The DOI matches its Crossref record; 74 of the 77 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Hypertriglyceridemia: its etiology, effects and treatment
Open accessAbstract
Elevated plasma triglyceride concentration is a common biochemical finding, but the evidence for the benefit of treating this lipid disturbance remains less robust than that for treating elevated low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol. Part of the difficulty in the provision of specific recommendations has been the frequent coexistence of elevated triglycerides with other conditions that affect cardiovascular disease risk, such as depressed high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, obesity, metabolic syndrome, proinflammatory and prothrombotic biomarkers, and type 2 diabetes. Recent investigations of outcomes of cardiovascular disease when medications are used to reduce triglyceride levels suggest that, although a net benefit probably exists, both relative and absolute risk reductions seem underwhelming when compared with the benefit of reducing low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels with treatment. However, the totality of evidence suggests that elevated triglyceride levels likely contribute independently to increased risk of cardiovascular disease, although there is no consensus about appropriate target levels. Furthermore, severe hypertriglyceridemia is associated with an increased risk of acute pancreatitis, irrespective of its effect on risk of cardiovascular disease. We review the causes and classification of elevated triglyceride levels, the clinical manifestations of primary hypertriglyceridemia and the management of patients with elevated triglyceride levels.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Effectiveness of omega-3 fatty acids, routinely used in pharmacologic doses for treatment of severe HTG, has been inconsistent in patients with FCS.3,[16][17][18]20”
From Familial chylomicronemia syndrome: Bringing to life dietary recommendations throughout the life span (2018) · cites this paper as [17]
In the citing paper
“Of note, prescription omega-3 fatty acids (up to 4 grams per day) have shown inconsistent effectiveness as a treatment for HTG in patients with FCS.3,[16][17][18][19]”
From Familial chylomicronemia syndrome: Bringing to life dietary recommendations throughout the life span (2018) · cites this paper as [17]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Toprak, Ö., Kurt, H., Sarı, Y., Şarkış, C., Us, H., & Kırık, A. (2017) · Kidney & Blood Pressure Research · doi:10.1159/000468530 · Cited by 29,772
Grundy, S. M., Bilheimer, D. W., Chait, A., Clark, L. T., Denke, M. A., Havel, R. J., Hazzard, W. R., Hulley, S. B., Hunninghake, D. B., Kreisberg, R. A., et al. (1993) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.269.23.3015 · Cited by 27,944
Expert Panel on Detection, E. (2001) · JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association · doi:10.1001/jama.285.19.2486 · Cited by 26,011
Helsinki Heart Study: Primary-Prevention Trial with Gemfibrozil in Middle-Aged Men with Dyslipidemia
Frick, M. H., Elo, O., Haapa, K., Heinonen, O. P., Heinsalmi, P., Helo, P., Huttunen, J. K., Kaitaniemi, P., Koskinen, P., Manninen, V., et al. (1987) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198711123172001 · Cited by 3,881 · cited 2×
“The complex mechanism of action of fibrates includes modulation of the activity of peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor-α in the liver, with reduced hepatic secretion of VLDL and increased lipolysis of plasma triglycerides.37 Fibrates reduce the quantity of small, dense LDL particles and increase HDL-C.38 Fibrat…”
BackgroundRubins, H. B., Robins, S. J., Collins, D., Fye, C. L., Anderson, J. W., Elam, M. B., Faas, F. H., Linares, E., Schaefer, E. J., Schectman, G., et al. (1999) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199908053410604 · Cited by 3,439
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: From Steatosis to Cirrhosis
Farrell, G. C., & Larter, C. Z. (2006) · Hepatology · doi:10.1002/hep.20973 · Cited by 2,428 · cited 2×
“Among affected patients, up to one-third may also have nonalcoholic steatotic hepatitis.(13,14) Lipotoxicity, oxidative stress, cytokines and proinflammatory mediators contribute to the progression from steatosis to nonalcoholic steatotic hepatitis.”
BackgroundFifteen year mortality in Coronary Drug Project patients: long-term benefit with niacin
Canner, P. L., Berge, K. G., Wenger, N. K., Stamler, J., Friedman, L., Prineas, R. J., & Friedewald, W. (1986) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/s0735-1097(86)80293-5 · Cited by 1,824 · cited 1×
“Older clinical trials suggested a reduction in cardiovascular events related to niacin treatment.(47) However, niacin frequently causes light-headedness, cutaneous flushing, or”
BackgroundHokanson, J. E., & Austin, M. A. (1996) · Journal of Cardiovascular Risk · doi:10.1097/00043798-199604000-00014 · Cited by 1,706 · cited 2×
“, obesity, type 2 diabetes, decreased levels of HDL-C, increased small dense LDL, increased free fatty acids, dysglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, increased plasma viscosity, increased inflammatory molecules, impaired fibrinolysis, prothrombosis) are often associated with elevated levels of triglycerides.(2,24,25) Furthermo…”
BackgroundAtherogenesis: a postprandial phenomenon.
Zilversmit, D. B. (1979) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.60.3.473 · Cited by 1,701 · cited 1×
“In contrast, chylomicron remnants, VLDL and intermediate-density liproproteins are atherogenic.(27) A newer concept is that postprandial lipemia is an independent predictor of cardiovascular disease,(28) although, since sample preparation and assay conditions are nonroutine, “postprandial” elevation of triglycerides h…”
BackgroundCombination Antiretroviral Therapy and the Risk of Myocardial Infarction
El-Sadr, W. M., & The Data Collection On Adverse Events Of Anti-HIV Drugs (DAD) Study Group (2003) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa030218 · Cited by 1,677
Consensus development conference on antipsychotic drugs and obesity and diabetes
American Diabetes Association, American Psychiatric Association, American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, & North American Association for the Study of Obesity (2004) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.27.2.596 · Cited by 1,554
Gaal, L. F. V., Rissanen, A., Scheen, A. J., Ziegler, O., & Rössner, S. (2005) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(05)66374-x · Cited by 1,511
Goldstein, J. L., Schrott, H. G., Hazzard, W. R., Bierman, E. L., & Motulsky, A. G. (1973) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci107332 · Cited by 1,444 · cited 1×
“The inheritance pattern of familial combined hyperlipoproteinemia (type 2B) is one of an autosomal dominant with variable penetrance, with a population prevalence of 2%–5%.(4)”
BackgroundCompeting interests: none declared.
Hirsch, L. (2006) · Cited by 1,396
Effects of rimonabant on metabolic risk factors in overweight patients with dyslipidemia
Després, J.-P., Golay, A., & Sjöström, L. (2005) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa044537 · Cited by 1,392
Pi-Sunyer, X., Aronne, L. J., Heshmati, H. M., Devin, J., Rosenstock, J., & for the RIO-North America Study Group (2006) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.295.7.761 · Cited by 1,227
Consensus Development Conference on Antipsychotic Drugs and Obesity and Diabetes
Boehm, G., Racoosin, J. A., LAUGHREN, T. P., & Katz, R. G. (2004) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.27.8.2088-a · Cited by 1,204
Lemieux, I., Pascot, A., Couillard, C., Lamarche, B., Tchernof, A., Alméras, N., Bergeron, J., Gaudet, D., Tremblay, G., Prud’homme, D., et al. (2000) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.102.2.179 · Cited by 937
Glycemic index: overview of implications in health and disease,,,
Jenkins, D. J., Kendall, C. W., Augustin, L. S., Franceschi, S., Hamidi, M., Marchie, A., Jenkins, A. L., & Axelsen, M. (2002) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/76.1.266s · Cited by 827
The Epidemiology of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Adults
Clark, J. (2006) · Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology · doi:10.1097/01.mcg.0000168638.84840.ff · Cited by 804 · cited 2×
“Among affected patients, up to one-third may also have nonalcoholic steatotic hepatitis.(13,14) Lipotoxicity, oxidative stress, cytokines and proinflammatory mediators contribute to the progression from steatosis to nonalcoholic steatotic hepatitis.”
BackgroundHooper, L., Thompson, R. L., Harrison, R. A., Summerbell, C. D., Ness, A. R., Moore, H. J., Worthington, H. V., Durrington, P. N., Higgins, J. P. T., Capps, N. E., et al. (2006) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.38755.366331.2f · Cited by 676 · cited 1×
“, eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid) are components of both the Mediterranean diet and of fish oils.(35) Daily consumption of 4 g of omega-3 fatty acids, along with with restricted energy and saturated-fat intakes, can reduce plasma triglyceride levels by as much as 20%.”
BackgroundNicotinic acid: the broad‐spectrum lipid drug. A 50th anniversary review
Carlson, L. A. (2005) · Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2796.2005.01528.x · Cited by 591 · cited 1×
“The daily consumption of up to 3 g of niacin (nicotinic acid) can lower plasma triglyceride levels by up to 45%, raise plasma HDL-C by up to 25%, and reduce plasma LDL-C by up to 20%.(46) Older clinical trials suggested a reduction in cardiovascular events related to niacin treatment.”
BackgroundRubins, H. B. (2002) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.162.22.2597 · Cited by 586 · cited 1×
“mechanism of action of fibrates includes modulation of the activity of peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor-α in the liver, with reduced hepatic secretion of VLDL and increased lipolysis of plasma triglycerides.(37) Fibrates reduce the quantity of small, dense LDL particles and increase HDL-C.”
BackgroundNissen, S. E. (2005) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.294.20.joc50147 · Cited by 552 · cited 1×
“However, an analysis of phase 2 and 3 trials found significant associations between muraglitazar and death, myocardial infarction and stroke.(56) This agent and others of the class have since been withdrawn from clinical use.”
MethodHyperlipidemia in Coronary Heart Disease
Goldstein, J. L., HAzzmm, W. R., ScinoTT, H. G., Bierman, E. L., Levinski, M. J., & Campbell, E. D. (1973) · Cited by 471
Issues in Hyperlipidemic Pancreatitis
Yadav, D. K., & Pitchumoni, C. S. (2003) · Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology · doi:10.1097/00004836-200301000-00016 · Cited by 435
Plasma Triglyceride Level and Mortality from Coronary Heart Disease
Criqui, M. H., HEISS, G. M., Cohn, R. D., Cowan, L. D., Suchindran, C., Bangdiwala, S. I., Kritchevsky, S., Jacobs, D. R., O'Grady, H. K., & DAVIS, C. E. (1993) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199304293281702 · Cited by 419 · cited 1×
“, obesity, type 2 diabetes, decreased levels of HDL-C, increased small dense LDL, increased free fatty acids, dysglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, increased plasma viscosity, increased inflammatory molecules, impaired fibrinolysis, prothrombosis) are often associated with elevated levels of triglycerides.(2,24,25) Furthermo…”
BackgroundGlycemic index: overview of implications in health and disease,,,
Jenkins, D. J., Kendall, C. W., Augustin, L. S., Franceschi, S., Hamidi, M., Marchie, A., Jenkins, A. L., & Axelsen, M. (2002) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/76/1.266s · Cited by 379 · cited 1×
“, foods with a high glycemic index).(33) Alcohol consumption should be reduced or eliminated.”
BackgroundToskes, P. P. (1990) · Gastroenterology Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s0889-8553(21)00513-6 · Cited by 337
The Münster Heart Study (PROCAM). Results of follow-up at 8 years.
Assmann, G., Cullen, P., & Schulte, H. (1998) · PubMed · Cited by 332
Tenenbaum, A. (2005) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.165.10.1154 · Cited by 307
McPherson, R., Frohlich, J. J., Fodor, G. J., & Genest, J. J. (2006) · Canadian Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/s0828-282x(06)70310-5 · Cited by 306
Benlian, P., Gennes, J. L. D., Foubert, L., Zhang, H., Gagné, S., & Hayden, M. R. (1996) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199609193351203 · Cited by 296 · cited 1×
“Chylomicrons are not directly atherogenic, although there are rare reports of atherosclerosis in patients with hyperchylomicronemia.(26) In contrast, chylomicron remnants, VLDL and intermediate-density liproproteins are atherogenic.”
BackgroundAthyros, V. G., Mikhailidis, D. P., Didangelos, T., Γιουλεμέ, Ό., Liberopoulos, E. N., Karagiannis, A. I., Kakafika, A. I., Τζιόμαλος, Κ., Burroughs, A. K., & Elisaf, M. (2006) · Current Medical Research and Opinion · doi:10.1185/030079906x104696 · Cited by 248 · cited 1×
“Small studies have indicated that treatment with statins is more effective than that with fibrates in correcting the dyslipidemia.(15) Other medical conditions.”
BackgroundThe Munster Heart Study (PROCAM)
Cullen, P., Schulte, H., & Assmann, G. (1997) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.96.7.2128 · Cited by 212
Prevalence of diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance in patients with schizophrenia
Bushe, C., & Holt, R. I. G. (2004) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.184.47.s67 · Cited by 212 · cited 1×
“Psychiatric disorders, because of associated lifestyles, may also predispose those affected to metabolic disturbances.(22) Patients taking second-generation antipsychotics should be monitored regularly (every 8–12 months) for weight gain and changes in fasting plasma glucose and lipoprotein levels.”
BackgroundIntensive Statin Therapy — A Sea Change in Cardiovascular Prevention
Topol, E. J. (2004) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejme048061 · Cited by 196
Darmady, J. M., & Postle, A. D. (1982) · BJOG An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology · doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.1982.tb03616.x · Cited by 190
Dyslipidaemia associated with antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected patients
Calza, L. (2003) · Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy · doi:10.1093/jac/dkh013 · Cited by 179 · cited 1×
“Patients taking highly active antiretroviral therapy, particularly protease inhibitors, frequently experience lipodystrophy, insulin resistance and dyslipidemia; up to 80% and 50% of patients develop hypertriglyceridemia and hypercholesterolemia, respectively.(16) Combination highly active antiretroviral therapy was f…”
BackgroundGenetic determinants of the metabolic syndrome
Pollex, R. L., & Hegele, R. A. (2006) · Nature Clinical Practice Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.1038/ncpcardio0638 · Cited by 176
Long-term Follow-up of Patients With Acute Hypertriglyceridemia-Induced Pancreatitis
Athyros, V. G., Γιουλεμέ, Ό., Nikolaidis, N. L., Vasiliadis, T., Bouloukos, V. I., Kontopoulos, A. G., & Eugenidis, N. P. (2002) · Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology · doi:10.1097/00004836-200204000-00020 · Cited by 176
Consensus Development Conference on Antipsychotic Drugs and Obesity and Diabetes
Holt, R. I. G. (2004) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.27.8.2086 · Cited by 171
THE FAMILIAL CHYLOMICRONEMIA SYNDROME
Santamarina-Fojo, S. (1998) · Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s0889-8529(05)70025-6 · Cited by 162
Gerhard, G. T., Ahmann, A., Meeuws, K. E., McMurry, M. P., Duell, P. B., & Connor, W. E. (2004) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/80.3.668 · Cited by 132 · cited 1×
“Plasma triglyceride response to diet and weight loss is about 25%,(34) with marked variation among patients.(34) Omega-3 fatty acids (e.”
BackgroundRimonabant—A Selective CB1 Antagonist
Boyd, S. T., & Fremming, B. A. (2005) · Annals of Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1345/aph.1e499 · Cited by 119 · cited 1×
“Rimonabant is a cannabinoid-1 receptor antagonist that decreases hunger and reduces food intake.(51,52) Four phase-3 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials (the Rimonabant in Obesity trials, namely RIO–Europe, –Lipids, –North America and –Diabetes) have each evaluated rimonabant in various patient groups,…”
BackgroundGelfand, E. V., & Cannon, C. P. (2006) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2005.12.067 · Cited by 118 · cited 1×
“Rimonabant is a cannabinoid-1 receptor antagonist that decreases hunger and reduces food intake.(51,52) Four phase-3 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials (the Rimonabant in Obesity trials, namely RIO–Europe, –Lipids, –North America and –Diabetes) have each evaluated rimonabant in various patient groups,…”
BackgroundApolipoprotein E in Hyperlipidemia
Walden, C. C., & Hegele, R. A. (1994) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-120-12-199406150-00009 · Cited by 110 · cited 3×
“Phenotypic expression, however, usually requires accompanying factors such as obesity, type 2 diabetes or hypothyroidism.(7) Plasma levels of LDL are decreased because of interrupted process-”
BackgroundInfluentialMcKenney, J. M., Farnier, M., Lo, K.-W., Bays, H. E., Perevozkaya, I., Carlson, G. L., Davies, M. J., Mitchel, Y., & Gumbiner, B. (2006) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2005.11.072 · Cited by 106 · cited 1×
“timibe was recently shown to be safe and effective for patients with elevated triglyceride and LDL-C levels.(50) Canada recently joined the United States in approving this combination for”
BackgroundPostprandial dysmetabolism and cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes
Tushuizen, M. E., Diamant, M., & Heine, R. J. (2005) · Postgraduate Medical Journal · doi:10.1136/pgmj.2004.020511 · Cited by 104
Calza, L., Manfredi, R., Colangeli, V., Tampellini, L., Sebastiani, T., Pocaterra, D., & Chiodo, F. (2005) · AIDS · doi:10.1097/01.aids.0000174451.78497.8f · Cited by 102 · cited 1×
“Often, triglyceride levels can improve when agents are switched (if there is no compromise in antiretroviral efficacy).(18,19) In one study,(19) for instance, a change from a protease inhibitor to nevirapine or efavirenz reduced triglyceride levels by about 25%; the addition of pravastatin or bezafibrate further reduc…”
BackgroundWARTH, M. R., ARKY, R. A., & KNOPP, R. H. (1975) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem-41-4-649 · Cited by 100
Monogenic Dyslipidemias: Window on Determinants of Plasma Lipoprotein Metabolism
Hegele, R. A. (2001) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1086/324647 · Cited by 94 · cited 6×
“Hypertriglyceridemia refers to a fasting plasma triglyceride measurement that is increased, typically above the 95th percentile for age and sex — although additional quantitative or qualitative lipoprotein abnormalities can also be present.(1,2) Patients can fluctuate between hypertriglyceridemic states: given an appr…”
BackgroundInfluentialGagné, C., Brun, L., Julien, P., Moorjani, S., & Lupien, P. J. (1989) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 82
Evaluation and management of dyslipidemia in patients with HIV infection
Green, M. L. (2002) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1046/j.1525-1497.2002.20201.x · Cited by 68 · cited 1×
“Often, triglyceride levels can improve when agents are switched (if there is no compromise in antiretroviral efficacy).(18,19) In one study,(19) for instance, a change from a protease inhibitor to nevirapine or efavirenz reduced triglyceride levels by about 25%; the addition of pravastatin or bezafibrate further reduc…”
BackgroundGene Therapy for Lipoprotein Lipase Deficiency: Working Toward Clinical Application
Rip, J., Nierman, M. C., Sierts, J. A., Petersen, W., van den Oever, K., van Raalte, D. H., Ross, C. J., Hayden, M. R., Bakker, A. C., Dijkhuizen, P. A., et al. (2005) · Human Gene Therapy · doi:10.1089/hum.2005.16.1276 · Cited by 63
Cardioprotective Properties of Fibrates
Barter, P. J., & Rye, K. (2006) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.105.620450 · Cited by 62
Niaspan, the prolonged release preparation of nicotinic acid (niacin), the broad-spectrum lipid drug
Carlson, L. A. (2004) · International Journal of Clinical Practice · doi:10.1111/j.1368-5031.2004.00233.x · Cited by 56 · cited 2×
“therapy at low doses then gradually increasing the daily dose; concomitant use of acetylsalicylic acid; or use of longer-acting preparations, such as Niaspan.(48) Less common adverse effects include elevations of liver enzymes, increased levels of uric”
BackgroundRoss, C. J. D., Liu, G., Kuivenhoven, J. A., Twisk, J., Rip, J., van Dop, W., Ashbourne Excoffon, K. J. D., Lewis, S. M. E., Kastelein, J. J., & Hayden, M. R. (2005) · Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.0000176971.27302.b0 · Cited by 53
Successful Outcome in Severe Pregnancy-Associated Hyperlipemia: A Case Report and Literature Review
Hsia, S. H., Connelly, P. W., & Hegele, R. A. (1995) · The American Journal of the Medical Sciences · doi:10.1097/00000441-199504000-00005 · Cited by 51 · cited 1×
“Although chylomicronemia during pregnancy is very rare, it can be complicated by pancreatitis, which can be fatal to both mother and fetus.(12) Nonalcoholic fatty-liver disorder.”
BackgroundNew insights into lipid metabolism in the nephrotic syndrome
Kaysen, G. A., & der Velden, M. G. M. D. S. (1999) · Kidney International · doi:10.1046/j.1523-1755.1999.07105.x · Cited by 50
Familial combined hyperlipidemia: upstream transcription factor 1 and beyond
Lee, J. C., Lusis, A. J., & Pajukanta, P. (2006) · Current Opinion in Lipidology · doi:10.1097/01.mol.0000217890.54875.13 · Cited by 46
Darkes, M. J. M., Poole, R. M., & Goa, K. L. (2003) · American Journal of Cardiovascular Drugs · doi:10.2165/00129784-200303010-00007 · Cited by 44
Pathophysiology of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins in atherothrombosis: Clinical aspects
Hodis, H. N., Mack, W. J., Krauss, R. M., & Alaupovic, P. (1999) · Clinical Cardiology · doi:10.1002/clc.4960221404 · Cited by 43 · cited 3×
“obesity, metabolic syndrome, proinflammatory and prothrombotic biomarkers, and type 2 diabetes mellitus.(2) The increased risk of acute pancreatitis is an additional consideration when a patient’s triglyceride level is very high (typically”
BackgroundBessesen, D. H. (2007) · Yearbook of Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s0084-3741(08)70087-8 · Cited by 39
Correction to the FIELD study report
KEECH, A. C., Simes, J. R., Barter, P. J., Best, J. D., Scott, R. S., & Taskinen, M. (2006) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(06)69594-9 · Cited by 35
Pistorius, M.-A. (2006) · Journal des Maladies Vasculaires · doi:10.1016/s0398-0499(06)76553-2 · Cited by 32
Tarricone, I., Casoria, M., Gozzi, B. F., Grieco, D., Menchetti, M., Serretti, A., Ujkaj, M., Pastorelli, F., & Berardi, D. (2006) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-6-11 · Cited by 31 · cited 2×
“Patients taking second-generation antipsychotics should be monitored regularly (every 8–12 months) for weight gain and changes in fasting plasma glucose and lipoprotein levels.(21)”
BackgroundConstans, J. (2006) · Journal des Maladies Vasculaires · doi:10.1016/s0398-0499(06)76549-0 · Cited by 30
Consensus Development Conference on Antipsychotic Drugs and Obesity and Diabetes
Isaac, M. T., & Isaac, M. (2004) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.27.8.2088 · Cited by 28
Systematic review of lipid lowering for primary prevention of coronary heart disease in diabetes
Gami, A. S., Montori, V. M., Erwin, P. J., Khan, M. A., & Smith, S. A. (2003) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.326.7388.528 · Cited by 16
Complex Trait Locus Linkage Mapping in Atherosclerosis
Pollex, R. L., & Hegele, R. A. (2005) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.0000173307.25652.89 · Cited by 16 · cited 1×
“A recently defined gene that may be causative for this disorder is USF1, which encodes an upstream stimulatory factor,(5) although several other genes (including APOA5 and APOC3) have been variably claimed as causative.(6) Finally, familial dysbetalipoproteinemia (hyperlipoproteinemia type 3) has a population prevalen…”
BackgroundManaging diabetic dyslipidaemia—beyond LDL-C:HDL-C and triglycerides
Barter, P. J. (2006) · Atherosclerosis Supplements · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosissup.2006.05.003 · Cited by 7 · cited 1×
“Thus, enthusiasm for fibrate therapy is lower than that for statins, although selected patients might benefit.(42)”
BackgroundGene Therapy for Lipoprotein Lipase Deficiency: Working Toward Clinical Application
Rip, J., Nierman, M. C., Sierts, J. A., Petersen, W., van den Oever, K., van Raalte, D. H., Ross, C. J., Hayden, M. R., Bakker, A. C., Dijkhuizen, P. A., et al. (2005) · Human Gene Therapy · doi:10.1089/hum.2005.16.ft-138 · Cited by 3
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Darkes MJ, Poole RM, Goa KL. Ezetimibe. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs 2003;3:67-76.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Pathophysiology of human visceral obesity: an update
Tchernof, A., & Després, J.-P. (2013) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00033.2011 · Cited by 2,583
“, risk unrelated to its impact on LDL and HDL remodeling), but this issue remains debated (16, 223, 635).”
BackgroundJellinger, P. S., Handelsman, Y., Rosenblit, P. D., Bloomgarden, Z. T., Fonseca, V. A., Garber, A. J., Grunberger, G., Guerin, C. K., Bell, D. S. H., Mechanick, J. I., et al. (2017) · Endocrine Practice · doi:10.4158/ep171764.appgl · Cited by 1,094
Hegele, R. A., Ginsberg, H. N., Chapman, M. J., Nordestgaard, B. G., Kuivenhoven, J. A., Averna, M., Borén, J., Bruckert, E., Catapano, A. L., Descamps, O. S., et al. (2014) · The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s2213-8587(13)70191-8 · Cited by 635
Sandesara, P. B., Virani, S. S., Fazio, S., & Shapiro, M. D. (2019) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2018-00184 · Cited by 608
Jellinger, P. S., Smith, D. A., Mehta, A., Ganda, O. P., Handelsman, Y., Rodbard, H. W., Shepherd, M. D., & Seibel, J. A. (2012) · Endocrine Practice · doi:10.4158/ep.18.s1.1 · Cited by 533
Metadata
- Authors
- Yuan, G., Al-Shali, K. Z., & Hegele, R. A.
- Affiliations
- Western University (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Hegele, R. A.
- ORCID
- Hegele, R. A.
- Venue
- Canadian Medical Association Journal
- Publisher
- CMA Impact Inc.
- Published
- 2007-04-10
- Volume
- 176
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1113-1120
- ISSN
- 0820-3946 (ISSN-L)
- 1488-2329
- PMC
- PMC1839776
- OpenAlex
- W1982040758
- Cited by
- 624
- References
- 77
- Citations by year
- 2026: 26 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 42 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 40 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 31 · 2017: 31 · 2016: 35 · 2015: 35 · 2014: 29 · 2013: 32 · 2012: 35
- FWCI
- 5.55
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Canadian Medical Association Journal (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada
- Genome Canada
- Ontario Genomics
- Ontario Genomics Institute
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Lipid metabolism and disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Keywords
- hypertriglyceridemia, triglyceride-lowering therapy, cardiovascular risk, acute pancreatitis, primary hypertriglyceridemia, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, pro-inflammatory markers
- MeSH terms
- Hypolipidemic Agents, Clofibric Acid, Coronary Artery Disease, Diet, Humans, Niacin, Pancreatitis, Risk Factors, Triglycerides, Hypertriglyceridemia, Weight Loss, Exercise, Practice Guidelines as Topic, Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
