The Pathophysiology of Hyperventilation Disorders
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Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Dysfunctional breathing patterns are well recognised in breathless individuals without underlying respiratory pathology.
“Dysfunctional breathing patterns are well recognised in breathless individuals without underlying respiratory pathology.”
From The Breathing, Thinking, Functioning clinical model: a proposal to facilitate evidence-based breathlessness management in chronic respiratory disease (2017) · cites this paper as [29]
Breathlessness may manifest as hyperventilation, or symptoms that occur independently of hypocapnia and respiratory alkalosis such as deep sighing or the sensation of air hunger.
“Breathlessness may manifest as hyperventilation, or symptoms that occur independently of hypocapnia and respiratory alkalosis such as deep sighing or the sensation of air hunger [2, 8, 9].”
From Dysfunctional breathing: a review of the literature and proposal for classification (2016) · cites this paper as [2]
Hyperventilation syndrome is linked to asthma and panic disorder.
“| Hyperventilation syndrome | 43 | [1, 2, 5, 15] | Asthma Panic disorder |”
From Dysfunctional breathing: a review of the literature and proposal for classification (2016) · cites this paper as [2]
The treatment of HVS involves an educational approach, exercises for ventilatory control through voluntary hypoventilation, and specific therapeutic elements according to the patient's symptoms, such as exercise training or relaxation.
“The treatment of HVS involves an educational approach, exercises for ventilatory control through voluntary hypoventilation, as well as specific therapeutic elements, according to the patient's symptoms, such as exercise training or relaxation.9,12,13,27,36,37”
From Physiotherapy Education and Breathing Retraining for Patients With Hyperventilation Syndrome: An Observational Study (2026) · cites this paper as [13]
Cites
Clark, D. M. (1986) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(86)90011-2 · Cited by 2,422 · see citing works
False Suffocation Alarms, Spontaneous Panics, and Related Conditions: An Integrative Hypothesis
Klein, D. F. (1993) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1993.01820160076009 · Cited by 1,130 · see citing works
Efficacy of Nijmegen questionnaire in recognition of the hyperventilation syndrome
van Dixhoorn, J., & Duivenvoorden, H. J. (1985) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3999(85)90042-x · Cited by 445 · see citing works
Treatment of panic attacks using cognitive therapy without exposure or breathing retraining
Salkovskis, P. M., Clark, D. M., & Hackmann, A. (1991) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(91)90044-4 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
de Ruiter, C., Rijken, H., Kraaimaat, F., & Garssen, B. (1989) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(89)90148-4 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
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ATS/ACCP statement on cardiopulmonary exercise testing
(2003) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/rccm.167.2.211 · Cited by 3,026 · see citing works
Psychobiology of Altered States of Consciousness.
Vaitl, D., Birbaumer, N., Gruzelier, J., Jamieson, G. A., Kotchoubey, B., Kübler, A., Lehmann, D., Miltner, W. H. R., Ott, U., Pütz, P., et al. (2005) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.131.1.98 · Cited by 448 · see citing works
Dysfunctional breathing: a review of the literature and proposal for classification
Boulding, R., Stacey, R., Niven, R., & Fowler, S. J. (2016) · European Respiratory Review · doi:10.1183/16000617.0088-2015 · Cited by 372 · see citing works
Thomas, M., McKinley, R. K., Freeman, E., & Foy, C. (2001) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.322.7294.1098 · Cited by 294 · see citing works
Spathis, A., Booth, S., Moffat, C., Hurst, R., Ryan, R., Chin, C., & Burkin, J. (2017) · npj Primary Care Respiratory Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41533-017-0024-z · Cited by 226 · see citing works
“Dysfunctional breathing patterns are well recognised in breathless individuals without underlying respiratory pathology.(29) Features include apical breathing, higher ratio of inspiratory to expiratory length, absence of end-expiratory pause and frequent sighs or yawns.”
BackgroundHolloway, E. A., & West, R. J. (2007) · Thorax · doi:10.1136/thx.2006.076430 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Hyperventilation in panic disorder and asthma: Empirical evidence and clinical strategies
Meuret, A. E., & Ritz, T. (2010) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2010.05.006 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Courtney, R., Greenwood, K. M., & Cohen, M. (2011) · Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies · doi:10.1016/j.jbmt.2010.06.004 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Hyperventilation syndrome: A chimera?
Bass, C. (1997) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-3999(96)00365-0 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
A comparison between patients with dysfunctional breathing and patients with asthma
Hagman, C., Janson, C., & Emtner, M. (2008) · The Clinical Respiratory Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1752-699x.2007.00036.x · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Stewart, J. M., Pianosi, P., Shaban, M. A., Terilli, C., Svistunova, M., Visintainer, P., & Medow, M. S. (2018) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.118.008854 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Reilly, C. C., Floyd, S. V., Lee, K., Warwick, G., James, S., Gall, N., & Rafferty, G. F. (2020) · Autonomic Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.autneu.2019.102601 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Hyperventilation in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome: The role of coping strategies
Bogaerts, K., Hubin, M., Van Diest, I., De Peuter, S., Van Houdenhove, B., Van Wambeke, P., Crombez, G., & Van den Bergh, O. (2007) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2007.07.003 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Le syndrome d’hyperventilation
Dubreuil, C., & Prosper, M. (2014) · Réanimation · doi:10.1007/s13546-014-0909-6 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Beaumont, M., Selleron, B., Passard, G., Karsandi, K., Proffit, M., Valentin, R., & Poncin, W. (2026) · Physiotherapy Canada · doi:10.3138/ptc-2024-0066
- Authors
- Gardner, W. N.
- Affiliations
- King's College London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Gardner, William N.
- Venue
- Chest
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1996-02
- Volume
- 109
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 516-534
- ISSN
- 0012-3692 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2009168665
- Cited by
- 312
- References
- 5
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 1.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- CHEST Journal (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Neuroscience of respiration and sleep
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Obstructive Sleep Apnea Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Respiratory and Cough-Related Research
- Keywords
- hyperventilation, pathophysiology, cerebrospinal fluid, respiratory alkalosis
- MeSH terms
- Acid-Base Equilibrium, Cerebrovascular Circulation, Coronary Circulation, Humans, Hyperventilation, Respiration
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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