Quality Of Care For Acute Respiratory Infections During Direct-To-Consumer Telemedicine Visits For Adults
Open accessAbstract
In direct-to-consumer telemedicine, physicians treat patients through real-time audiovisual conferencing for common conditions such as acute respiratory infections. Early studies had mixed findings on the quality of care provided during direct-to-consumer telemedicine and were limited by small sample sizes and narrow geographic scopes. Using claims data for 2015-16 from a large national commercial insurer, we examined the quality of antibiotic management in adults with acute respiratory infection diagnoses at 38,839 direct-to-consumer telemedicine visits, compared to the quality at 942,613 matched primary care visits and 186,016 matched urgent care visits. In the matched analyses, we found clinically similar rates of antibiotic use, broad-spectrum antibiotic use, and guideline-concordant antibiotic management. However, direct-to-consumer telemedicine visits had less appropriate streptococcal testing and a higher frequency of follow-up visits. These results suggest specific opportunities for improvement in direct-to-consumer telemedicine quality.
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Shi et al 2018 reported that for acute respiratory infection, the antibiotic-prescribing rate was 52% in remote consultations versus 53% in face-to-face consultations (P<.01).
“Intervention: 52%, control: 53% (P<.01)”
From Impact of Remote Consultations on Antibiotic Prescribing in Primary Health Care: Systematic Review (2020) · cites this paper as [25]
One study found a 1% difference in antibiotic prescribing rates between consultation types (n=1,336,867).
“1 study found a 1% difference (n=1,336,867) [25]”
From Impact of Remote Consultations on Antibiotic Prescribing in Primary Health Care: Systematic Review (2020) · cites this paper as [25]
The review found 3 cohort studies in which patients were more likely to be prescribed an antibiotic through face-to-face consultations than remote consultations.
“We also found 3 cohort studies that reported patients were more likely to be prescribed an antibiotic through face-to-face consultations [16,25,26].”
From Impact of Remote Consultations on Antibiotic Prescribing in Primary Health Care: Systematic Review (2020) · cites this paper as [25]
The review found 4 observational studies that reported guideline-concordant or guideline-recommended prescribing rates, measuring appropriateness against local or national guidelines.
“We found 4 observational studies that reported guideline-concordant prescribing rates or guideline-recommended prescribing rates, which measured the appropriateness of the prescriptions against local or national guidelines [22,25-27] (Table 2).”
From Impact of Remote Consultations on Antibiotic Prescribing in Primary Health Care: Systematic Review (2020) · cites this paper as [25]
Two other high-quality studies noted lower antibiotic-prescribing rates for patients consulting remotely.
“However, 2 other high-quality studies noted lower antibiotic-prescribing rates for patients consulting remotely [25,26].”
From Impact of Remote Consultations on Antibiotic Prescribing in Primary Health Care: Systematic Review (2020) · cites this paper as [25]
Conflicting results were observed for guideline-concordant prescribing for patients with acute respiratory infection.
“However, conflicting results were observed for patients with acute respiratory infection [25,27].”
From Impact of Remote Consultations on Antibiotic Prescribing in Primary Health Care: Systematic Review (2020) · cites this paper as [25]
All 4 guideline-concordant prescribing studies were from the United States and investigated populations with confirmed sinusitis, UTI, or acute respiratory infection.
“All studies were from the United States and investigated populations with a confirmed diagnosis of sinusitis [22,26], UTI [22], or acute respiratory infection [25,27].”
From Impact of Remote Consultations on Antibiotic Prescribing in Primary Health Care: Systematic Review (2020) · cites this paper as [25]
The review found 5 US-based retrospective cohort studies that investigated follow-up visit rates after initial consultation for the same presentation.
“We found 5 US-based retrospective cohort studies that investigated follow-up visit rates after initial consultation for the same presentation [18,19,22,25,26].”
From Impact of Remote Consultations on Antibiotic Prescribing in Primary Health Care: Systematic Review (2020) · cites this paper as [25]
Of these 5 studies, 3 found that patients seen remotely were more likely to have another follow-up visit than those who attended face-to-face consultations.
“Of these 5 studies, 3 found that patients who were seen remotely were more likely to have another follow-up visit than those who attended face-to-face consultations [19,25,26].”
From Impact of Remote Consultations on Antibiotic Prescribing in Primary Health Care: Systematic Review (2020) · cites this paper as [25]
Shi et al found higher follow-up rates for remote consultations for those who followed up within 2-21 days after their first visit.
“Shi et al [25] found this to be true for those who followed up within 2-21 days after their first visit.”
From Impact of Remote Consultations on Antibiotic Prescribing in Primary Health Care: Systematic Review (2020) · cites this paper as [25]
Antibiotic prescriptions made in follow-up appointments contribute to prescriptions made in face-to-face consultations, which could partially explain why some included studies found lower antibiotic-prescribing rates in initial remote consultations and higher frequencies of follow-up consultations.
“As antibiotic prescriptions made in follow-up appointments contribute to prescriptions made in face-to-face consultations, this could provide a partial explanation for why some of the included studies found lower antibiotic-prescribing rates in initial remote consultations and higher frequencies of follow-up consultations [25,26].”
From Impact of Remote Consultations on Antibiotic Prescribing in Primary Health Care: Systematic Review (2020) · cites this paper as [25]
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Self-citationUsers’ Perspectives of Direct-to-Consumer Telemedicine Services: Survey Study
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Channel Management in Outpatient Care: Implications of Telemedicine and Transportation SupportPreprint
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Cost minimization analysis of digital-first healthcare pathways in primary care
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A Pediatric Telemedicine Research Agenda: Another Important Task for Pediatric Chairs
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Opportunities for using telemedicine based on the COVID-19 pandemic
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Does telemedicine technology affect prescribing quality in primary care? The case of antibiotics
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Pilot assessment of an on-demand telehealth ‘left without being seen’ follow-up programme
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Transformation of Personnel Management Process: Reshaping Responsibilities of Non-Medical Personnel
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Evaluating Post-COVID-19 Conditions
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Enterprise Healthcare Physician Services in Canada: An Environmental Scan
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Shi, Z., Mehrotra, A., Gidengil, C. A., Poon, S. J., Uscher-Pines, L., & Ray, K. N.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- RAND Corporation (US)
- Vanderbilt University (US)
- Lori Uscher-Pines is an associate policy researcher at the RAND Corporation in Arlington, Virginia.
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- Venue
- Health Affairs
- Publisher
- Health Affairs Publishing, LLC
- Published
- 2018-12
- Volume
- 37
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 2014-2023
- ISSN
- 0278-2715 (ISSN-L)
- 1544-5208
- PMC
- PMC6739118
- OpenAlex
- W2902243278
- Cited by
- 108
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 5
- FWCI
- 8.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Health Affairs (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (K23HD088642)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Telemedicine and Telehealth Implementation
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology › Antibiotic Use and Resistance
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Primary Care and Health Outcomes
- Keywords
- direct-to-consumer telemedicine, acute respiratory infections, quality of care, antibiotic prescribing, broad-spectrum antibiotics, guideline-concordant care, follow-up visits, primary care visits, urgent care visits
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Ambulatory Care, Anti-Bacterial Agents, Delivery of Health Care, Female, Health Services Accessibility, Humans, Insurance Claim Review, Male, Middle Aged, Practice Patterns, Physicians', Primary Health Care, Quality of Health Care, Respiratory Tract Infections, Retrospective Studies, Remote Consultation, Young Adult
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