Diet in the management of weight loss

In the paper

“The potential negative effects of high-carbohydrate diets on triglyceride and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels may be attenuated if monounsaturated fats replace carbohydrates 12,32,36 or if the diets are high in fibre and have a low glycemic index, 12,[37][38][39][40] although this remains controversial in the treatment of obesity.41,42”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  In “Limit the intake of foods high in cholesterol” (page unavailable), the guidelines say that high-carbohydrate diets can raise triglycerides and lower HDL cholesterol, and that high-fiber diets may lessen these changes. “High Unsaturated Fat Diets” (page unavailable) says unsaturated fat can prevent or attenuate the same changes. The discussion of glycemic indexing concerns blood-glucose levels, not whether a low glycemic index attenuates the triglyceride and HDL effects. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  cites [12] 12. Krauss RM, Eckel RH, Howard B, et al. AHA Dietary Guidelines: revision 2000: A statement for healthcare professionals from the nutrition committee of the Ameri- can Heart Association. Circulation 2000;102:2284-99. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [32] 32. Parks EJ, Hellerstein MK. Carbohydrate-induced hypertriacylglycerolemia: historical perspective and review of biological mechanisms. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;71:412-33. source
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [36] 36. Third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel. Detection, evaluation and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (adult treatment panel III). Executive summary. NIH Publication No. 01-3670; 2001 May. Available: www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/cholesterol/atp3xsum.pdf (accessed 2005 Nov 15).

In the paper

“Overall, very-low-calorie diets present a number of medical risks but offer rapid weight loss.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [71] 71. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists (AACE) Obesity Statement. AACE/ACE position statement on the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of obe- sity. Endocr Pract 1998;297-330.
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [72] 72. National Task Force on the Prevention and Treatment of Obesity. Very low-calorie diets. JAMA 1993;270:967-74.
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [73] 73. Saris WHM. Very-low-calorie diets and sustained weight loss. Obes Res 2001;9 (Suppl 4):295S-301S.
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [8] 8. National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. Clinical guidelines on the identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults. The evidence report. NIH Publication No. 98-4083; 1998 September.
• Partly supported

  The Introduction (page not provided) says very-low-energy diets combined with behavior modification enable substantial initial weight loss, typically 20–25 kg; the Results also report significantly greater initial loss than with balanced diets. Our copy does not substantiate the claim that these diets present a number of medical risks. A reference title mentions benefits and risks, but gives no findings about those risks. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  cites [74] 74. Anderson JW, Konz EC, Frederich RC, et al. Long-term weight-loss maintenance: a meta-analysis of US studies. Am J Clin Nutr 2001;74:579-84. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“High-protein diets affect renal function and can place greater demands on the kidney and liver for metabolizing and excreting excess urea and ammonia.47”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Role of Protein in the Diet section says that protein intake above requirements imposes additional demands on the liver and kidney to metabolize and excrete waste products, including urea and ammonia. The High-Protein Diets and Weight Reduction section also discusses a renal risk specifically for patients with diabetes. No page number is available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.93)

  cites [47] 47. St. Jeor ST, Howard BV, Prewitt E, et al.; AHA Nutrition Committee. AHA Science advisory. Dietary protein and weight reduction. A statement for healthcare profes- sionals from the nutrition committee of the Council on nutrition, physical activity, and metabolism of the American Heart Association. Circulation 2001;104:1869-74. source

In the paper

“Overall, low-carbohydrate diets are usually low in fruits and vegetables, dairy products and whole grains; these dietary patterns, if maintained over the long term, are associated with an increased risk of a variety of chronic diseases, including hypertension and cancer.12,16,68”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

  cites [12] 12. Krauss RM, Eckel RH, Howard B, et al. AHA Dietary Guidelines: revision 2000: A statement for healthcare professionals from the nutrition committee of the Ameri- can Heart Association. Circulation 2000;102:2284-99. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [16] 16. Miller ER, Erlinger TP, Young DR, et al. Results of the Diet, Exercise, and Weight Loss Intervention Trial (DEW-IT). Hypertension 2002;40:612-8. source
• Partly supported

  Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 1 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

  cites [68] 68. Eyre H, Kahn R, Robertson RM. ACS/ADA/AHA Scientific Statement. Preventing cancer, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes. A common agenda for the American Cancer Society, the American Diabetes Association, and the American Heart Asso- ciation. Circulation 2004;109:3244-55. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“They may be a health hazard for patients with renal or liver impaired functions in general, and for patients with diabetes in particular.”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The “High-Protein Diets and Weight Reduction” section says a very-high-protein diet is especially risky for patients with diabetes because it can accelerate diabetic renal disease. It does not specifically say that patients with pre-existing renal or liver impairment are at risk, so that part of the claim is not established by the passages found. (LLM, conf=0.83)

  cites [47] 47. St. Jeor ST, Howard BV, Prewitt E, et al.; AHA Nutrition Committee. AHA Science advisory. Dietary protein and weight reduction. A statement for healthcare profes- sionals from the nutrition committee of the Council on nutrition, physical activity, and metabolism of the American Heart Association. Circulation 2001;104:1869-74. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“Decreases in total cholesterol and lowdensity lipoprotein cholesterol levels and variable effects on triglyceride and highdensity lipoprotein cholesterol levels 14,77,78”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [14] 14. Freedman MR, King J, Kennedy E. Popular diets: a scientific review. Obes Res 2001;9(Suppl 1):1S-40S.
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [77] 77. Ornish D, Scherwitz LW, Billings JH, et al. Intensive lifestyle changes for reversal of coronary heart disease. JAMA 1998;280:2001-7. source
• Supported

  The Blood Cholesterol Levels section reports that reducing dietary fat from 35–40% to 15–20% of energy lowers total cholesterol and LDL-C. The Blood Triglyceride Levels section reports variable magnitudes of triglyceride increases and notes that weight loss can attenuate both the triglyceride increase and HDL-C decrease. The Conclusions likewise describe short-term triglyceride increases and HDL-C decreases, with effects attenuated by weight loss. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  cites [78] 78. Lichtenstein AH, Van Horn L, for the AHA Nutrition Committee. AHA Science ad- visory. Very low fat diets. A statement for healthcare professionals from the nutri- tion committee of the Council on nutrition, physical activity, and metabolism of the American Heart Association. Circulation 1998;98:935-9. source

In the paper

“Higher triglyceride levels are usually associated with lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and with small low-density lipoprotein cholesterol particles that are more susceptible to oxidation; this metabolic profile is atherogenic.[33][34][35]”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [33][34][35]

In the paper

“High-fibre and low-glycemic-index diets are associated with increased satiety, lower postprandial glycemic response and lower insulin levels.[17][18][19][20]”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [17][18][19][20]

In the paper

“Overall, drop-out rates ranged from 20% to 40%, with fewer people using the low-carbohydrate diet dropping out than those using the low-calorie diet.[58][59][60][61]”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [58][59][60][61]

In the paper

“The NCEP Step I and II diets have been extensively studied and found to reduce circulating low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels by 12% and 16% respectively.15”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [15] 15. Yu-Poth S, Zhao G, Etherton T, et al. Effects of the National Cholesterol Education Program's Step I and Step II dietary intervention programs on cardiovascular dis- ease risk factors: a meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 1999;69:632-46. source

In the paper

“Mild ketosis decreases appetite, and the diet's high protein content increases satiety and activates thermogenesis.[54][55][56]”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [54][55][56]

In the paper

“Postprandial thermogenesis is doubled on high-protein diets and contributes an additional loss of about 378 kJ per day.56”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [56] 56. Johnston CS, Day CS, Swan PD. Postprandial thermogenesis is increased 100% on a high-protein, low-fat diet versus a high-carbohydrate, low-fat diet in healthy, young women. J Am Coll Nutr 2002;21:55-61. source

In the paper

“Behaviour therapy in conjunction with dietary interventions (including low-calorie diets) has been shown to result in additional weight loss in the short term (1 year) but not in the long term (3-5 years) (evidence category B). 8”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [8] 8. National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. Clinical guidelines on the identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults. The evidence report. NIH Publication No. 98-4083; 1998 September.

In the paper

“Both the low-calorie and low-carbohydrate diets result in weight loss.[58][59][60][61]”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [58][59][60][61]

In the paper

“In general, low-calorie diets are high in carbohydrates (55%-60% of total daily energy intake), low in fat (< 30% of energy intake), and energy-reduced (deficit of 2100-4200 kJ/d: minimum of 4200-5040 kJ/d for women and 5040-5880 kJ/d for men).14”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [14] 14. Freedman MR, King J, Kennedy E. Popular diets: a scientific review. Obes Res 2001;9(Suppl 1):1S-40S.

In the paper

“Similarly, in a study by Stern and associates, 59 weight change at one year was -5.1 (SD 8.7) kg on a low-carbohydrate diet and -3.1 (SD 8.4) kg on a low-calorie diet (p > 0.05).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [59] 59. Stern L, Iqbal N, Seshadri P, et al. The effects of low-carbohydrate versus conven- tional weight loss diets in severely obese adults: one-year follow-up of a random- ized trial. Ann Intern Med 2004;140:778-85. source

In the paper

“Foster and associates 61 reported a weight change of -7.0 (SD 6.5) kg at 6 months on the low-carbohydrate diet compared with -3.2 (SD 5.6) kg on the low-calorie diet (p = 0.02), but no significant difference was observed at 12 months (-4.4 [SD 6.7] kg with a low-carbohydrate diet v. -2.5 [SD 6.3] kg with a low-calorie diet, p = 0.26).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [61] 61. Foster GD, Wyatt HR, Hill JO, et al. A randomized trial of a low-carbohydrate diet for obesity. N Engl J Med 2003;348:2082-90. source

In the paper

“Both Brehm and associates and Yancy and associates reported that weight loss resulted mainly from decreases in fat mass.58,60”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [58] 58. Brehm BJ, Seeley RJ, Daniels S, et al. A randomized trial comparing a very low car- bohydrate diet and a calorie-restricted low fat diet on body weight and cardiovascu- lar risk factors in healthy women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003;88:1617-23. source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [60] 60. Yancy WS, Olsen MK, Guyton JR, et al. A low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet versus a low-fat diet to treat obesity and hyperlipidemia. Ann Intern Med 2004;140:769-77. source

In the paper

“They reported that low-fat diets without intentional restriction of energy intake resulted in greater weight loss (3.2 kg, 95% confidence interval 1.9-4.5 kg, p < 0.001) than did habitual, or medium-fat, diets ad libitum.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [26] 26. Astrup A, Grunwald GK, Melanson EL, et al. The role of low-fat diets in body weight control: a meta-analysis of ad libitum dietary intervention studies. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2000;24:1545-52.

In the paper

“Free fatty acids are also mobilized from adipose tissue, which results in ketone body formation.51”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [51] 51. Westman EC. A review of very low carbohydrate diets for weight loss. J Clin Out- comes Manage 1999;6:36-40.

In the paper

“Weight loss was more substantial in heavier subjects.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [26] 26. Astrup A, Grunwald GK, Melanson EL, et al. The role of low-fat diets in body weight control: a meta-analysis of ad libitum dietary intervention studies. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2000;24:1545-52.

In the paper

“The body depletes its glycogen stores, and gluconeogenesis is induced, whereby lean tissue is used to produce glucose as an energy source for the brain.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [51] 51. Westman EC. A review of very low carbohydrate diets for weight loss. J Clin Out- comes Manage 1999;6:36-40.

In the paper

“Similarly, in a study by Yancy and associates, 60 the mean change in body weight was -12.9% on the low-carbohydrate diet and -6.7% on the lowcalorie diet (p < 0.001).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [60] 60. Yancy WS, Olsen MK, Guyton JR, et al. A low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet versus a low-fat diet to treat obesity and hyperlipidemia. Ann Intern Med 2004;140:769-77. source

In the paper

“For loss in body water, Yancy and associates reported that body water loss was greater on the lowcarbohydrate diet than on the low-calorie diet during the first 2 weeks of the study but was similar in both diet groups after 2 weeks.60”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [60] 60. Yancy WS, Olsen MK, Guyton JR, et al. A low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet versus a low-fat diet to treat obesity and hyperlipidemia. Ann Intern Med 2004;140:769-77. source

In the paper

“Sudden deaths resulting from very-lowcalorie diets in the 1970s were attributed to the poor quality of dietary protein; an inadequate supply of electrolytes, vitamins and minerals; and extended use without adequate medical supervision.73,75”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [73] 73. Saris WHM. Very-low-calorie diets and sustained weight loss. Obes Res 2001;9 (Suppl 4):295S-301S.
• Not checked yetcites [75] 75. Dwyer JT, Melanson KJ. Dietary treatment of obesity. 2002 Sept 24. Ch. 18 of Obe- sity, ed. JF Caro. Endotext.com. Available: www.endotext.org/obesity/obesity18/ obesity18.htm (accessed 2005 Nov 16).

In the paper

“Overall, very-low-calorie diets present a number of medical risks but offer rapid weight loss.”

In the paper

“In one study, 60 increases in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels of more than 10% were seen in 30% of subjects in the lowcarbohydrate diet group and only 16% in the low-calorie diet group, and 2 participants using the low-carbohydrate diet were withdrawn from the trial because of important adverse effects on blood lipid levels.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [60] 60. Yancy WS, Olsen MK, Guyton JR, et al. A low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet versus a low-fat diet to treat obesity and hyperlipidemia. Ann Intern Med 2004;140:769-77. source

In the paper

“This may hamper weight-loss maintenance, since decreases in leptin levels in a negative energy balance stimulate food intake and energy storage to restore homeostasis.[64][65][66]”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [64][65][66]

In the paper

“Many of the very-low-fat diets, which contain about 10%-15% total fat, were originally designed to prevent or reverse heart disease.14”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [14] 14. Freedman MR, King J, Kennedy E. Popular diets: a scientific review. Obes Res 2001;9(Suppl 1):1S-40S.

In the paper

“They found that fasting plasma glucose, insulin, cholesterol and triglyceride levels were decreased in the lowcarbohydrate diet group (p < 0.01) and, to a lesser extent and less consistently, in the high-carbohydrate diet group, although weight losses were similar (-8.3% [SD 0.5%] v. -7.4% [SD 0.6%]).”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [31] 31. Golay A, Allaz A-F, Morel Y, et al. Similar weight loss with low-or high-carbohy- drate diets. Am J Clin Nutr 1996;63:174-8.

In the paper

“Coronary atherosclerosis regressed in the intervention group (relative improvement of 4.5% at year 1 and 7.9% at year 5) while it continued to progress (relative worsening of 5.4% at year 1 and 27.7% at year 5) in the group receiving usual care (p < 0.05 between groups).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [77] 77. Ornish D, Scherwitz LW, Billings JH, et al. Intensive lifestyle changes for reversal of coronary heart disease. JAMA 1998;280:2001-7. source

In the paper

“Verylow-calorie diets result in an average weekly weight loss of 1.5-2.5 kg, compared with 0.4-0.5 kg with low-calorie diets.72”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [72] 72. National Task Force on the Prevention and Treatment of Obesity. Very low-calorie diets. JAMA 1993;270:967-74.

In the paper

“Many of the very-low-fat diets, which contain about 10%-15% total fat, were originally designed to prevent or reverse heart disease.14”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [14] 14. Freedman MR, King J, Kennedy E. Popular diets: a scientific review. Obes Res 2001;9(Suppl 1):1S-40S.

In the paper

“Even if patients select monounsaturated fatty acids as their principal fat source, as with Mediterranean diets, the low-carbohydrate strategy does not restrict saturated-fat intake and is low in fruits, vegetables and dairy products, factors associated with increased risk of chronic diseases.”

In the paper

“Although low-carbohydrate diets may not pose a serious health threat to a metabolically healthy obese patient in the short term, they may put people at risk of chronic diseases.”

In the paper

“However, these differences disappeared at the 1-year testing (0.5% [SD 21.2%] v. -5.8% [SD 16.1%] change, p = 0.47), a result that was also observed in the other randomized trials.[58][59][60][61]”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [58][59][60][61]

In the paper

“The average weight loss at 12-16 weeks on very-lowcalorie diets is about 20 kg, compared with 8 kg on lowcalorie diets.8,72”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [8] 8. National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. Clinical guidelines on the identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults. The evidence report. NIH Publication No. 98-4083; 1998 September.
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [72] 72. National Task Force on the Prevention and Treatment of Obesity. Very low-calorie diets. JAMA 1993;270:967-74.

In the paper

“Foster and associates 61 reported that triglyceride levels had decreased by -28.1% (SD 23.6%) on the low-carbohydrate diet and increased by 1.4% (SD 52.5%) on the low-calorie diet at the 1-year follow-up.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [61] 61. Foster GD, Wyatt HR, Hill JO, et al. A randomized trial of a low-carbohydrate diet for obesity. N Engl J Med 2003;348:2082-90. source

In the paper

“Gout, cholelithiasis, excessive loss of lean body mass, acute psychosis, cardiac disturbances and sudden death [71][72][73]”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [71] 71. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists (AACE) Obesity Statement. AACE/ACE position statement on the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of obe- sity. Endocr Pract 1998;297-330.
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [72] 72. National Task Force on the Prevention and Treatment of Obesity. Very low-calorie diets. JAMA 1993;270:967-74.
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [73] 73. Saris WHM. Very-low-calorie diets and sustained weight loss. Obes Res 2001;9 (Suppl 4):295S-301S.

In the paper

“The dietary pattern generally shared among participants included low amounts of fat (about 24% of the total daily energy intake), high amounts of carbohydrate, and a low energy intake (5460-6300 kJ/d).”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [81] 81. Hill J, Wing R. The National Weight Control Registry. Available: http://xnet .kp.org/permanentejournal/sum03/registry.pdf (accessed 2005 Nov 16).

In the paper

“Reports of a small number of cardiac events 59,60”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [59] 59. Stern L, Iqbal N, Seshadri P, et al. The effects of low-carbohydrate versus conven- tional weight loss diets in severely obese adults: one-year follow-up of a random- ized trial. Ann Intern Med 2004;140:778-85. source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [60] 60. Yancy WS, Olsen MK, Guyton JR, et al. A low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet versus a low-fat diet to treat obesity and hyperlipidemia. Ann Intern Med 2004;140:769-77. source

In the paper

“Most eat breakfast daily, self-monitor weight and are physically active.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [81] 81. Hill J, Wing R. The National Weight Control Registry. Available: http://xnet .kp.org/permanentejournal/sum03/registry.pdf (accessed 2005 Nov 16).

In the paper

“We still have no definitive answer as to which diets sustain long-term weight loss.”

In the paper

“Decreases in total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride levels 71,73”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [71] 71. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists (AACE) Obesity Statement. AACE/ACE position statement on the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of obe- sity. Endocr Pract 1998;297-330.
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [73] 73. Saris WHM. Very-low-calorie diets and sustained weight loss. Obes Res 2001;9 (Suppl 4):295S-301S.

In the paper

“Dry mouth, constipation, headache, dizziness or orthostatic hypotension, fatigue, cold intolerance, dry skin, menstrual irregularities, hair loss 73”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [73] 73. Saris WHM. Very-low-calorie diets and sustained weight loss. Obes Res 2001;9 (Suppl 4):295S-301S.

In the paper

“Long-term effects on CV risks not assessed”

In the paper

“Over 4000 people are in the registry.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [81] 81. Hill J, Wing R. The National Weight Control Registry. Available: http://xnet .kp.org/permanentejournal/sum03/registry.pdf (accessed 2005 Nov 16).

In the paper

“The energy content of weight-loss maintenance diets should take into account the lower resting metabolic rate and decreased energy requirements due to body mass loss during weight loss.79,80”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [79] 79. Wyatt HR, Grunwald GK, Seagle HM, et al. Resting energy expenditure in reduced- obese subjects in the National Weight Control Registry. Am J Clin Nutr 1999;69: 1189-93. source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [80] 80. Weinsier RL, Nagy TR, Hunter GR, et al. Do adaptive changes in metabolic rate fa- vor weight regain in weight-reduced individuals? An examination of the set-point theory. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;71:1088-94. source

In the paper

“Decreases in triglyceride levels; variable effects on total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein levels [58][59][60][61] and highdensity lipoprotein levels 59”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [58] 58. Brehm BJ, Seeley RJ, Daniels S, et al. A randomized trial comparing a very low car- bohydrate diet and a calorie-restricted low fat diet on body weight and cardiovascu- lar risk factors in healthy women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003;88:1617-23. source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [59] 59. Stern L, Iqbal N, Seshadri P, et al. The effects of low-carbohydrate versus conven- tional weight loss diets in severely obese adults: one-year follow-up of a random- ized trial. Ann Intern Med 2004;140:778-85. source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [60] 60. Yancy WS, Olsen MK, Guyton JR, et al. A low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet versus a low-fat diet to treat obesity and hyperlipidemia. Ann Intern Med 2004;140:769-77. source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [61] 61. Foster GD, Wyatt HR, Hill JO, et al. A randomized trial of a low-carbohydrate diet for obesity. N Engl J Med 2003;348:2082-90. source

In the paper

“Constipation, headache, halitosis, muscle cramps, diarrhea, general weakness, rash 60”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [60] 60. Yancy WS, Olsen MK, Guyton JR, et al. A low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet versus a low-fat diet to treat obesity and hyperlipidemia. Ann Intern Med 2004;140:769-77. source