Crime and Inequality
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Early works called attention to the staggeringly disparate rates of crime and incarceration.
“Early works called attention to the staggeringly disparate rates of crime and incarceration (Hagan and Peterson 1995;Tonry 2022), and increasingly sophisticated demographic estimates documented these disparities and their consequences for economic activity and labor markets (Apel and Sweeten 2010;Holzer et al. 2005;Pager 2003;Pettit 2012;Pettit and Western 2004;Western 2006;Western and Beckett 199”
From The Rise of the Carceral State: Foundations and Contours of a Rapidly Changing Criminal Legal System (2025) · cites this paper as Hagan and Peterson 1995
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Difference, Disparity, and Race/Ethnic Bias in Federal Sentencing
Everett, R. S., & Wojtkiewicz, R. A. (2002) · Journal of Quantitative Criminology · doi:10.1023/a:1015258732676 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Putting wrongs to right: Campaigns against miscarriages of justice
Savage, S. P., Grieve, J., & Poyser, S. (2007) · Criminology & Criminal Justice · doi:10.1177/1748895807072477 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
The Rise of the Carceral State: Foundations and Contours of a Rapidly Changing Criminal Legal System
Wakefield, S., & Turney, K. (2025) · RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences · doi:10.7758/rsf.2025.11.3.04 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
- Authors
- Hagan, J., & Peterson, R.
- Venue
- Stanford University Press eBooks
- Publisher
- Stanford University Press
- Published
- 1995-06-01
- OpenAlex
- W4207030722
- Cited by
- 66
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 1 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 1 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 4 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 2
- FWCI
- 1.85
- Type
- book
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Stanford University Press eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Criminal Justice and Corrections Analysis
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Crime Patterns and Interventions
- Social Sciences › Law › Criminal Justice and Penology
- Keywords
- crime, inequality, social inequality, crime rates
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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