Revolutionizing developmental neurotoxicity testing - a journey from animal models to advanced in vitro systems
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A single DNT study conducted according to OECD TG 426 costs approximately $1.4 million, uses around 1,000 rat pups, and takes around 2 years per chemical tested.
“A single DNT study conducted according to OECD TG 426 costs approximately $1.4 million, uses around 1,000 rat pups, and takes around 2 years per chemical tested (Smirnova et al., 2024).”
From Challenges and solutions in transitioning to animal-free standards: a comprehensive analysis of components in human cell-based developmental neurotoxicity assays (2026) · cites this paper as Smirnova et al., 2024
The assays of the DNT-IVB have demonstrated to fulfill readiness criteria to be fit-for-purpose for screening and prioritization and use within IATA.
“This also applies to the assays of the DNT-IVB, which have already demonstrated to fulfill readiness criteria to be fit-for-purpose for screening and prioritization and use within Integrated Approaches to Testing and Assessment (IATA) (Fritsche et al., 2017; Bal-Price et al., 2018a; Smirnova et al., 2024).”
From Challenges and solutions in transitioning to animal-free standards: a comprehensive analysis of components in human cell-based developmental neurotoxicity assays (2026) · cites this paper as Smirnova et al., 2024
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Prevalence and Trends of Developmental Disabilities among Children in the United States: 2009–2017
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What causes autism? Exploring the environmental contribution
Landrigan, P. J. (2010) · Current Opinion in Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/mop.0b013e328336eb9a · Cited by 429 · see citing works
Marx, U. (2016) · ALTEX · doi:10.14573/altex.1603161 · Cited by 295 · see citing works
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Self-citationGuidance document on Good cell and tissue culture practice 2.0 (GCCP 2.0)
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Human microphysiological systems for drug development
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Food for Thought … Mechanistic Validation
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