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Gut inflammation and dysbiosis in human motor neuron disease
Open accessAbstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a systemic disorder that involves dysfunction of multiple organs. Growing evidence has shown that neurodegenerative disorders with gut dysbiosis affect the central nervous system via pro-inflammatory mediators thus impacting gut-brain communications. We have demonstrated dysbiosis and increased intestinal permeability in the SOD1G93A ALS mouse model. In this study, we comprehensively examined the human gut microbiome in stool samples and evaluated infection and markers of intestinal inflammation in five patients with ALS and motor neuron disorders. Five patients we studied all had alteration in their gut microbiome characterized by a low diversity of the microbiome, compared to healthy cohorts with relatively intact abundance. Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes are the two major members of bacteria at the phylum level. Low Ruminococcus spp. occurred in three patients with low Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes (F/B) ratio. A majority of patients had signs of intestinal inflammation. This is the first comprehensive examination of inflammatory markers in the stool of ALS patients. Studies in gut health and microbiome related to the onset and progression of ALS may reveal novel therapeutic targets for disease modulation.
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“Studies have found that, in ALS patients, gastrointestinal symptoms precede neurological symptoms in all cases (33); these include gastroesophageal reflux, chronic constipation, intermittent diarrhea, bloating, and abdominal pain.”
From Modulation of the gut–brain axis via the gut microbiota: a new era in treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (2023) · cites this paper as [33]
In the citing paper
“Blood endotoxin levels are elevated in ALS patients [10], possibly as a result of gut inflammation and microbiome changes [102].”
From The endotoxin hypothesis of neurodegeneration (2019) · cites this paper as [102]
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1 retracted
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BackgroundRetractedGut microbiota regulate motor deficits and neuroinflammation in a model of Parkinson's disease
Sampson, T. R., Debelius, J. W., Thron, T., Janssen, S., Shastri, G. G., Ilhan, Z. E., Challis, C., Schretter, C. E., Rocha, S., Gradinaru, V., et al. (2016) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2016.11.018 · Cited by 3,622 · cited 5×
“The complex interplay of gastrointestinal - central nervous system (CNS) communication involves autonomic and enteric nervous systems, neuroendocrine, and immune systems (Forsyth et al. 2011; Hsiao et al. 2013; Sampson et al. 2016).”
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“The complex interplay of gastrointestinal - central nervous system (CNS) communication involves autonomic and enteric nervous systems, neuroendocrine, and immune systems (Forsyth et al. 2011; Hsiao et al. 2013; Sampson et al. 2016).”
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“The complex interplay of gastrointestinal - central nervous system (CNS) communication involves autonomic and enteric nervous systems, neuroendocrine, and immune systems (Forsyth et al. 2011; Hsiao et al. 2013; Sampson et al. 2016).”
BackgroundDysbiosis in inflammatory bowel disease
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Mosca, A., Leclerc, M., & Hugot, J. P. (2016) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2016.00455 · Cited by 612 · cited 2×
“Dysbiosis (e.g., loss of microbial diversity in the gut microbiota) are correlated with intestinal inflammation and change in intestinal integrity (Sun and Chang 2014; Mosca et al. 2016).”
BackgroundIntestinal epithelial vitamin D receptor deletion leads to defective autophagy in colitis
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“Changes in the ratio of F/B ratio correlate with various human gut disorders, like irritable bowel syndrome (Collins 2014) and inflammatory bowel diseases (Tamboli et al. 2004) and with certain central nervous system disorders like Parkinson’s disease (Sampson et al. 2016).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialIntestinal dysbiosis and probiotic applications in autoimmune diseases
de Oliveira, G. L. V., Leite, A. Z., Higuchi, B. S., Gonzaga, M. I., & Mariano, V. S. (2017) · Immunology · doi:10.1111/imm.12765 · Cited by 324 · cited 1×
“Probiotic supplements have been demonstrated their protective roles in anti-inflammation and restoring microbiome in various human diseases, including autoimmune diseases (de Oliveira et al. 2017) and multiple sclerosis (Kouchaki et al. 2017).”
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- Sun, 2015, Does the gut drive ALS progression?, Future Medicine., 5, 375
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Items 101–200 of 223
Microbiome-Metabolomics Analysis of the Impacts of Cryptosporidium muris Infection in BALB/C Mice
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“H2S is also proinflammatory, which can promote the development of irritable bowel disease (IBD) and colorectal cancer by disrupting cellular integrity (28).”
BackgroundTarget Metabolites to Slow Down Progression of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis in Mice
Ogbu, D., Zhang, Y., Claud, K., Xia, Y., & Sun, J. (2022) · Metabolites · doi:10.3390/metabo12121253 · Cited by 20
“We were the first to report elevated intestinal inflammation/permeability and reduced beneficial bacteria in human ALS [17].”
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“Studies revealed that the mean blood endotoxin levels are elevated in ALS patients, possibly as a result of gut inflammation and microbiome changes [36].”
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Self-citationPsychobiotic Properties of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum in Neurodegenerative Diseases
Chiano, M. D., Sallustio, F., Fiocco, D., Rocchetti, M. T., Spano, G., Pontrelli, P., Moschetta, A., Gesualdo, L., Gadaleta, R. M., & Gallone, A. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25179489 · Cited by 22
“…neuron disorder presented with an altered GM characterized by a lower diversity, low Firmicutes / Bacteroidetes ratio, and signs of GI disorders, such as gastroesophageal reflux, chronic constipation, bloating, intermittent diarrhea, and abdominal pain, when compared to control subjects [185].”
BackgroundGautam, P., Yadav, R., Vishwakarma, R. K., Shekhar, S., Pathak, A., & Singh, C. (2025) · ACS Chemical Neuroscience · doi:10.1021/acschemneuro.5c00254 · Cited by 18
More than just a number: the gut microbiota and brain function across the extremes of life
Nuzum, N. D., Deady, C., Kittel‐Schneider, S., Cryan, J. F., O’Mahony, S. M., & Clarke, G. A. (2024) · Gut Microbes · doi:10.1080/19490976.2024.2418988 · Cited by 22
“302,303 Overall, a lower abundance of butyrate producers, and increased proinflammatory bacteria may be involved in ALS progression.”
Plasma from some patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis exhibits elevated formaldehyde levels
Lee, A., Arachchige, B. J., Reed, S., Henderson, R. D., Aylward, J., & McCombe, P. (2019) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jns.2019.116589 · Cited by 19
Relationship between Dietary Fiber Intake and the Prognosis of Amytrophic Lateral Sclerosis in Korea
Yu, H., Kim, S. H., Noh, M., Lee, S.-G., & Park, Y. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12113420 · Cited by 18
“Previous studies have reported that ALS patients had a low Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio, an indicator of gut dysbiosis, and lower levels of butyrate-producing bacteria than healthy controls [4,5].”
BackgroundResultMiranda-Ribera, A., Serena, G., Liu, J., Fasano, A., Kingsbury, M. A., & Fiorentino, M. R. (2021) · Tissue Barriers · doi:10.1080/21688370.2021.2000299 · Cited by 18
Microbiome and micronutrient in ALS: From novel mechanisms to new treatments
Sun, J., & Zhang, Y. (2024) · Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.neurot.2024.e00441 · Cited by 20
Self-citationKim, H., Jeon, S., Kim, J., Seol, D., Jo, J., Cho, S., & Kim, H. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-14837-z · Cited by 13
Are There Modifiable Environmental Factors Related to Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis?
Kuraszkiewicz, B., Podsiadły-Marczykowska, T., Goszczyńska, H., & Piotrkiewicz, M. (2018) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2018.00220 · Cited by 15
Ayala, V., Fontdevila, L., Rico-Rios, S., Povedano, M., Andrés‐Benito, P., Torres, P., Serrano, J. C. E., Pamplona, R., & Portero‐Otín, M. (2025) · Sclerosis · doi:10.3390/sclerosis3010008 · Cited by 15
“In human cells, stress granules play a role in sequestering misfolded proteins, but in ALS, aberrant aggregation of TDP-43 and FUS within these granules contributes to disease progression [85,86].”
Ju, T., Zhang, Y., Liu, L., Zhao, X., Li, X., Liu, C., Sun, S., & Wu, L. (2025) · Neural Regeneration Research · doi:10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-24-01419 · Cited by 16
“…composition of gut microbiota in individuals with ALS differs from that of healthy people, marked by a reduction in Firmicutes, Megamonas, and Prevotella, as well as an increase in proinflammatory mediators in fecal matter (Rowin et al., 2017; Nicholson et al., 2021; Özaydin Aksun et al., 2024).”
Dysbiosis and Neurodegeneration in ALS: Unraveling the Gut–Brain Axis
Sharma, V. (2025) · NeuroMolecular Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12017-025-08870-0 · Cited by 14
Lessons to Learn from the Gut Microbiota: A Focus on Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Calvo, A. C., Valledor-Martín, I., Moreno‐Martínez, L., Toivonen, J. M., & Osta, R. (2022) · Genes · doi:10.3390/genes13050865 · Cited by 15
“The first two studies conducted on gut microbiota in ALS patients showed a different expression and a lower diversity in the genus and class level with respect to healthy controls [45,46].”
BackgroundTang, W., Wang, Q., Sun, M., Liu, C., Huang, Y., Zhou, M., Zhang, X., Meng, Z., & Zhang, J. (2024) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122952 · Cited by 14
Boziki, M. K., Grigoriadis, N., Papaefthymiou, A., Doulberis, M., Pοlyzos, S. A., Gavalas, E., Deretzi, G., Karafoulidou, E., Kesidou, E., Taloumtzis, C., et al. (2021) · Neurochemistry International · doi:10.1016/j.neuint.2020.104938 · Cited by 16
The microbiota-gut-brain axis in Huntington's disease
Love, C. J., Masson, B. A., Gubert, C., & Hannan, A. J. (2022) · International review of neurobiology · doi:10.1016/bs.irn.2022.06.005 · Cited by 14
Potential Preventive Strategies for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Kuraszkiewicz, B., Goszczyńska, H., Podsiadły-Marczykowska, T., Piotrkiewicz, M., Andersen, P. M., Gromicho, M., Großkreutz, J., Kuźma‐Kozakiewicz, M., Petri, S., Stubendorff, B., et al. (2020) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2020.00428 · Cited by 16
Gut Barrier Dysfunction and Microbiota Variations in Cryptosporidiosis: A Comprehensive Review
Ali, M., Xu, C., Wang, M., Hina, Q., Ji, Y., Anwar, S., Lü, S., He, Q. H., Qiu, Y., & Li, K. (2025) · Veterinary Sciences · doi:10.3390/vetsci12020085 · Cited by 17
“The immunomodulatory effects of SCFAs include upregulating the production of anti-inflammatory mediators while suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokines, thus helping to balance immune responses during cryptosporidiosis [141].”
Hanes, D. A., Nowinski, B., Lamb, J. J., Larson, I. A., McDonald, D. T., Knight, R. D., Song, S. J., & Patno, N. (2022) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.987216 · Cited by 13
“The test kit (used for SCFA measurement in this study) from Genova Diagnostics is utilized by functional medicine practitioners and has been documented in studies on patients (55, 56), a probiotic tolerability study (57), as well as a randomized, controlled pilot trial (58).”
MethodMachado Joseph disease severity is linked with gut microbiota alterations in transgenic mice
Gamage, H. K. A. H., Robinson, K. J., Luu, L., Paulsen, I. T., & Laird, A. S. (2023) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106051 · Cited by 13
Mutant and curli-producing E. coli enhance the disease phenotype in a hSOD1-G93A mouse model of ALS
Kurlawala, Z., McMillan, J. D., Singhal, R. A., Morehouse, J. R., Burke, D. A., Sears, S. M., Duregon, E., Beverly, L. J., Siskind, L. J., & Friedland, R. P. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-32594-5 · Cited by 12
Pasam, T., & Dandekar, M. P. (2024) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2023.1336537 · Cited by 12
“Ruminococcus bacterium plays a key role in stress management in wild and domestic animals (Rowin et al., 2017).”
BackgroundBedlack, R., & ALSUntangled Group (2018) · Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Degeneration · doi:10.1080/21678421.2018.1440738 · Cited by 12
“Two recent studies (57,58), but not another (59), found an altered microbiome in PALS.”
BackgroundWhat do we know about the variability in survival of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis?
McCombe, P., Garton, F. C., Katz, M., Wray, N. R., & Henderson, R. D. (2020) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/14737175.2020.1785873 · Cited by 12
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“Emerging evidence suggests that altered microbiome contributes to the development or progression of ALS (Zhang et al. 2017, 2021; Martin et al. 2022; Rowin et al. 2017).”
Self-citationTilahun, Y., Quijada, J., Johnson, F., Lett, C., Smith, K. E., Gipson, T. A., McCallum, M. L., Hoyt, P. R., Tritt, A., Yadav, A., et al. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-08939-x · Cited by 11
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“Autoimmune disorders such as multiple sclerosis (MS) [7], mood Metabolites 2022, 12, 148. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo12020148 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/metabolites Metabolites 2022, 12, 148 2 of 19 disorders such as major depressive disorder (MDD) [8], autism spectrum disorder (ASD) [9], and neurodegenerative di…”
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“It has been shown by multiple studies that the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes (F/B ratio) is correlated with dysbiosis of gut bacteria for many diseases [12,21,22].”
BackgroundIs gut microbiota of patients with ALS different from that of healthy individuals?
Aksun, Z. Ö., Erdoğan, Ş., Kalkancı, A., Şahin, E. A., Çuhadar, T., & Şener, H. Ö. (2024) · TURKISH JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES · doi:10.55730/1300-0144.5825 · Cited by 10
“While there are opinions that suggest there is an increase [15, 16], or decrease [7, 8], there are also studies suggesting that there is no change [9, 10].”
BackgroundAgeing, proteostasis, and the gut: Insights into neurological health and disease
Akbar, M., Toppo, P., & Nazir, A. (2024) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2024.102504 · Cited by 13
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“2017 (79) - case-control (5 P and 96 C) - the genera Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and Odoribacter (glutamate metabolizers) are more abundant in P”
BackgroundNaseri, K., Dabiri, H., Olfatifar, M., Shahrbaf, M. A., Yadegar, A., Soheilian‐Khorzoghi, M., Sadeghi, A., Saadati, S., Rostami‐Nejad, M., Verma, A. K., et al. (2023) · BMC Gastroenterology · doi:10.1186/s12876-023-02649-y · Cited by 12
Prebiotics and probiotics and Parkinson's disease
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Untargeted metabolomics unravel serum metabolic alterations in smokers with hypertension
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“enriched under health status but markedly depleted in numerous diseases including human motor neuron disease (Rowin et al., 2017; Saad et al., 2021).”
BackgroundOverview of peripheral and central inflammatory responses and their contribution to neurotoxicity
Filipov, N. M. (2018) · Advances in neurotoxicology · doi:10.1016/bs.ant.2018.10.001 · Cited by 11
The Microbiome in Neurodegenerative Disease
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Microbiota Dysbiosis in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: A Systematic Review of Human Studies
Gautam, P., Vishwakarma, R. K., Nath, M., Nath, G., & Pathak, A. (2025) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-025-05481-5 · Cited by 9
“Some case reports [37, 38] provided individualized microbiota data but lack generalizability.”
Zhu, H., He, H., Yang, M., Zhu, H., Hagiwara, A., Shu, L., Xu, J., Miao, Y., Han, X., & Wang, C. (2025) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2025.114044 · Cited by 8
Microbiota-Immune System Interactions in Human Neurological Disorders
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Inhibiting NF-κB inducing kinase improved the motor performance of ALS animal model
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Isacco, C. G., Ballini, A., Vito, D. D., Inchingolo, A. M., Cantore, S., Paduanelli, G., Nguyen, K. C. D., Inchingolo, A. D., Dipalma, G., & Inchingolo, F. (2019) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.88601 · Cited by 7
Rodríguez‐Sánchez, S., Valiente, N., Seseña, S., Cabrera-Pinto, M., Rodrı́guez, A., Aranda, A., Palop, M. L., & Fernández-Martos, C. M. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-25033-4 · Cited by 6
Chen, Y., Wang, D., Liao, Y., Zuo, G., & Lu, X. (2024) · Discover Medicine · doi:10.1007/s44337-024-00135-2 · Cited by 5
“While Rowin et al. and S. HERTZBERG et al. compared the fecal microbiology of ALS patients and found low microbial diversity and abundance compared to normal patients [112, 114], Brenner et al. found no significant changes in the feces of ALS patients compared to normal subjects [113].”
Garg, G., Trisal, A., & Singh, A. K. (2025) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2025.03.020 · Cited by 6
Targeting gut-brain-immune axis in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Mudda, N., Zhang, L., & Sampelli, P. (2026) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2025.1637976 · Cited by 5
Astrocytes phenomics as new druggable targets in healthy aging and Alzheimer’s disease progression
Lana, D., Ugolini, F., Iovino, L., Attorre, S., & Giovannini, M. G. (2025) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2024.1512985 · Cited by 6
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Self-citationMicrobiome and metabolites impact enteric and central nervous systems in ALS
Walton, E. I., & Sun, J. (2026) · Gut Microbes · doi:10.1080/19490976.2026.2692737 · Cited by 4
Self-citationCarrera‐Juliá, S., Estrela, J. M., Zacarés, M., Navarro, M. Á., Vega‐Bello, M. J., Ortí, J. E. D. L. R., Moreno, M. L., & Drehmer, E. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16030350 · Cited by 4
“Certain studies have found that patients with ALS face a higher risk of intestinal dysbiosis compared to the general population [38].”
BackgroundYang, E. J. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms26178419 · Cited by 5
“Clinical data also support these findings; patients with ALS exhibit elevated fecal levels of immune markers such as secretory IgA (sIgA), calmodulin, and eosinophils, indicating that adaptive immune activation may further shape gut microbial communities [66].”
Mendonça, I. P., da Silva, R. S., de Paiva, I. H. R., Costa, B. L. D. S. A., Teixeira, K. P. D. S. B., de Souza, J. R. B., & Peixoto, C. A. (2026) · Inflammopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s10787-026-02152-2 · Cited by 3
“Interestingly, PD patients present lower concentrations of butyrate in feces compared to healthy controls (Liu et al. 2024), and similar results were reported from ALS patients (Rowin et al. 2017 ), and mouse models of AD (Tran et al. 2019).”
Gut microbiota and ALS: cause, consequence or correlation? - a systematic review
Chakraborty, D. K., Roy, T., Ngo, S. T., Al‐Chalabi, A., & Khleifat, A. A. (2026) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2026.1774417 · Cited by 3
“Several studies report alterations in microbial composition in ALS, including reductions in the Firmicutes -to- Bacteroidetes ratio (Niccolai et al., 2021; Rowin et al., 2017; Fang et al., 2016).”
Impaired communication at the neuromotor axis during Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy
Ojeda, J., Vergara, M., Ávila, A., Henríquez, J. P., Fehlings, M. G., & Vidal, P. M. (2024) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2023.1316432 · Cited by 3
“…Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes of gut microbiota based on its relative abundance in feces, as this parameter has been used as a marker of gut dysbiosis in different pathologies (Rowin et al., 2017; Mazzini et al., 2018; Blacher et al., 2019; Ngo et al., 2020; Stojanov et al., 2020; An et al., 2023).”
BackgroundManusha, S., Varsha, N., Varshini, R., Sivamani, Y., Pokkuluri, K. S., & Elayaperumal, S. (2025) · International review of neurobiology · doi:10.1016/bs.irn.2025.04.006 · Cited by 3
The Microbiome Epoch: Cracking the Cardiovascular-Neurodegenerative Disorder Code
Parolini, C., & Amedei, A. (2026) · Frontiers in Bioscience-Landmark · doi:10.31083/fbl47174 · Cited by 2
Contribution of neuroinflammation, resolution, and neuroprotection in neuropsychiatric diseases
Farooqui, A. A. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-88460-0.00002-3 · Cited by 2
Zhang, P., Lan, X., Fan, B., Chen, Y., Wei, X., Li, X., Fan, N., Tang, C., & Lu, L. (2023) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2022.977487 · Cited by 2
Immunology and microbiome: Implications for motor systems
Mahjoub, Y., & Martino, D. (2023) · Handbook of clinical neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-98818-6.00001-7 · Cited by 2
The Gut Microbiome and the Central Nervous System (CNS)
Vijay, A., Ahmad, F., Sudesh, R., & Balakrishnan, A. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-99-8803-7_3 · Cited by 2
Pribac, M., Moțățăianu, A., Andone, S. R., Mardale, E., & Nemeth, S. (2024) · Current Issues in Molecular Biology · doi:10.3390/cimb46050271 · Cited by 3
“…spp. to be possibly responsible for the low Firmicute/Bacteroidetes ratio in ALS patients as observed during the progression of the disease [52], but these findings could only be interpreted as detrimental if we consider the butyrate synthesis potential of some species such as R. torques ,…”
The Role of Gut Microbiota-derived Short Chain Fatty Acids in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Saadh, M. J., Dhiaa, S. M., Bansal, P., Dabis, H. K., Katyal, A., Saraswat, V., Ibrahim, A. A., Kadem, R. U., & Ubaid, M. (2025) · Current Behavioral Neuroscience Reports · doi:10.1007/s40473-024-00292-9 · Cited by 2
“Individuals with ALS exhibited a decreased ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes , as well as reduced levels of beneficial bacterial species, including Oscillobacter, Lachnospiraceae , and Anaerostipes [62, 65].”
Choi, Y., Roh, Y. J., Kim, J. E., Song, H. J., Seol, A., Lim, S. J., Wang, S., Sung, J. E., Ryu, Y. E., Kim, Y., et al. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0336627 · Cited by 2
“Ruminococcus gnavus is associated with Crohn’s disease [45–47].”
Farooqui, A. A. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-821039-0.00004-6 · Cited by 2
Contribution of neuroinflammation, resolution, and neuroprotection in neurodegenerative diseases
Farooqui, A. A. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-88460-0.00010-2 · Cited by 2
Risk Factors of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS): An Updated Systematic Review
Bhatt, V., Kydd, C., & Behal, M. (2022) · Undergraduate Research in Natural and Clinical Science and Technology (URNCST) Journal · doi:10.26685/urncst.348 · Cited by 2
Development of Electronic-Nose Technologies for Early Disease Detection Based on Microbial Dysbiosis
Wilson, A. D., & Forse, L. B. (2018) · International Electronic Conference on Sensors and Applications (ECSA) · doi:10.3390/ecsa-5-05832 · Cited by 2
“ALS Systemic Low SCFA fecal BT Low F/B ratio reduces SCFA [12,13]”
BackgroundKarley, D., Nayak, K. K., & Kolla, V. (2024) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781003160663-17 · Cited by 1
Nutraceutical interventions for neuroprotection: a comprehensive review
Ghosh, N., Ghosh, J., Ghosh, S., Sinha, K., & Sil, P. C. (2025) · Biochemical Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2025.117637 · Cited by 2
Investigating the pH dependent antifungal effects of butyrate on Candida albicans
Dresel, F. C., & Gourlay, C. W. (2026) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2026.1793162 · Cited by 1
“For example, in patients with neurodegenerative diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, significant alterations in gut microbial diversity and metabolite production have been documented (Fang et al., 2016; Rowin et al., 2017; Hertzberg et al., 2022).”
Terrin, F., Faggin, S., Bizzotto, E., Santinello, D., Cerantola, S., Borsato, G., Fabris, F., Scarso, A., Licitra, R., Guella, G., et al. (2026) · Journal of Biomedical Science · doi:10.1186/s12929-026-01249-8 · Cited by 1
“Dysregulation of peristalsis and delayed gastrointestinal transit are well-recognized hallmarks of IBD [63] and have also emerged as prodromal symptoms in autistic spectrum disorders [64, 65] and neurodegenerative diseases such as PD and ALS [66, 67].”
Gopi, S., Prethiba, S., Chandhru, M., Namasivayam, S. K. R., & Arockiaraj, J. (2026) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2026.05.008 · Cited by 2
Aslam, M. N., Turgeon, D. K., McClintock, S. D., Allen, R., Sen, A., & Varani, J. (2026) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2026.1805900 · Cited by 1
The Gut–Lung Microbiome Axis in Alveolar Stem Cell Regeneration and Lung Repair
Liu, A., Ran, D., Shen, Z., Rojba, M., & Zhang, J. (2026) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms14071572 · Cited by 1
“Gut microbial dysbiosis, characterized by reduced and often unstable microbial diversity, is linked to numerous diseases affecting not only the intestine but systems beyond it, including the lungs via the GLA [35–37].”
Research Progress on Correlation between Gut Microbiome and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Wu, Q. (2023) · Frontiers in Medical Science Research · doi:10.25236/fmsr.2023.050602 · Cited by 1
“One study [5]performed 16S RNA sequencing on stool samples from 5 ALS patients and compared them with 96 healthy controls found that the microbial composition profile of ALS patients changed compared to the control group, 3 out of 5 patients had fewer beneficial bacteria, and the firmicutes/Bacteroides phylum ratio wa…”
ResultDiet, disease severity, and energy expenditure in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
Castles, Z., Buckett, L. E., Jiang, L., Steyn, F. J., & Ngo, S. T. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-89834-8.00007-6 · Cited by 1
Update Review of the Relationship Between Gut Microbiota and Neurodegenerative Diseases
Wang, Y., Jing, G., Fu, Y., Li, Y., & Wu, C. (2024) · Diseases & Research · doi:10.54457/dr.202401007 · Cited by 1
Directions of searching for new drugs for ALS
Puchała, Ł., & Maksymowicz, S. (2019) · Farmacja Polska · doi:10.32383/farmpol/116234 · Cited by 1
Rodríguez‐Sánchez, S., Valiente, N., Seseña, S., Cabrera-Pinto, M., Rodrı́guez, A., Aranda, A., Palop, L., & Fernández-Martos, C. M. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1616097/v1 · Cited by 1
Beck, E. A., Currey, M. C., Small, C. M., & Cresko, W. A. (2019) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/757351
“…have been successful in alleviating or slowing progression of symptoms (Nowak et al. 1982; Bellini et al. 2006; Kaneko and Hachiya 2006; Fang 2016; Lo Cascio et al. 2016; Rowin et al. 2017; Hughes et al. 2018; Opazo et al. 2018; Patusco and Ziegler 2018; Spielman et al. 2018; Wright et al. 2018).”
BackgroundNewton, C. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-30730-1_49
The Gut Microbiome in Neurodegenerative Disorders
Euers, L. A., & Quigley, E. M. M. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190931544.013.11 · Cited by 1
Molecular mechanisms of neurodegeneration in neurodegenerative diseases
Farooqui, A. A. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-821711-5.00004-8
Gut Microbiota in Brain diseases
Salami, M. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-819265-8.00040-1
Tilahun, Y. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.04.09.439205
“Ratio is estimated by utilizing the lowest and highest values of the reference range (uninfected 738 host) for individual organisms [44].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialAnimal Models of ALS – Current and Future Perspectives
Déziel, R., Marriott, A. L., Kay, D. G., & Gill, D. A. (2021) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119745532.ch8
The Microbiome of ALS – Does It Start from the Gut?
Labarre, A., & Parker, J. A. (2021) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119745532.ch5
Prospecting the insect model, Galleria mellonella, for gut-related pathobiology
Emery, H. (2020) · Cronfa (Swansea University) · doi:10.23889/suthesis.56984
Gubert, C., Love, C. J., Kodikara, S., Liew, J. J. M., Renoir, T., Cao, K. L., & Hannan, A. J. (2021) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3904352
“Neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and motor neuron disease have been reported to be associated with lower alpha diversity in patients in comparison with controls (Keshavarzian et al., 2015; Rowin et al., 2017; Vogt et al., 2017).”
Çelik, R., Korkut, Ş. V., Günel, A., & Idrısoğlu, H. A. (2021) · Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Degeneration · doi:10.1080/21678421.2021.1985792
Colonic diverticular disease as a risk factor for neurodegenerative and associated diseases
Paley, E. L. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-19122-0.00023-6
Vilanova, J. D. C., de Melo, B. R., da Rocha, T. H. L., da Rocha, I. L., Guerra, B. M. M. D., Garcês, T. C. D. C. S., & de Andrade, A. R. O. (2023) · Research Society and Development · doi:10.33448/rsd-v12i5.41454
Metadata
- Authors
- Rowin, J., Xia, Y., Jung, B., & Sun, J.
- Affiliations
- Wellness and Integrative Neurology; Westchester Illinois
- University of Illinois Chicago (US)
- Corresponding author
- Sun, Jun
- Venue
- Physiological Reports
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2017-09
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 18
- Pages
- e13443
- ISSN
- 2051-817X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5617930
- OpenAlex
- W2759952551
- Cited by
- 224
- References
- 25
- Citations by year
- 2026: 23 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 32 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 38 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 6.59
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Physiological Reports (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (R01 DK105118)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Gastrointestinal motility and disorders
- Keywords
- amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, motor neuron disease, gut microbiota, dysbiosis, intestinal inflammation, intestinal permeability, gut-brain axis, Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio, Ruminococcus, microbial diversity, SOD1 G93A mouse model
- MeSH terms
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Bacteroidetes, Ruminococcus, Dysbiosis
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