Do adaptive changes in metabolic rate favor weight regain in weight-reduced individuals? An examination of the set-point theory
Open accessAbstract
Background Obese persons generally regain lost weight, suggesting that adaptive metabolic changes favor return to a preset weight.Objective Our objective was to determine whether adaptive changes in resting metabolic rate (RMR) and thyroid hormones occur in weight-reduced persons, predisposing them to long-term weight gain.Design Twenty-four overweight, postmenopausal women were studied at a clinical research center in four 10-d study phases: the overweight state (phase 1, energy balance; phase 2, 3350 kJ/d) and after reduction to a normal-weight state (phase 3, 3350 kJ/d; phase 4, energy balance). Weight-reduced women were matched with 24 never-overweight control subjects. After each study phase, assessments included RMR (by indirect calorimetry), body composition (by hydrostatic weighing), serum triiodothyronine (T(3)), and reverse T(3) (rT(3)). Body weight was measured 4 y later, without intervention.Results Body composition-adjusted RMR and T(3):rT(3) fell during acute (phase 2) and chronic (phase 3) energy restriction (P: < 0.01), but returned to baseline in the normal-weight, energy-balanced state (phase 4; mean weight loss: 12.9 +/- 2.0 kg). RMR among weight-reduced women (4771 +/- 414 kJ/d) was not significantly different from that in control subjects (4955 +/- 414 kJ/d; P: = 0.14), and lower RMR did not predict greater 4-y weight regain (r = 0.27, NS).Conclusions Energy restriction produces a transient hypothyroid-hypometabolic state that normalizes on return to energy-balanced conditions. Failure to establish energy balance after weight loss gives the misleading impression that weight-reduced persons are energy conservative and predisposed to weight regain. Our findings do not provide evidence in support of adaptive metabolic changes as an explanation for the tendency of weight-reduced persons to regain weight.
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Weight loss is associated with a lower resting metabolic rate and decreased energy requirements.
“The energy content of weight-loss maintenance diets should take into account the lower resting metabolic rate and decreased energy requirements due to body mass loss during weight loss.79,80”
From Diet in the management of weight loss (2006) · cites this paper as [80]
Changes in metabolic efficiency during weight loss do not fully explain weight regain.
“While changes in metabolic efficiency occur during weight loss, these do not fully explain weight regains.5”
From The mind your health project: a randomized controlled trial of an innovative behavioral treatment for obesity (2013) · cites this paper as [5]
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InfluentialNutritional, lifestyle, and weight control practices of professional jockeys
Dolan, E., O'Connor, H. T., McGoldrick, A., O’Loughlin, G., Lyons, D., & Warrington, G. D. (2011) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2011.560173 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
“Energy deficiency has been suggested to have a suppressive effect on resting metabolic rate (Deutz, Benardot, Martin, & Cody, 2000; Weinsier et al., 2000) and it is possible that this may have caused an overestimation of resting metabolic rate in this group.”
BackgroundMacLean, P. S., HIGGINS, J. A., Johnson, G. C., Fleming‐Elder, B. K., Peters, J. C., & Hill, J. O. (2004) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00010.2004 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
“Several studies in humans (35, 47, 50, 55, 61) and rodents (10, 17, 38) have indicated that weight loss induced by caloric restriction reduces both EE and RMR when compared to lean or obese controls.”
InfluentialForman, E. M., Schumacher, L. M., Crosby, R. D., Manasse, S. M., Goldstein, S. P., Butryn, M. L., Wyckoff, E. P., & Thomas, J. G. (2017) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12160-017-9897-x · Cited by 98 · see citing works
“, intensive behavioral weight loss programs) is far less than is expected given prescribed caloric intakes [3, 4].”
Metabolic vs. hedonic obesity: a conceptual distinction and its clinical implications
Yu, Y., Vasselli, J. R., Zhang, Y., Mechanick, J. I., Körner, J., & Peterli, R. (2015) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.12246 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Contribution of Different Mechanisms to Compensation for Energy Restriction in the Mouse
Hambly, C., & Speakman, J. R. (2005) · Obesity Research · doi:10.1038/oby.2005.190 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Hays, N. P., Starling, R. D., Liu, X., Sullivan, D. H., Trappe, T. A., Fluckey, J. D., & Evans, W. J. (2004) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.164.2.210 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
“Hypocaloric diets often result in metabolic adaptations consistent with weight maintenance or even weight gain, such as a significant reduction in resting metabolic rate, although specific findings have been mixed.(54,55) The individuals consuming the HI-CHO diet in our study did not demonstrate a metabolic adjustment…”
BackgroundObesity-induced and weight-loss-induced physiological factors affecting weight regain
van Baak, M. A., & Mariman, E. C. M. (2023) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/s41574-023-00887-4 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
“Several studies addressed the question of whether the degree of weight-loss-associated metabolic adaptation influences weight regain, but so far none of them has found evidence for this 39,49,56,59–61 .”
BackgroundBrochu, M., Mathieu, M.-E., Karelis, A. D., Doucet, É., Lavoie, M.-È., Garrel, D. R., & RABASA-LHORET, R. P. R. (2008) · Obesity · doi:10.1038/oby.2008.23 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
“diet stabilization period Before the study, subjects were asked to maintain normal activity level and eating habits for 4 weeks before the testing sequence and to maintain their body weight within a ±2 kg range in order to reduce the acute effects of fluctuations in energy balance on outcome variables (25,26).”
MethodDieting, overweight, and obesity: Self-regulation in a food-rich environment.
Stroebe, W. (2008) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/11753-000 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Cereda, E., Malavazos, A. E., Caccialanza, R., Rondanelli, M., Fatati, G., & Barichella, M. (2011) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2011.06.009 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Which REE prediction equation should we use in normal-weight, overweight and obese women?
Siervo, M. (2003) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1054/clnu.2002.0625 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Sainsbury, A., & Zhang, L. (2011) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1467-789x.2011.00948.x · Cited by 85 · see citing works
“24 overweight women (51) VLED until loss of 10 kg and reaching BMI < 25 kg m-2 ⇓ T3 In early phase of energy restriction ⇑ Reverse T3 ⇓ T3/reverse T3 ratio”
BackgroundSchmidt, J. B., Pedersen, S. D., Gregersen, N. T., Vestergaard, L., Nielsen, M. S., Ritz, C., Madsbad, S., Worm, D., Hansen, D. L., Clausen, T. R., et al. (2015) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/ijo.2015.162 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Modeling Metabolic Adaptations and Energy Regulation in Humans
Hall, K. D. (2012) · Annual Review of Nutrition · doi:10.1146/annurev-nutr-071811-150705 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Regular exercise attenuates the metabolic drive to regain weight after long-term weight loss
MacLean, P. S., HIGGINS, J. A., Wyatt, H. R., Melanson, E. L., Johnson, G. C., Jackman, M. R., Giles, E. D., Brown, I. E., & Hill, J. O. (2009) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00192.2009 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Washburn, R. A., Szabo, A. N., Lambourne, K., Willis, E. A., Ptomey, L. T., Honas, J. J., Herrmann, S. D., & Donnelly, J. E. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0109849 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Rabøl, R., Svendsen, P. F., Skovbro, M., Boushel, R., Haugaard, S. B., Schjerling, P., Schrauwen, P., Hesselink, M. K. C., Nilas, L., Madsbad, S., et al. (2009) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2009.03.014 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Carey, D., Pliego, G. J., Raymond, R. L., & Skau, K. B. (2006) · Obesity Surgery · doi:10.1381/096089206776327378 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Differential Loss of Fat and Lean Mass in the Morbidly Obese After Bariatric Surgery
Zalesin, K. C., Franklin, B. A., Lillystone, M. A., Shamoun, T., Krause, K. R., Chengelis, D. L., Mucci, S. J., Shaheen, K. W., & McCullough, P. A. (2010) · Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders · doi:10.1089/met.2009.0012 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
“30,31 Thus, recommendations for bariatric patients include consuming a higher daily intake of lean Collectively, these data and the present fi ndings suggest that slower weight loss may promote more favorable changes in body composition.”
Thyroid hormone levels predict the change in body weight: a prospective study
Soriguer, F., Valdés, S., Morcillo, S., Esteva, I., Almaraz, M. C., de Adana, M. S. R., Tapia, M. J., Domínguez, M., Gutiérrez‐Repiso, C., Rubio‐Martín, E., et al. (2011) · European Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2362.2011.02526.x · Cited by 72 · see citing works
du Dot, T. J., Rosen, D. A. S., Avery, J. P., Kitaysky, A. S., Zinn, S. A., & Trites, A. W. (2008) · Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A Molecular & Integrative Physiology · doi:10.1016/j.cbpa.2008.12.010 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
“, 2000), an overall decrease in energy expenditures through reduction in metabolic rates (Buonomo andBaile,1991; Yambayamba et al.,1996;Weinsier et al., 2000), and a modification of development and behaviour in birds and mammals (Moberg, 1985; Ortiz et al.”
BackgroundStubbs, R. J., Hopkins, M., Finlayson, G., Duarte, C., Gibbons, C., & Blundell, J. E. (2018) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/s41430-018-0146-6 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Weight Regain Is Related to Decreases in Physical Activity during Weight Loss
Wang, X., Lyles, M. F., You, T., Berry, M. J., Rejeski, W. J., & Nicklas, B. J. (2008) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e31817d8176 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
“Likewise, our RMR results confirm other studies that show a decrease in RMR with dietaryinduced weight loss (1,11,32).”
Coupaye, M., Bouillot, J., Coussieu, C., Guy-grand, B., Basdevant, A., & Oppert, J. (2005) · Obesity Surgery · doi:10.1381/0960892054222768 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Bays, H. (2010) · Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy · doi:10.1586/erc.10.125 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Metabolic adaptation is an illusion, only present when participants are in negative energy balance
Martins, C., Roekenes, J., Salamati, S., Gower, B. A., & Hunter, G. R. (2020) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqaa220 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Self-citationArguin, H., Dionne, I. J., Sénéchal, M., Bouchard, D. R., Carpentier, A. C., Ardilouze, J.-L., Tremblay, A., Leblanc, C., & Brochu, M. (2012) · Menopause · doi:10.1097/gme.0b013e318250a287 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“Weight stabilization periods Before (4-wk ambulatory run-in period) and after (5-wk final weight stabilization period) the study, participants were asked to maintain their body weight stable (T2 kg) to reduce the acute effects of body weight fluctuations on outcome variables.(23,24) The intermittent diet group was als…”
BackgroundMethodThomas, D. M., Martin, C. K., Redman, L. M., Heymsfield, S. B., Lettieri, S., Levine, J. A., Bouchard, C., & Schoeller, D. A. (2014) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.113.079822 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Effects of intentional weight cycling on non-obese young women
Kajioka, T., Tsuzuku, S., Shimokata, H., & Sato, Y. (2002) · Metabolism · doi:10.1053/meta.2002.29976 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Farias, M. M., Cuevas, A. M., & Rodríguez, F. (2010) · Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders · doi:10.1089/met.2010.0090 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“23 It has also been reported that there is a sense of extreme hunger that may accompany weight loss, which, in turn, promotes calorie-dense food intake, further widening the gap between energy output and intake.”
Ashtary‐Larky, D., Daneghian, S., Alipour, M., Rafiei, H., Ghanavati, M., Mohammadpour, R. A., Kooti, W., Ashtary-Larky, P., & Afrisham, R. (2018) · Intern J Endocrinol Metab · doi:10.5812/ijem.55023 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“(29), found that calorie restriction (800 kcal/d diet) caused significant decreases in RMR, which was independent of changes in body mass.”
BackgroundMetabolic adaptation is not a major barrier to weight-loss maintenance
Martins, C., Gower, B. A., Hill, J. O., & Hunter, G. R. (2020) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqaa086 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“All the studies reporting no metabolic adaptation at the level of RMR are studies where weight-stable, reduced-obesity individuals were compared with never-obese BMI-matched controls (2, 4, 18, 35) or against a regression model (20).”
Self-citationA Spatial Economic Analysis of Urban Land Use and Obesity*
Plantinga, A. J., & Bernell, S. L. (2005) · Journal of Regional Science · doi:10.1111/j.0022-4146.2005.00380.x · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Byrne, N. M., Wood, R. E., Schutz, Y., & Hills, A. P. (2012) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/ijo.2012.109 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“301 Research on both lean and obese cohorts has demonstrated that RMR reduces rapidly when 302 individuals are placed in energy restriction, with the magnitude of the decrease being greater than can 303 be accounted for by tissue loss (16, 34).”
BackgroundInfluentialMild Calorie Restriction Induces Fat Accumulation in Female C57BL/6J Mice
Li, X., Cope, M. B., Johnson, M. S., Smith, D. L., & Nagy, T. R. (2009) · Obesity · doi:10.1038/oby.2009.312 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“Further, the reduction in energy expenditure is likely to occur only during the period of negative energy balance, and there will be no relative difference after energy balance is re-established after weight loss (8).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationFood restriction affects energy metabolism in rat liver mitochondria
Dumas, J. (2003) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects · doi:10.1016/j.bbagen.2003.11.002 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“In such circumstances, data suggests that a decrease in energy expenditure [1] and an adaptation of energy metabolism occur due to food restriction [16,17].”
BackgroundDouglas, C. C., Lawrence, J. C., Bush, N. C., Oster, R. A., Gower, B. A., & Darnell, B. E. (2007) · Nutrition Research · doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2007.01.016 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“Energy balance status affects REE, such that a state of negative energy balance decreases REE [22].”
BackgroundSelf-citationAn artificial neural network to predict resting energy expenditure in obesity
Disse, E., Ledoux, S., Betry, C., Caussy, C., Maitrepierre, C., Coupaye, M., Laville, M., & Simon, C. (2017) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2017.07.017 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Low Resting and Sleeping Energy Expenditure and Fat Use Do Not Contribute to Obesity in Women
Weinsier, R. L., Hunter, G. R., Zuckerman, P. A., & Darnell, B. E. (2003) · Obesity Research · doi:10.1038/oby.2003.129 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Self-citationConsequences of inadequate food energy and negative energy balance in humans
Kurpad, A. V., Muthayya, S., & Vaz, M. A. P. (2005) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1079/phn2005796 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“…a decreased thermogenesis) in AED may also be part of a feedback loop, which regulates the fat deposition on acute re-feeding 25,50 , although other underfeeding studies have not observed a similar effect on either the RMR or on subsequent weight gain after an intervening period of 4 years 51 .”
BackgroundIntermittent Moderate Energy Restriction Improves Weight Loss Efficiency in Diet-Induced Obese Mice
Seimon, R. V., Shi, Y., Slack, K., Lee, K., Fernando, H. A., Nguyen, A., Zhang, L., Lin, S., Enriquez, R. F., Lau, J., et al. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0145157 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Canadian dietitians’ views and practices regarding obesity and weight management
Barr, S. I., Yarker, K., Levy-Milne, R., & Chapman, G. E. (2004) · Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1111/j.1365-277x.2004.00562.x · Cited by 48 · see citing works
The challenges of implementing behaviour changes that lead to sustained weight management
Stubbs, R. J., & Lavin, J. (2013) · Nutrition Bulletin · doi:10.1111/nbu.12002 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Jeor, S. T. S., Hayman, L. L., Daniels, S. R., Gillman, M. W., Howard, G., Law, C., Lewis, C. E., & Poehlman, É. T. (2004) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000140092.48032.d2 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Chhabra, K. H., Adams, J. M., Jones, G. L., Yamashita, M., Schlapschy, M., Skerra, A., Rubinstein, M., & Low, M. J. (2016) · Molecular Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.molmet.2016.07.012 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Estimating Resting Energy Expenditure in Obesity
Foster, G. D., & McGuckin, B. G. (2001) · Obesity Research · doi:10.1002/oby.2001.9.s5.367 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Amamou, T., Normandin, E., Pouliot, J., Dionne, I. J., Brochu, M., & Riesco, E. (2017) · The Journal of nutrition, health and aging · doi:10.1007/s12603-016-0760-8 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“Furthermore, we used a 4-week weight stabilization period before and after the intervention to minimize the impact of body weight fluctuations on metabolic profile (47).”
Effect of Aerobic Exercise-induced Weight Loss on the Components of Daily Energy Expenditure
Broskey, N. T., Martin, C. K., Burton, J. H., Church, T. S., Ravussin, É., & Redman, L. M. (2021) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000002689 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“inability for weight loss to be maintained long-term (30,31).”
BackgroundResultForman, E. M., Manasse, S. M., Butryn, M. L., Crosby, R. D., Dallal, D. H., & Crochiere, R. J. (2019) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.22412 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“Acceptancebased behavioral treatment (ABT) is a variant of SBT premised on a model of self-regulation in which a failure to control weight stems from an inability to remain adherent to prescribed dietary intake and physical activity goals in the face of powerful internal (emotions, boredom, cravings, hunger, fatigue)…”
BackgroundRawson, E. S., Nolan, A., Silver, K. D., Shuldiner, A. R., & Poehlman, É. T. (2002) · Metabolism · doi:10.1053/meta.2002.32781 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Karl, J. P., Roberts, S. B., Schaefer, E. J., Gleason, J. A., Fuss, P., Rasmussen, H., Saltzman, E. J., & Das, S. K. (2015) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.21268 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“For experimental validity it may be important to have an extended period of energy balance prior to RMR measurements to prevent the influence of acute effects of overeating or undereating (38).”
BackgroundResultPotential Causes of Elevated REE after High-Intensity Exercise
Hunter, G. R., Moellering, D. R., Carter, S. J., Gower, B. A., Bamman, M. M., Hornbuckle, L. M., Plaisance, E. P., & Fisher, G. (2017) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000001386 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“An energy imbalance could contribute to increased REE (49).”
Self-citationVázquez, C., Montagna, C., Alcaraz, F., Balsa, J. A., Zamarrón, I., Arrieta, F., & Botella-Carretero, J. I. (2009) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/ejcn.2009.48 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“This difficulty in maintaining weight loss, might be due to the complexity and intensity of the mechanisms that are triggered when dieting, affecting energy balance, appetite control and neurohormonal responses (Weinsier et al., 2000; DelParigi et al., 2004).”
BackgroundSmiles, W. J., Areta, J. L., Coffey, V. G., Phillips, S. M., Moore, D. R., Stellingwerff, T., Burke, L. M., Hawley, J. A., & CAMERA, D. M. (2015) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00413.2014 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“Experimental trials were separated by a 9-day washout period based on data demonstrating that the reduction in resting metabolic rate after a 20-day ED can be restored with 10 days of EB (51).”
MethodResting Energy Expenditure and Organ-Tissue Body Composition 5 Years After Bariatric Surgery
Heshka, S., Lemos, T., Astbury, N. M., Widen, E. M., Davidson, L. E., Goodpaster, B. H., DeLany, J. P., Strain, G. W., Pomp, A., Courcoulas, A. P., et al. (2019) · Obesity Surgery · doi:10.1007/s11695-019-04217-4 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Sainsbury, A., Wood, R. E., Seimon, R. V., Hills, A. P., King, N. A., Gibson, A. A., & Byrne, N. M. (2018) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.12787 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“Whereas some studies showed complete or partial attenuation of certain adaptive responses to energy restriction after 10 days (28), 2 weeks (25,56), 4 weeks (23,24,27), 13 weeks (29,57) or 52 weeks (18) of energy balance or a weight maintenance program, other studies showed no attenuation at all even after 42 weeks (2…”
BackgroundMetabolic risk factors in mice divergently selected for BMR fed high fat and high carb diets
Sadowska, J., Gębczyński, A. K., & Konarzewski, M. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0172892 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Low-maintenance energy requirements of obese dogs after weight loss
German, A. J., Holden, S. L., Mather, N. J., Morris, P., & Biourge, V. C. (2011) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114511000584 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“However, others((7)) have suggested that a transient hypothyroid–hypometabolic state develops during energy restriction, which returns to normal during subsequent weight maintenance.”
BackgroundMethod
- Authors
- Weinsier, R. L., Nagy, T. R., Hunter, G. R., Darnell, B. E., Hensrud, D. D., & Weiss, H. L.
- Affiliations
- Mayo Clinic (US)
- Corresponding author
- Weinsier, Roland L
- Venue
- The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2000-11
- Volume
- 72
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1088-1094
- ISSN
- 0002-9165 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2140683236
- Cited by
- 208
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2025: 3 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 2.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (1r01dk038491-01a1, 5r01hl032098-03)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL32098)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (DK-49779, DK38491, R01DK049779)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Bariatric Surgery and Outcomes
- Keywords
- weight regain, set-point theory, resting metabolic rate, caloric restriction, thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine, reverse T3, postmenopausal women, obesity, energy balance, body composition, hypometabolism
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Basal Metabolism, Body Composition, Energy Intake, Calorimetry, Indirect, Diet, Reducing, Female, Humans, Kinetics, Middle Aged, Models, Biological, Obesity, Triiodothyronine, Triiodothyronine, Reverse, Weight Gain, Weight Loss, Body Mass Index, Postmenopause
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