The DOI matches its Crossref record; 88 of the 99 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 17 of the 142 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Diet in the management of weight loss
Open accessAbstract
Obesity is an established risk factor for numerous chronic diseases, and successful treatment will have an important impact on medical resources utilization, health care costs, and patient quality of life. With over 60% of our population being overweight, physicians face a major challenge in assisting patients in the process of weight loss and weight-loss maintenance. Low-calorie diets can lower total body weight by an average of 8% in the short term. These diets are well-tolerated and characterize successful strategies in maintaining significant weight loss over a 5-year period. Very-low-calorie diets produce a more rapid weight loss but should only be used for fewer than 16 weeks because of clinical adverse effects. Diets that are severely restricted in carbohydrates (3%-10% of total energy intake) and do not emphasize a reduction of energy intake may be effective in reducing weight in the short term, but there is no evidence that they are sustainable or innocuous in the long term because their high saturated-fat content may be atherogenic. Fat restriction in a weight-loss regimen is beneficial, but the optimal percentage has yet to be determined. Longitudinal trials are needed to resolve these issues. In this article I discuss the evidence for and pitfalls of various types of weight-loss diets and identify issues that physicians need to address in weight loss and weight-loss maintenance.
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Claims the paper makes
39 Sources not found · 33 No full text of the sources · 10 Own interpretation · 9 Partly supported · 5 Not checked yet · 4 Supported so far · 2 Supported · 1 Not supported · 1 Own method · accuracy not yet measured
At least one cited source doesn’t support this claim or points to a different paper, and none confirmed it — see the verdicts below.
In the paper
“Use of very-low-calorie diets does not improve weight-loss maintenance; 8 however, there is some disagreement on this issue.73,74”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [8] 8. National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. Clinical guidelines on the identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults. The evidence report. NIH Publication No. 98-4083; 1998 September.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [73] 73. Saris WHM. Very-low-calorie diets and sustained weight loss. Obes Res 2001;9 (Suppl 4):295S-301S.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Disputedcites [74] 74. Anderson JW, Konz EC, Frederich RC, et al. Long-term weight-loss maintenance: a meta-analysis of US studies. Am J Clin Nutr 2001;74:579-84. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The discussion (under Figure 1) says use of very-low-energy diets was strongly related to successful long-term weight-loss maintenance. Its conclusion reports 7 kg of maintenance at 4–5 years among participants who used such a diet or lost at least 20 kg. This is contrary to the claim that these diets do not improve maintenance, though the paper cautions that its observational design limits causal conclusions. (LLM, conf=0.91)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“A weight loss of 5%-10% has been shown to reduce the risk of heart disease and stroke.12”
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [12] 12. Krauss RM, Eckel RH, Howard B, et al. AHA Dietary Guidelines: revision 2000: A statement for healthcare professionals from the nutrition committee of the Ameri- can Heart Association. Circulation 2000;102:2284-99. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In “Achieve and maintain a healthy body weight—General Principles” (page not provided), the guidelines say that 5%–10% weight reduction can reduce risk factors for heart disease and stroke. The cited passage does not establish that this amount of weight loss has been shown to reduce the risk of the diseases themselves. (LLM, conf=0.88)
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Low-carbohydrate diets are relatively high in fat and protein content and are not recommended by the American Heart Association.47,48”
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [47] 47. St. Jeor ST, Howard BV, Prewitt E, et al.; AHA Nutrition Committee. AHA Science advisory. Dietary protein and weight reduction. A statement for healthcare profes- sionals from the nutrition committee of the Council on nutrition, physical activity, and metabolism of the American Heart Association. Circulation 2001;104:1869-74. source
Table 2 in “High-Protein Diets and Weight Reduction” lists low-carbohydrate diets with elevated protein and, in the very-low-carbohydrate example, fat. The Abstract says these diets generally have higher fat intakes and explicitly states that high-protein diets are not recommended by this American Heart Association statement. (LLM, conf=0.92)
- Not matchedcites [48] 48. Kappagoda CT, Hyson DA, Amsterdam EA. Low-carbohydrate-high-protein diets. Is there a place for them in clinical cardiology? J Am Coll Cardiol 2004;43:725-30.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Similarly, Bray and Popkin 27 and Yu-Poth and colleagues 15 found that decreases in fat intake were associated with weight loss.”
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [27] 27. Bray GA, Popkin BM. Dietary fat intake does affect obesity. Am J Clin Nutr 1998;68: 1157-73. source
The Conclusions state that reducing fat intake to reduce total energy intake can result in weight loss of 20–100 g per week. The section on diet composition and weight loss in nonobese subjects (p. 1162) also reports trials in which participants on lower-fat diets lost weight. (LLM, conf=0.93)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [15] 15. Yu-Poth S, Zhao G, Etherton T, et al. Effects of the National Cholesterol Education Program's Step I and Step II dietary intervention programs on cardiovascular dis- ease risk factors: a meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 1999;69:632-46. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“The American Heart Association 78 cautions against the use of such diets because their high carbohydrate content can increase triglyceride levels.”
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [78] 78. Lichtenstein AH, Van Horn L, for the AHA Nutrition Committee. AHA Science ad- visory. Very low fat diets. A statement for healthcare professionals from the nutri- tion committee of the Council on nutrition, physical activity, and metabolism of the American Heart Association. Circulation 1998;98:935-9. source
The Blood Triglyceride Levels section says short-term consumption of very-low-fat diets consistently increases triglycerides and links the increase to higher carbohydrate intake. The Conclusions caution against widespread use, citing elevated triglycerides as a concern, while noting that weight loss may attenuate the effect. (LLM, conf=0.92)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Furthermore, saturated-fat intake on low-carbohydrate diets is high, 58 representing 17% of total energy intake, which is almost double the current recommendations of major health organizations.12,18”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [58] 58. Brehm BJ, Seeley RJ, Daniels S, et al. A randomized trial comparing a very low car- bohydrate diet and a calorie-restricted low fat diet on body weight and cardiovascu- lar risk factors in healthy women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003;88:1617-23. source
- Supportedcites [12] 12. Krauss RM, Eckel RH, Howard B, et al. AHA Dietary Guidelines: revision 2000: A statement for healthcare professionals from the nutrition committee of the Ameri- can Heart Association. Circulation 2000;102:2284-99. source
The Specific Guidelines section recommends that saturated fat account for less than 10% of energy intake. That supports the AHA recommendation used in the citing sentence’s comparison with 17%. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Not matchedcites [18] 18. Canadian Diabetes Association Clinical Practice Guidelines Expert Committee. Nutrition therapy. Can J Diabet 2003;27(Suppl 2):S27-31.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Very-low-fat diets have a very high carbohydrate and fibre content.”
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [78] 78. Lichtenstein AH, Van Horn L, for the AHA Nutrition Committee. AHA Science ad- visory. Very low fat diets. A statement for healthcare professionals from the nutri- tion committee of the Council on nutrition, physical activity, and metabolism of the American Heart Association. Circulation 1998;98:935-9. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Definition of a Very Low Fat Diet section specifies at least 70% of calories from carbohydrates. The Epidemiological Studies section says vegan and Zen macrobiotic diets tend to be high in fiber, but does not extend that description to all very-low-fat diets; the Nutrient Adequacy section emphasizes that food choices vary. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Not matchedcites [14] 14. Freedman MR, King J, Kennedy E. Popular diets: a scientific review. Obes Res 2001;9(Suppl 1):1S-40S.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [18] 18. Canadian Diabetes Association Clinical Practice Guidelines Expert Committee. Nutrition therapy. Can J Diabet 2003;27(Suppl 2):S27-31.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [67] 67. Anderson JW, Konz EC, Jenkins DJA. Health advantages and disadvantages of weight-reducing diets: a computer analysis and critical review. J Am Coll Nutr 2000;19:578-90. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Partly supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Saturated fats are associated with increased levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, a risk factor for coronary artery disease.12,15”
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [12] 12. Krauss RM, Eckel RH, Howard B, et al. AHA Dietary Guidelines: revision 2000: A statement for healthcare professionals from the nutrition committee of the Ameri- can Heart Association. Circulation 2000;102:2284-99. source
The Saturated Fatty Acids section calls saturated fat the principal dietary determinant of LDL cholesterol levels. The Elevated LDL Cholesterol or Preexisting Cardiovascular Disease section says coronary artery disease prevention studies establish the benefits of lowering LDL cholesterol. Page numbers are not available in the supplied passages. (LLM, conf=0.93)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [15] 15. Yu-Poth S, Zhao G, Etherton T, et al. Effects of the National Cholesterol Education Program's Step I and Step II dietary intervention programs on cardiovascular dis- ease risk factors: a meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 1999;69:632-46. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“≥ 1 yr: VLCD + LCD about 30% of body weight (7-20 kg) 8,72,73,74”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [8] 8. National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. Clinical guidelines on the identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults. The evidence report. NIH Publication No. 98-4083; 1998 September.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [72] 72. National Task Force on the Prevention and Treatment of Obesity. Very low-calorie diets. JAMA 1993;270:967-74.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [73] 73. Saris WHM. Very-low-calorie diets and sustained weight loss. Obes Res 2001;9 (Suppl 4):295S-301S.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Partly supportedcites [74] 74. Anderson JW, Konz EC, Frederich RC, et al. Long-term weight-loss maintenance: a meta-analysis of US studies. Am J Clin Nutr 2001;74:579-84. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (page not specified) report that participants in very-low-energy diet studies maintained about 7 kg of weight loss at 4–5 years. The approximately 29–30% figure is the proportion of initial weight loss maintained, not the proportion of body weight lost; the reported body-weight reduction was 6.6% at 4–5 years. The paper compares very-low-energy and hypoenergetic balanced diets rather than establishing the claimed sequence of one followed by the other. (LLM, conf=0.90)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“4 mo: about 30%-40% of body weight (13-32 kg) 8,72,73,74”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [8] 8. National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. Clinical guidelines on the identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults. The evidence report. NIH Publication No. 98-4083; 1998 September.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [72] 72. National Task Force on the Prevention and Treatment of Obesity. Very low-calorie diets. JAMA 1993;270:967-74.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [73] 73. Saris WHM. Very-low-calorie diets and sustained weight loss. Obes Res 2001;9 (Suppl 4):295S-301S.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Partly supportedcites [74] 74. Anderson JW, Konz EC, Frederich RC, et al. Long-term weight-loss maintenance: a meta-analysis of US studies. Am J Clin Nutr 2001;74:579-84. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction reports that very-low-energy diets typically produce an initial loss of 20–25 kg, which falls within the claimed 13–32 kg range. But the Results report a median VLED treatment duration of 22 weeks, not four months, and neither that section nor Table 2 supports a loss of 30%–40% of initial body weight. (LLM, conf=0.87)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“Meckling and associates 62 found that at the end of the 10-week study period, an energy-restricted low-carbohydrate diet was associated with a significant decrease in lean body mass (-1.9 kg) that was not observed in the low-fat diet group.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [62] 62. Meckling KA, O'Sullivan C, Saari D. Comparison of a low-fat diet to a low-carbo- hydrate diet on weight loss, body composition, and risk factors for diabetes and cardiovascular disease in free-living, overweight men and women. J Clin En- docrinol Metab 2004;89:2717-23. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Greater decreases in triglyceride levels, a favourable outcome, were found with the low-carbohydrate diets than with the low-calorie diets at the end of both the 6-month and 12-month study periods.[59][60][61]”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [59][60][61]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“On the other hand, in a meta-analysis of 6 randomized controlled trials specifically targeting weight loss, 23 Pirozzo and associates found no significant differences in the effects of low-fat diets and other weight-loss diets on obese and overweight subjects at 6, 12 or 18 months.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [23] 23. Pirozzo S, Summerbell C, Cameron C, et al. Should we recommend low-fat diets for obesity? Obes Rev 2003;4:83-90. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, low-calorie diets are a safe strategy for weight loss.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“In a study by Brehm and colleagues, 58 subjects lost 8.5 (standard deviation [SD] 1.0) kg on the low-carbohydrate diet compared with 3.9 (SD 1.0) kg on the low-calorie diet (p < 0.001).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [58] 58. Brehm BJ, Seeley RJ, Daniels S, et al. A randomized trial comparing a very low car- bohydrate diet and a calorie-restricted low fat diet on body weight and cardiovascu- lar risk factors in healthy women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003;88:1617-23. source
plaindirectn = 58- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“However, no relation could be established between weight loss and urinary or blood ketones.58,61”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [58] 58. Brehm BJ, Seeley RJ, Daniels S, et al. A randomized trial comparing a very low car- bohydrate diet and a calorie-restricted low fat diet on body weight and cardiovascu- lar risk factors in healthy women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003;88:1617-23. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [61] 61. Foster GD, Wyatt HR, Hill JO, et al. A randomized trial of a low-carbohydrate diet for obesity. N Engl J Med 2003;348:2082-90. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Two studies, each 6 months in duration, reported greater weight loss with the low-carbohydrate diet than with the low-calorie diet.58,60”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [58] 58. Brehm BJ, Seeley RJ, Daniels S, et al. A randomized trial comparing a very low car- bohydrate diet and a calorie-restricted low fat diet on body weight and cardiovascu- lar risk factors in healthy women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003;88:1617-23. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [60] 60. Yancy WS, Olsen MK, Guyton JR, et al. A low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet versus a low-fat diet to treat obesity and hyperlipidemia. Ann Intern Med 2004;140:769-77. source
plaincorrelationaln = 58- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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In the paper
“In a metaanalysis by Yu-Poth and associates of 37 studies that used the NCEP Step I and Step II diets, every 1% decrease in energy from total fat was associated with a 0.28-kg decrease in body weight (R 2 = 0.57, p < 0.0001).15”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [15] 15. Yu-Poth S, Zhao G, Etherton T, et al. Effects of the National Cholesterol Education Program's Step I and Step II dietary intervention programs on cardiovascular dis- ease risk factors: a meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 1999;69:632-46. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Postprandial hyperglycemia has been found to increase the risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes.[20][21][22]”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [20][21][22]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When following a diet that limits carbohydrate intake to as little as 20 g per day in the induction phase, people end up reducing total energy intake because the choice of foods low in carbohydrates is limited; the resulting monotony of the diet has little appeal.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Unfortunately, physical activity was not assessed.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“However, they also observed losses of lean body mass that were significantly greater on the low-carbohydrate diet than on the low-calorie diet.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [58] 58. Brehm BJ, Seeley RJ, Daniels S, et al. A randomized trial comparing a very low car- bohydrate diet and a calorie-restricted low fat diet on body weight and cardiovascu- lar risk factors in healthy women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003;88:1617-23. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [60] 60. Yancy WS, Olsen MK, Guyton JR, et al. A low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet versus a low-fat diet to treat obesity and hyperlipidemia. Ann Intern Med 2004;140:769-77. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The National Institutes of Health review also concluded that low-calorie diets alone do not improve cardiorespiratory fitness as measured by maximum rate of oxygen consumption (evidence category B), 8”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [8] 8. National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. Clinical guidelines on the identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults. The evidence report. NIH Publication No. 98-4083; 1998 September.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Not matched
In the paper
“Weight-loss and weight-loss maintenance interventions lasting 3-4.5 years (4 studies only) resulted in an average weight loss of 4%, well below the definition proposed for successful weight loss (a decrease in 10% of body weight sustained for more than 1 year).7”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [7] 7. Wing RR, Hill JO. Successful weight loss maintenance. Annu Rev Nutr 2001;21: 323-41.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The overall weight loss between 12 and 18 months was only 2-4 kg in all studies.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [23] 23. Pirozzo S, Summerbell C, Cameron C, et al. Should we recommend low-fat diets for obesity? Obes Rev 2003;4:83-90. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In trials of longer duration, the greater initial weight loss on the low-carbohydrate diet was not maintained at 12 months.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In a review of 94 trials on the efficacy of low-carbohydrate diets from 1966 to 2003, Bravata and colleagues 57 reported that weight loss was principally associated with reduced energy intake and not reduced carbohydrate intake.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [57] 57. Bravata DM, Sanders L, Huang J, et al. Efficacy and safety of low-carbohydrate di- ets. A systematic review. JAMA 2003;289:1837-50. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Increases in triglyceride levels have been ascribed to the high levels of postprandial glucose and insulin caused by the relatively high amount of carbohydrates in such diets.32”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [32] 32. Parks EJ, Hellerstein MK. Carbohydrate-induced hypertriacylglycerolemia: historical perspective and review of biological mechanisms. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;71:412-33. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Low-calorie diets resulting in weight loss also lower the amount of abdominal fat, as shown by a reduction in waist circumference of 1.5-9.5 cm (evidence category A).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [8] 8. National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. Clinical guidelines on the identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults. The evidence report. NIH Publication No. 98-4083; 1998 September.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Not matched
In the paper
“No significant differences in weight loss were found (-4.5 kg, -6.8 kg, -6.9 kg, -6.8 kg, respectively) after the 3-month intervention.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [29] 29. Powell JJ, Tucker L, Fisher AG, et al. The effects of different percentages of dietary fat intake, exercise, and caloric restriction on body composition and body weight in obese females. Am J Health Promot 1994;8:442-8. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“They have also been found to increase triglyceride levels, although not consistently.15,32”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [15] 15. Yu-Poth S, Zhao G, Etherton T, et al. Effects of the National Cholesterol Education Program's Step I and Step II dietary intervention programs on cardiovascular dis- ease risk factors: a meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 1999;69:632-46. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [32] 32. Parks EJ, Hellerstein MK. Carbohydrate-induced hypertriacylglycerolemia: historical perspective and review of biological mechanisms. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;71:412-33. source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The review concluded that low-calorie diets can lower total body weight by an average of about 8% during a period of 3-12 months (evidence category A).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [8] 8. National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. Clinical guidelines on the identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults. The evidence report. NIH Publication No. 98-4083; 1998 September.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Unlike the Ornish vegetarian approach, the Pritikin program allows limited amounts of animal protein.14”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [14] 14. Freedman MR, King J, Kennedy E. Popular diets: a scientific review. Obes Res 2001;9(Suppl 1):1S-40S.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The independent effect of the diet in the Ornish study cannot be determined since it was associated with other weight-loss strategies.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“Very-low-calorie diets are associated with a variety of side effects and with numerous complications, such as cholelithiasis, loss of lean body mass, ketosis and increased serum uric acid concentrations due to severe negative energy balance.71”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [71] 71. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists (AACE) Obesity Statement. AACE/ACE position statement on the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of obe- sity. Endocr Pract 1998;297-330.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
In the paper
“In the Lifestyle Heart Trial, Ornish and associates 77 reported that their intensive lifestyle changes program, consisting of a vegetarian diet with less than 10% fat, aerobic exercise, stress management, smoking cessation, and group support, resulted in a weight loss of 10.9 kg in year 1 and 5.8 kg in year 5 among subjects with moderate or severe coronary artery disease who were not taking lipid-”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [77] 77. Ornish D, Scherwitz LW, Billings JH, et al. Intensive lifestyle changes for reversal of coronary heart disease. JAMA 1998;280:2001-7. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Twice as many cardiac events occurred in the control group (2.25 v. 0.89 events/ patient) during the 5-year follow-up.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [77] 77. Ornish D, Scherwitz LW, Billings JH, et al. Intensive lifestyle changes for reversal of coronary heart disease. JAMA 1998;280:2001-7. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Insulin sensitivity improved with both types of diets.58,61”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [58] 58. Brehm BJ, Seeley RJ, Daniels S, et al. A randomized trial comparing a very low car- bohydrate diet and a calorie-restricted low fat diet on body weight and cardiovascu- lar risk factors in healthy women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003;88:1617-23. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [61] 61. Foster GD, Wyatt HR, Hill JO, et al. A randomized trial of a low-carbohydrate diet for obesity. N Engl J Med 2003;348:2082-90. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Their high protein and fat content is conducive to a high intake of saturated fat, as observed in clinical trials and nutrient analyses of the diet plan 14,58,67 (see the online appendix).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [14] 14. Freedman MR, King J, Kennedy E. Popular diets: a scientific review. Obes Res 2001;9(Suppl 1):1S-40S.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [58] 58. Brehm BJ, Seeley RJ, Daniels S, et al. A randomized trial comparing a very low car- bohydrate diet and a calorie-restricted low fat diet on body weight and cardiovascu- lar risk factors in healthy women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003;88:1617-23. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [67] 67. Anderson JW, Konz EC, Jenkins DJA. Health advantages and disadvantages of weight-reducing diets: a computer analysis and critical review. J Am Coll Nutr 2000;19:578-90. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Nutrient analyses of low-carbohydrate diets by Freedman and associates 14 and Anderson and associates 67 show low amounts of vitamins A, B 6 and E and of folate, calcium, magnesium, iron, potassium and dietary fibre, which makes these diets nutritionally inadequate.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [14] 14. Freedman MR, King J, Kennedy E. Popular diets: a scientific review. Obes Res 2001;9(Suppl 1):1S-40S.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [67] 67. Anderson JW, Konz EC, Jenkins DJA. Health advantages and disadvantages of weight-reducing diets: a computer analysis and critical review. J Am Coll Nutr 2000;19:578-90. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Not matched
In the paper
“Leptin levels were found to decrease equally in both the low-calorie diet and the low-carbohydrate diet groups at 3 months in the study by Brehm and colleagues.58”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [58] 58. Brehm BJ, Seeley RJ, Daniels S, et al. A randomized trial comparing a very low car- bohydrate diet and a calorie-restricted low fat diet on body weight and cardiovascu- lar risk factors in healthy women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003;88:1617-23. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“high fibre intakes can decrease the absorption of zinc, calcium and iron.55”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [55] 55. Insel P, Turner RE, Ross D. Nutrition. Massachusetts: Jones and Bartlett Publish- ers; 2004.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Not matched
In the paper
“Sudden death can occur, rarely, in vulnerable patients with comorbidities, especially if the energy intake is less than 2520 kJ per day.75”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [75] 75. Dwyer JT, Melanson KJ. Dietary treatment of obesity. 2002 Sept 24. Ch. 18 of Obe- sity, ed. JF Caro. Endotext.com. Available: www.endotext.org/obesity/obesity18/ obesity18.htm (accessed 2005 Nov 16).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Complaints of abdominal fullness have also been reported.14”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [14] 14. Freedman MR, King J, Kennedy E. Popular diets: a scientific review. Obes Res 2001;9(Suppl 1):1S-40S.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Meal replacements and very-low-calorie diets can assist patients control energy intake by reducing the need to make decisions about food portion size.70”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [70] 70. Position of the American Dietetic Association. Weight management. J Am Diet As- soc 2002;102:1145-55.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In addition, the diets can contain over twice (40-70 g/d) the recommended amount of fibre; 14,18,67”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [14] 14. Freedman MR, King J, Kennedy E. Popular diets: a scientific review. Obes Res 2001;9(Suppl 1):1S-40S.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [18] 18. Canadian Diabetes Association Clinical Practice Guidelines Expert Committee. Nutrition therapy. Can J Diabet 2003;27(Suppl 2):S27-31.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [67] 67. Anderson JW, Konz EC, Jenkins DJA. Health advantages and disadvantages of weight-reducing diets: a computer analysis and critical review. J Am Coll Nutr 2000;19:578-90. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
In the paper
“They also reported significant increases in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels at 3 months on the lowcarbohydrate diet compared with the low-calorie diet (6.2% [SD 20.4%] v. -11.1% [SD 19.4%] change, p = 0.005).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [61] 61. Foster GD, Wyatt HR, Hill JO, et al. A randomized trial of a low-carbohydrate diet for obesity. N Engl J Med 2003;348:2082-90. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Low-calorie diets that use a meal replacement strategy (1 or 2 meals substituted with a commercial fortified product containing about 840 kJ) induced greater weight loss at 1 year (about 7%-8% of body weight) com-pared with the traditional low-calorie diets without meal replacements (3%-7% of body weight).76”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [76] 76. Heymsfield SB, van Mierlo CJ, van der Knaap HC, et al. Weight management using a meal replacement strategy: meta and pooling analysis from six studies. Int J Obes 2003;27:537-49. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“≥ 1 yr: about 6%-12% of body weight (6-11 kg) 77 (diet plus exercise)”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [77] 77. Ornish D, Scherwitz LW, Billings JH, et al. Intensive lifestyle changes for reversal of coronary heart disease. JAMA 1998;280:2001-7. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Other studies report similar strategies for successful weight-loss maintenance, such as monitoring food portion sizes, energy and fat intake, and body weight, and avoiding the use of food to regulate mood.7,82,83”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [7] 7. Wing RR, Hill JO. Successful weight loss maintenance. Annu Rev Nutr 2001;21: 323-41.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [82] 82. Byrne S, Cooper Z, Fairburn C. Weight maintenance and relapse in obesity: a quali- tative study. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2003;7:955-62. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [83] 83. Sherwood NE, Jeffery RW, French SA, et al. Predictors of weight gain in the Pound of Prevention Study. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2000;24:395-403. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The National Weight Control Registry in the United States provides useful information regarding successful weight-loss maintenance strategies.81”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [81] 81. Hill J, Wing R. The National Weight Control Registry. Available: http://xnet .kp.org/permanentejournal/sum03/registry.pdf (accessed 2005 Nov 16).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainn = 4,000- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, very-low-fat diets offer a vegetarian-style weightloss regimen with low amounts of meat and alternates (see the online appendix), but their use should be monitored for their impact on plasma triglyceride levels and for nutrient adequacy.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“4 mo: about 10% of body weight (9 kg) 14”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [14] 14. Freedman MR, King J, Kennedy E. Popular diets: a scientific review. Obes Res 2001;9(Suppl 1):1S-40S.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
In the paper
“This registry includes people who have lost more than 13 kg of body weight and successfully maintained that weight loss for over 5 years.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [81] 81. Hill J, Wing R. The National Weight Control Registry. Available: http://xnet .kp.org/permanentejournal/sum03/registry.pdf (accessed 2005 Nov 16).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainn = 4,000- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
- It may state two separate claims as one. 41
- Probably not a substantial claim. 9
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The potential negative effects of high-carbohydrate diets on triglyceride and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels may be attenuated if monounsaturated fats replace carbohydrates 12,32,36 or if the diets are high in fibre and have a low glycemic index, 12,[37][38][39][40] although this remains controversial in the treatment of obesity.41,42”
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [12] 12. Krauss RM, Eckel RH, Howard B, et al. AHA Dietary Guidelines: revision 2000: A statement for healthcare professionals from the nutrition committee of the Ameri- can Heart Association. Circulation 2000;102:2284-99. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In “Limit the intake of foods high in cholesterol” (page unavailable), the guidelines say that high-carbohydrate diets can raise triglycerides and lower HDL cholesterol, and that high-fiber diets may lessen these changes. “High Unsaturated Fat Diets” (page unavailable) says unsaturated fat can prevent or attenuate the same changes. The discussion of glycemic indexing concerns blood-glucose levels, not whether a low glycemic index attenuates the triglyceride and HDL effects. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [32] 32. Parks EJ, Hellerstein MK. Carbohydrate-induced hypertriacylglycerolemia: historical perspective and review of biological mechanisms. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;71:412-33. source
- Not matchedcites [36] 36. Third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel. Detection, evaluation and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (adult treatment panel III). Executive summary. NIH Publication No. 01-3670; 2001 May. Available: www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/cholesterol/atp3xsum.pdf (accessed 2005 Nov 15).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Overall, very-low-calorie diets present a number of medical risks but offer rapid weight loss.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [71] 71. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists (AACE) Obesity Statement. AACE/ACE position statement on the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of obe- sity. Endocr Pract 1998;297-330.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [72] 72. National Task Force on the Prevention and Treatment of Obesity. Very low-calorie diets. JAMA 1993;270:967-74.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [73] 73. Saris WHM. Very-low-calorie diets and sustained weight loss. Obes Res 2001;9 (Suppl 4):295S-301S.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [8] 8. National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. Clinical guidelines on the identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults. The evidence report. NIH Publication No. 98-4083; 1998 September.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Partly supportedcites [74] 74. Anderson JW, Konz EC, Frederich RC, et al. Long-term weight-loss maintenance: a meta-analysis of US studies. Am J Clin Nutr 2001;74:579-84. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (page not provided) says very-low-energy diets combined with behavior modification enable substantial initial weight loss, typically 20–25 kg; the Results also report significantly greater initial loss than with balanced diets. Our copy does not substantiate the claim that these diets present a number of medical risks. A reference title mentions benefits and risks, but gives no findings about those risks. (LLM, conf=0.86)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“High-protein diets affect renal function and can place greater demands on the kidney and liver for metabolizing and excreting excess urea and ammonia.47”
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [47] 47. St. Jeor ST, Howard BV, Prewitt E, et al.; AHA Nutrition Committee. AHA Science advisory. Dietary protein and weight reduction. A statement for healthcare profes- sionals from the nutrition committee of the Council on nutrition, physical activity, and metabolism of the American Heart Association. Circulation 2001;104:1869-74. source
The Role of Protein in the Diet section says that protein intake above requirements imposes additional demands on the liver and kidney to metabolize and excrete waste products, including urea and ammonia. The High-Protein Diets and Weight Reduction section also discusses a renal risk specifically for patients with diabetes. No page number is available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.93)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Overall, low-carbohydrate diets are usually low in fruits and vegetables, dairy products and whole grains; these dietary patterns, if maintained over the long term, are associated with an increased risk of a variety of chronic diseases, including hypertension and cancer.12,16,68”
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [12] 12. Krauss RM, Eckel RH, Howard B, et al. AHA Dietary Guidelines: revision 2000: A statement for healthcare professionals from the nutrition committee of the Ameri- can Heart Association. Circulation 2000;102:2284-99. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [16] 16. Miller ER, Erlinger TP, Young DR, et al. Results of the Diet, Exercise, and Weight Loss Intervention Trial (DEW-IT). Hypertension 2002;40:612-8. source
- Partly supportedcites [68] 68. Eyre H, Kahn R, Robertson RM. ACS/ADA/AHA Scientific Statement. Preventing cancer, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes. A common agenda for the American Cancer Society, the American Diabetes Association, and the American Heart Asso- ciation. Circulation 2004;109:3244-55. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 1 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“They may be a health hazard for patients with renal or liver impaired functions in general, and for patients with diabetes in particular.”
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [47] 47. St. Jeor ST, Howard BV, Prewitt E, et al.; AHA Nutrition Committee. AHA Science advisory. Dietary protein and weight reduction. A statement for healthcare profes- sionals from the nutrition committee of the Council on nutrition, physical activity, and metabolism of the American Heart Association. Circulation 2001;104:1869-74. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The “High-Protein Diets and Weight Reduction” section says a very-high-protein diet is especially risky for patients with diabetes because it can accelerate diabetic renal disease. It does not specifically say that patients with pre-existing renal or liver impairment are at risk, so that part of the claim is not established by the passages found. (LLM, conf=0.83)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Decreases in total cholesterol and lowdensity lipoprotein cholesterol levels and variable effects on triglyceride and highdensity lipoprotein cholesterol levels 14,77,78”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [14] 14. Freedman MR, King J, Kennedy E. Popular diets: a scientific review. Obes Res 2001;9(Suppl 1):1S-40S.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [77] 77. Ornish D, Scherwitz LW, Billings JH, et al. Intensive lifestyle changes for reversal of coronary heart disease. JAMA 1998;280:2001-7. source
- Supportedcites [78] 78. Lichtenstein AH, Van Horn L, for the AHA Nutrition Committee. AHA Science ad- visory. Very low fat diets. A statement for healthcare professionals from the nutri- tion committee of the Council on nutrition, physical activity, and metabolism of the American Heart Association. Circulation 1998;98:935-9. source
The Blood Cholesterol Levels section reports that reducing dietary fat from 35–40% to 15–20% of energy lowers total cholesterol and LDL-C. The Blood Triglyceride Levels section reports variable magnitudes of triglyceride increases and notes that weight loss can attenuate both the triglyceride increase and HDL-C decrease. The Conclusions likewise describe short-term triglyceride increases and HDL-C decreases, with effects attenuated by weight loss. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
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In the paper
“Higher triglyceride levels are usually associated with lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and with small low-density lipoprotein cholesterol particles that are more susceptible to oxidation; this metabolic profile is atherogenic.[33][34][35]”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [33][34][35]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“High-fibre and low-glycemic-index diets are associated with increased satiety, lower postprandial glycemic response and lower insulin levels.[17][18][19][20]”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [17][18][19][20]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
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In the paper
“Overall, drop-out rates ranged from 20% to 40%, with fewer people using the low-carbohydrate diet dropping out than those using the low-calorie diet.[58][59][60][61]”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [58][59][60][61]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
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In the paper
“The NCEP Step I and II diets have been extensively studied and found to reduce circulating low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels by 12% and 16% respectively.15”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [15] 15. Yu-Poth S, Zhao G, Etherton T, et al. Effects of the National Cholesterol Education Program's Step I and Step II dietary intervention programs on cardiovascular dis- ease risk factors: a meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 1999;69:632-46. source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Mild ketosis decreases appetite, and the diet's high protein content increases satiety and activates thermogenesis.[54][55][56]”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [54][55][56]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Postprandial thermogenesis is doubled on high-protein diets and contributes an additional loss of about 378 kJ per day.56”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [56] 56. Johnston CS, Day CS, Swan PD. Postprandial thermogenesis is increased 100% on a high-protein, low-fat diet versus a high-carbohydrate, low-fat diet in healthy, young women. J Am Coll Nutr 2002;21:55-61. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Behaviour therapy in conjunction with dietary interventions (including low-calorie diets) has been shown to result in additional weight loss in the short term (1 year) but not in the long term (3-5 years) (evidence category B). 8”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [8] 8. National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. Clinical guidelines on the identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults. The evidence report. NIH Publication No. 98-4083; 1998 September.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Both the low-calorie and low-carbohydrate diets result in weight loss.[58][59][60][61]”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [58][59][60][61]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirectn = 58- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“In general, low-calorie diets are high in carbohydrates (55%-60% of total daily energy intake), low in fat (< 30% of energy intake), and energy-reduced (deficit of 2100-4200 kJ/d: minimum of 4200-5040 kJ/d for women and 5040-5880 kJ/d for men).14”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [14] 14. Freedman MR, King J, Kennedy E. Popular diets: a scientific review. Obes Res 2001;9(Suppl 1):1S-40S.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Similarly, in a study by Stern and associates, 59 weight change at one year was -5.1 (SD 8.7) kg on a low-carbohydrate diet and -3.1 (SD 8.4) kg on a low-calorie diet (p > 0.05).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [59] 59. Stern L, Iqbal N, Seshadri P, et al. The effects of low-carbohydrate versus conven- tional weight loss diets in severely obese adults: one-year follow-up of a random- ized trial. Ann Intern Med 2004;140:778-85. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Foster and associates 61 reported a weight change of -7.0 (SD 6.5) kg at 6 months on the low-carbohydrate diet compared with -3.2 (SD 5.6) kg on the low-calorie diet (p = 0.02), but no significant difference was observed at 12 months (-4.4 [SD 6.7] kg with a low-carbohydrate diet v. -2.5 [SD 6.3] kg with a low-calorie diet, p = 0.26).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [61] 61. Foster GD, Wyatt HR, Hill JO, et al. A randomized trial of a low-carbohydrate diet for obesity. N Engl J Med 2003;348:2082-90. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Both Brehm and associates and Yancy and associates reported that weight loss resulted mainly from decreases in fat mass.58,60”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [58] 58. Brehm BJ, Seeley RJ, Daniels S, et al. A randomized trial comparing a very low car- bohydrate diet and a calorie-restricted low fat diet on body weight and cardiovascu- lar risk factors in healthy women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003;88:1617-23. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [60] 60. Yancy WS, Olsen MK, Guyton JR, et al. A low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet versus a low-fat diet to treat obesity and hyperlipidemia. Ann Intern Med 2004;140:769-77. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“They reported that low-fat diets without intentional restriction of energy intake resulted in greater weight loss (3.2 kg, 95% confidence interval 1.9-4.5 kg, p < 0.001) than did habitual, or medium-fat, diets ad libitum.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [26] 26. Astrup A, Grunwald GK, Melanson EL, et al. The role of low-fat diets in body weight control: a meta-analysis of ad libitum dietary intervention studies. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2000;24:1545-52.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Free fatty acids are also mobilized from adipose tissue, which results in ketone body formation.51”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [51] 51. Westman EC. A review of very low carbohydrate diets for weight loss. J Clin Out- comes Manage 1999;6:36-40.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Weight loss was more substantial in heavier subjects.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [26] 26. Astrup A, Grunwald GK, Melanson EL, et al. The role of low-fat diets in body weight control: a meta-analysis of ad libitum dietary intervention studies. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2000;24:1545-52.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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The quote only partly states this claim.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The body depletes its glycogen stores, and gluconeogenesis is induced, whereby lean tissue is used to produce glucose as an energy source for the brain.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [51] 51. Westman EC. A review of very low carbohydrate diets for weight loss. J Clin Out- comes Manage 1999;6:36-40.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Similarly, in a study by Yancy and associates, 60 the mean change in body weight was -12.9% on the low-carbohydrate diet and -6.7% on the lowcalorie diet (p < 0.001).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [60] 60. Yancy WS, Olsen MK, Guyton JR, et al. A low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet versus a low-fat diet to treat obesity and hyperlipidemia. Ann Intern Med 2004;140:769-77. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For loss in body water, Yancy and associates reported that body water loss was greater on the lowcarbohydrate diet than on the low-calorie diet during the first 2 weeks of the study but was similar in both diet groups after 2 weeks.60”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [60] 60. Yancy WS, Olsen MK, Guyton JR, et al. A low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet versus a low-fat diet to treat obesity and hyperlipidemia. Ann Intern Med 2004;140:769-77. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Sudden deaths resulting from very-lowcalorie diets in the 1970s were attributed to the poor quality of dietary protein; an inadequate supply of electrolytes, vitamins and minerals; and extended use without adequate medical supervision.73,75”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [73] 73. Saris WHM. Very-low-calorie diets and sustained weight loss. Obes Res 2001;9 (Suppl 4):295S-301S.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked yetcites [75] 75. Dwyer JT, Melanson KJ. Dietary treatment of obesity. 2002 Sept 24. Ch. 18 of Obe- sity, ed. JF Caro. Endotext.com. Available: www.endotext.org/obesity/obesity18/ obesity18.htm (accessed 2005 Nov 16).
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, very-low-calorie diets present a number of medical risks but offer rapid weight loss.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In one study, 60 increases in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels of more than 10% were seen in 30% of subjects in the lowcarbohydrate diet group and only 16% in the low-calorie diet group, and 2 participants using the low-carbohydrate diet were withdrawn from the trial because of important adverse effects on blood lipid levels.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [60] 60. Yancy WS, Olsen MK, Guyton JR, et al. A low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet versus a low-fat diet to treat obesity and hyperlipidemia. Ann Intern Med 2004;140:769-77. source
plaindirectn = 2- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This may hamper weight-loss maintenance, since decreases in leptin levels in a negative energy balance stimulate food intake and energy storage to restore homeostasis.[64][65][66]”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [64][65][66]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Many of the very-low-fat diets, which contain about 10%-15% total fat, were originally designed to prevent or reverse heart disease.14”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [14] 14. Freedman MR, King J, Kennedy E. Popular diets: a scientific review. Obes Res 2001;9(Suppl 1):1S-40S.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“They found that fasting plasma glucose, insulin, cholesterol and triglyceride levels were decreased in the lowcarbohydrate diet group (p < 0.01) and, to a lesser extent and less consistently, in the high-carbohydrate diet group, although weight losses were similar (-8.3% [SD 0.5%] v. -7.4% [SD 0.6%]).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [31] 31. Golay A, Allaz A-F, Morel Y, et al. Similar weight loss with low-or high-carbohy- drate diets. Am J Clin Nutr 1996;63:174-8.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Coronary atherosclerosis regressed in the intervention group (relative improvement of 4.5% at year 1 and 7.9% at year 5) while it continued to progress (relative worsening of 5.4% at year 1 and 27.7% at year 5) in the group receiving usual care (p < 0.05 between groups).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [77] 77. Ornish D, Scherwitz LW, Billings JH, et al. Intensive lifestyle changes for reversal of coronary heart disease. JAMA 1998;280:2001-7. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Verylow-calorie diets result in an average weekly weight loss of 1.5-2.5 kg, compared with 0.4-0.5 kg with low-calorie diets.72”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [72] 72. National Task Force on the Prevention and Treatment of Obesity. Very low-calorie diets. JAMA 1993;270:967-74.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Many of the very-low-fat diets, which contain about 10%-15% total fat, were originally designed to prevent or reverse heart disease.14”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [14] 14. Freedman MR, King J, Kennedy E. Popular diets: a scientific review. Obes Res 2001;9(Suppl 1):1S-40S.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Even if patients select monounsaturated fatty acids as their principal fat source, as with Mediterranean diets, the low-carbohydrate strategy does not restrict saturated-fat intake and is low in fruits, vegetables and dairy products, factors associated with increased risk of chronic diseases.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although low-carbohydrate diets may not pose a serious health threat to a metabolically healthy obese patient in the short term, they may put people at risk of chronic diseases.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, these differences disappeared at the 1-year testing (0.5% [SD 21.2%] v. -5.8% [SD 16.1%] change, p = 0.47), a result that was also observed in the other randomized trials.[58][59][60][61]”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [58][59][60][61]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“The average weight loss at 12-16 weeks on very-lowcalorie diets is about 20 kg, compared with 8 kg on lowcalorie diets.8,72”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [8] 8. National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. Clinical guidelines on the identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults. The evidence report. NIH Publication No. 98-4083; 1998 September.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [72] 72. National Task Force on the Prevention and Treatment of Obesity. Very low-calorie diets. JAMA 1993;270:967-74.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Foster and associates 61 reported that triglyceride levels had decreased by -28.1% (SD 23.6%) on the low-carbohydrate diet and increased by 1.4% (SD 52.5%) on the low-calorie diet at the 1-year follow-up.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [61] 61. Foster GD, Wyatt HR, Hill JO, et al. A randomized trial of a low-carbohydrate diet for obesity. N Engl J Med 2003;348:2082-90. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Gout, cholelithiasis, excessive loss of lean body mass, acute psychosis, cardiac disturbances and sudden death [71][72][73]”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [71] 71. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists (AACE) Obesity Statement. AACE/ACE position statement on the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of obe- sity. Endocr Pract 1998;297-330.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [72] 72. National Task Force on the Prevention and Treatment of Obesity. Very low-calorie diets. JAMA 1993;270:967-74.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [73] 73. Saris WHM. Very-low-calorie diets and sustained weight loss. Obes Res 2001;9 (Suppl 4):295S-301S.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The dietary pattern generally shared among participants included low amounts of fat (about 24% of the total daily energy intake), high amounts of carbohydrate, and a low energy intake (5460-6300 kJ/d).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [81] 81. Hill J, Wing R. The National Weight Control Registry. Available: http://xnet .kp.org/permanentejournal/sum03/registry.pdf (accessed 2005 Nov 16).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainn = 4,000- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Reports of a small number of cardiac events 59,60”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [59] 59. Stern L, Iqbal N, Seshadri P, et al. The effects of low-carbohydrate versus conven- tional weight loss diets in severely obese adults: one-year follow-up of a random- ized trial. Ann Intern Med 2004;140:778-85. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [60] 60. Yancy WS, Olsen MK, Guyton JR, et al. A low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet versus a low-fat diet to treat obesity and hyperlipidemia. Ann Intern Med 2004;140:769-77. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Most eat breakfast daily, self-monitor weight and are physically active.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [81] 81. Hill J, Wing R. The National Weight Control Registry. Available: http://xnet .kp.org/permanentejournal/sum03/registry.pdf (accessed 2005 Nov 16).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainn = 4,000- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We still have no definitive answer as to which diets sustain long-term weight loss.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Decreases in total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride levels 71,73”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [71] 71. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists (AACE) Obesity Statement. AACE/ACE position statement on the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of obe- sity. Endocr Pract 1998;297-330.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [73] 73. Saris WHM. Very-low-calorie diets and sustained weight loss. Obes Res 2001;9 (Suppl 4):295S-301S.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Dry mouth, constipation, headache, dizziness or orthostatic hypotension, fatigue, cold intolerance, dry skin, menstrual irregularities, hair loss 73”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [73] 73. Saris WHM. Very-low-calorie diets and sustained weight loss. Obes Res 2001;9 (Suppl 4):295S-301S.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Long-term effects on CV risks not assessed”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Over 4000 people are in the registry.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [81] 81. Hill J, Wing R. The National Weight Control Registry. Available: http://xnet .kp.org/permanentejournal/sum03/registry.pdf (accessed 2005 Nov 16).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainn = 4,000- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“The energy content of weight-loss maintenance diets should take into account the lower resting metabolic rate and decreased energy requirements due to body mass loss during weight loss.79,80”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [79] 79. Wyatt HR, Grunwald GK, Seagle HM, et al. Resting energy expenditure in reduced- obese subjects in the National Weight Control Registry. Am J Clin Nutr 1999;69: 1189-93. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [80] 80. Weinsier RL, Nagy TR, Hunter GR, et al. Do adaptive changes in metabolic rate fa- vor weight regain in weight-reduced individuals? An examination of the set-point theory. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;71:1088-94. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Decreases in triglyceride levels; variable effects on total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein levels [58][59][60][61] and highdensity lipoprotein levels 59”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [58] 58. Brehm BJ, Seeley RJ, Daniels S, et al. A randomized trial comparing a very low car- bohydrate diet and a calorie-restricted low fat diet on body weight and cardiovascu- lar risk factors in healthy women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003;88:1617-23. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [59] 59. Stern L, Iqbal N, Seshadri P, et al. The effects of low-carbohydrate versus conven- tional weight loss diets in severely obese adults: one-year follow-up of a random- ized trial. Ann Intern Med 2004;140:778-85. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [60] 60. Yancy WS, Olsen MK, Guyton JR, et al. A low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet versus a low-fat diet to treat obesity and hyperlipidemia. Ann Intern Med 2004;140:769-77. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [61] 61. Foster GD, Wyatt HR, Hill JO, et al. A randomized trial of a low-carbohydrate diet for obesity. N Engl J Med 2003;348:2082-90. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Constipation, headache, halitosis, muscle cramps, diarrhea, general weakness, rash 60”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [60] 60. Yancy WS, Olsen MK, Guyton JR, et al. A low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet versus a low-fat diet to treat obesity and hyperlipidemia. Ann Intern Med 2004;140:769-77. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
Low-calorie diets are the closest to most people's general eating patterns and present the fewest risks for the patient.
“Low-calorie diets are the closest to most people's general eating patterns and present the fewest risks for the patient.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Low-carbohydrate diets are not suitable if kidney or liver function is impaired.
“Not suitable if kidney or liver function is impaired”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Many patients with obesity start with a low-fat diet, which is composed of a relatively large amount of carbohydrates, because fats contain the highest calories among macronutrients [5,6].”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Very-low-calorie diets
“Very-low-calorie diets (< 3360 kJ/d) are protein-sparing modified fasts”
§ Very-low-fat diets
“Very low calorie Daily energy intake restricted to 1600-3500 kJ (400-800 kcal)”
Citations
Cites
(1998) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e565682010-001 · Cited by 9,453 · cited 4×
“The National Institutes of Health reviewed 34 randomized controlled trials to assess the effectiveness of low-calorie diets for lowering body weight, decreasing abdominal fat and improving cardiorespiratory fitness.(8) The review concluded that low-calorie diets can lower total body weight by an average of about 8% du…”
BackgroundInfluentialPrevalence and trends in obesity among US adults, 1999–2000
Flegal, K. M. (2002) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.288.14.1723 · Cited by 6,190
Fuller, N. R., Colagiuri, S., SCHOFIELD, D. J., Olson, A. D., Shrestha, R. N., Holzapfel, C., Wolfenstetter, S. B., Holle, R., Ahern, A. L., Hauner, H., et al. (2012) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/ijo.2012.139 · Cited by 2,127
A Randomized Trial of a Low-Carbohydrate Diet for Obesity
Foster, G. D., Wyatt, H. R., Hill, J. O., McGuckin, B. G., Brill, C., Mohammed, B. S., Szapary, P. O., Rader, D. J., Edman, J. S., & Klein, S. (2003) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa022207 · Cited by 1,794 · cited 2×
“Insulin sensitivity improved with both types of diets.(58,61) Golay and associates(31) compared 2 diets containing 4200 kJ”
BackgroundLudwig (2002) · doi:10.1001/jama.287.18.2414 · Cited by 1,775
Intensive Lifestyle Changes for Reversal of Coronary Heart Disease
Ornish, D. (1998) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.280.23.2001 · Cited by 1,730
Hokanson, J. E., & Austin, M. A. (1996) · Journal of Cardiovascular Risk · doi:10.1097/00043798-199604000-00014 · Cited by 1,706
Krauss, R. M., Eckel, R. H., Howard, B., Appel, L. J., Daniels, S. R., Deckelbaum, R. J., Erdman, J. W., Kris-Etherton, P., Goldberg, I. J., Kotchen, T. A., et al. (2000) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.102.18.2284 · Cited by 1,458 · cited 4×
“Furthermore, saturated-fat intake on low-carbohydrate diets is high,(58) representing 17% of total energy intake, which is almost double the current recommendations of major health organizations.(12,18) Saturated fats are associated with increased levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, a risk factor for corona…”
BackgroundInfluentialS UCCESSFUL W EIGHT L OSS M AINTENANCE
Wing, R. R., & Hill, J. O. (2001) · Annual Review of Nutrition · doi:10.1146/annurev.nutr.21.1.323 · Cited by 1,382 · cited 3×
“Other studies report similar strategies for successful weight-loss maintenance, such as monitoring food portion sizes, energy and fat intake, and body weight, and avoiding the use of food to regulate mood.(7,82,83) Conclusion”
BackgroundLong-term weight-loss maintenance: a meta-analysis of US studies
Anderson, J. W., Konz, E. C., Frederich, R. C., & Wood, C. L. (2001) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/74.5.579 · Cited by 1,351 · cited 1×
“Use of very-low-calorie diets does not improve weight-loss maintenance;(8) however, there is some disagreement on this issue.(73,74) Very-low-calorie diets are not recommended beyond 16 weeks, when low-calorie diets should be initiated to assist the patient in returning to a”
Background
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- [7]7. Wing RR, Hill JO. Successful weight loss maintenance. Annu Rev Nutr 2001;21: 323-41.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
OECD (2019) · OECD health policy studies · doi:10.1787/67450d67-en · Cited by 1,227
Diet and exercise in management of obesity and overweight
Fock, K. M., & Khoo, J. J. C. (2013) · Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology · doi:10.1111/jgh.12407 · Cited by 319
Choi, Y. J., Jeon, S.-M., & Shin, S. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12072005 · Cited by 193
“Many patients with obesity start with a low-fat diet, which is composed of a relatively large amount of carbohydrates, because fats contain the highest calories among macronutrients [5,6].”
BackgroundRole of diet and nutritional management in non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease
Fan, J., & Cao, H. (2013) · Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology · doi:10.1111/jgh.12244 · Cited by 201
The Role of Diet and Nutrient Composition in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
McCarthy, E. M., & Rinella, M. E. (2012) · Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1016/j.jada.2011.10.007 · Cited by 166
Metadata
- Authors
- Strychar, I.
- Affiliations
- Hôpital Notre-Dame (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Strychar, I.
- Venue
- Canadian Medical Association Journal
- Publisher
- CMA Joule Inc.
- Published
- 2006-01-03
- Volume
- 174
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 56-63
- ISSN
- 0820-3946 (ISSN-L)
- 1488-2329
- PMC
- PMC1319349
- OpenAlex
- W2144101638
- Semantic Scholar
- bf5e6d9dff42aa4047fff37a83f44e262d78e26b
- Cited by
- 129
- References
- 99
- Citations by year
- 2025: 2 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 0.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Canadian Medical Association Journal (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Université de Montréal
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research
- Institute of Gender and Health
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Diet and metabolism studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Pharmacology and Obesity Treatment
- Keywords
- obesity, weight loss, weight loss maintenance, hypocaloric diet, very low calorie diet, carbohydrate restriction, dietary fat restriction, saturated fat, atherogenic effects, dietary intervention, obesity treatment
- MeSH terms
- Diet, Reducing, Dietary Carbohydrates, Dietary Fats, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Obesity, Weight Loss, Treatment Outcome
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-11, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-11 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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