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Interactions of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) with the Blood-Brain Barrier
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) reduces insulin requirement in diabetes mellitus and promotes satiety. GLP-1 in the periphery (outside the CNS) has been shown to act on the brain to reduce food ingestion. As GLP-1 is readily degraded in blood, we focused on the interactions of [Ser8]GLP-1, an analog with similar biological effects and greater stability, with the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The influx of radiolabeled [Ser8]GLP-1 into brain has several distinctive characteristics: 1. A rapid influx rate of 8.867 +/- 0.798 x 10(4) mL/g-min as measured by multiple-time regression analysis after iv injection in mice. 2. Lack of self-inhibition by excess doses of the unlabeled [Ser8]GLP-1 either iv or by in situ brain perfusion, indicating the absence of a saturable transport system at the BBB. 3. Lack of modulation by short-term fasting and some other ingestive peptides that may interact with GLP-1, including leptin, glucagon, insulin, neuropeptide Y, and melanin-concentrating hormone. 4. No inhibition of influx by the selective GLP-1 receptor antagonist exendin(9-39), suggesting that the GLP-1 receptor is not involved in the rapid entry into brain. Similarly, there was no efflux system for [Ser8]GLP-1 to exit the brain other than following the reabsorption of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The fast influx was not associated with high lipid solubility. Upon reaching the brain compartment, substantial amounts of [Ser8]GLP-1 entered the brain parenchyma, but a large proportion was loosely associated with the vasculature at the BBB. Finally, the influx rate of [Ser8]GLP-1 was compared with that of GLP-1 in a blood-free brain perfusion system; radiolabeled GLP-1 had a more rapid influx than its analog and neither peptide showed the self-inhibition indicative of a saturable transport system. Therefore, we conclude that [Ser8]GLP-1 and the endogenous peptide GLP-1 can gain access to the brain from the periphery by simple diffusion and thus contribute to the regulation of feeding.
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“From a biological perspective, these observations are plausible since GLP-1 is produced in the brain and passively diffuses across the blood-brain barrier (21).”
From Effects of glucagon-like peptide-1, yohimbine, and nitrergic modulation on sympathetic and parasympathetic activity in humans (2008) · cites this paper as [21]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Kastin, A. J., Akerstrom, V., & Pan, W.
- Affiliations
- Tulane University (US)
- ORCID
- Pan, Weihong
- Venue
- Journal of Molecular Neuroscience
- Published
- 2002
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 1-2
- Pages
- 07-13
- ISSN
- 0895-8696 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2076140273
- Cited by
- 480
- References
- 28
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 29 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 27 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 27 · 2012: 23
- FWCI
- 6.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Molecular Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (DK-54880)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Barrier Structure and Function Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
- Keywords
- glucagon-like peptide-1, blood-brain barrier, brain uptake, passive diffusion, GLP-1 receptor, exendin-9-39, satiety, food intake regulation, cerebrospinal fluid reabsorption
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Appetite Regulation, Blood-Brain Barrier, Brain, Cerebrovascular Circulation, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Food Deprivation, Glucagon, Hypothalamic Hormones, Insulin, Male, Melanins, Mice, Inbred ICR, Neuropeptide Y, Peptide Fragments, Pituitary Hormones, Protein Precursors, Leptin, Mice, Glucagon-Like Peptide 1
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