (62,63).”
From Guidelines and Recommendations for Laboratory Analysis in the Diagnosis and Management of Diabetes Mellitus (2023) · cites this paper as [63]
In the citing paper
“Loss of glucose from sample containers is a serious and underappreciated problem (58).”
From Guidelines and recommendations for laboratory analysis in the diagnosis and management of diabetes mellitus (2011) · cites this paper as [58]
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Citations
Cites
Hyperglycemia and adverse pregnancy outcomes
(2008) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa0707943 · Cited by 5,563
Follow-up report on the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus
The Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus* (2003) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.26.11.3160 · Cited by 3,784
Tietz Textbook of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics
Burtis, E. B. C. A., Ashwood, E. R., & Bruns, D. E. (2011) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 2,190
Self-citationSacks, D. B., Arnold, M., Bakris, G. L., Bruns, D. E., Horvath, A. R., Kirkman, M. S., Lernmark, A., Metzger, B. E., & Nathan, D. M. (2011) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1373/clinchem.2010.161596 · Cited by 1,360
Self-citationSacks, D. B., Bruns, D. E., Goldstein, D. E., Maclaren, N. K., McDonald, J. M., & Parrott, M. A. (2002) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1093/clinchem/48.3.436 · Cited by 1,132
Self-citationHyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes
Metzger, B. E., Lowe, L. P., Dyer, A. R., Trimble, E. R., Chaovarindr, U., Coustan, D. R., Hadden, D. R., McCance, D. R., Hod, M., McIntyre, H. D., et al. (2009) · Obstetric Anesthesia Digest · doi:10.1097/01.aoa.0000344706.95925.dc · Cited by 479
Effectiveness of sodium fluoride as a preservative of glucose in blood
Chan, A. Y., Swaminathan, R., & Cockram, C. S. (1989) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1093/clinchem/35.2.315 · Cited by 289
Acidification of blood is superior to sodium fluoride alone as an inhibitor of glycolysis
Gambino, R., Piscitelli, J., Ackattupathil, T. A., Theriault, J. L., Andrin, R. D., Sanfilippo, M. L., & Etienne, M. (2009) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1373/clinchem.2008.121707 · Cited by 160
Stabilization of Glucose in Blood Specimens: Mechanism of Delay in Fluoride Inhibition of Glycolysis
Mikesh, L. M., & Bruns, D. E. (2008) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1373/clinchem.2007.102160 · Cited by 114
Self-citationPOTASSIUM FLUORID AS A PRESERVATIVE FOR BLOOD
Major, R. H. (1923) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1923.26510230002012a · Cited by 7
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- 1923, JAMA, 81, 1952
- 2008, Surveys, 18
Cited by
Sorted by citations
International Expert Committee report on the role of the A1c assay in the diagnosis of diabetes
The International Expert Committee (2009) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc09-9033 · Cited by 3,185
Sacks, D. B., Arnold, M., Bakris, G. L., Bruns, D. E., Horvath, A. R., Kirkman, M. S., Lernmark, A., Metzger, B. E., & Nathan, D. M. (2011) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1373/clinchem.2010.161596 · Cited by 1,360
Self-citationSacks, D. B., Arnold, M., Bakris, G. L., Bruns, D. E., Horvath, A. R., Kirkman, M. S., Lernmark, A., Metzger, B. E., & Nathan, D. M. (2011) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc11-9998 · Cited by 718
Self-citationA European Evidence-Based Guideline for the Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes
Paulweber, B., Valensi, P. E., Lindström, J., Lalic, N. M., Greaves, C. J., McKee, M., Kissimova‐Skarbek, K., Liatis, S., Cosson, E., Szendroedi, J., et al. (2010) · Hormone and Metabolic Research · doi:10.1055/s-0029-1240928 · Cited by 485
A1c versus glucose testing: a comparison
Sacks, D. B. (2011) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc10-1546 · Cited by 461
Metadata
- Authors
- Bruns, D. E., & Knowler, W. C.
- Affiliations
- University of Virginia (US)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (US)
- ORCID
- Knowler, William C
- Venue
- Clinical Chemistry
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2009-05-01
- Volume
- 55
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 850-852
- ISSN
- 0009-9147 (ISSN-L)
- 1530-8561
- PMC
- PMC2956743
- OpenAlex
- W2111541302
- Semantic Scholar
- 3ca817c8f2f1deef73d71009f4d66a5cb410827f
- Cited by
- 125
- References
- 11
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 8
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model (vor)
- Locations
- Clinical Chemistry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Medical Laboratory Technology › Clinical Laboratory Practices and Quality Control
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Analytical Chemistry › Analytical chemistry methods development
- Keywords
- blood glucose stabilization, pre-analytical variables, glycolysis, potassium fluoride, sodium fluoride, diabetes diagnosis, pre-analytical errors
- MeSH terms
- Blood Glucose, Diabetes Mellitus, Humans, Specimen Handling, Reproducibility of Results
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