Glucose meters—fit for clinical purpose
Open accessAbstract
Glucose meters have improved considerably since they were first introduced in 1960, but many questions are being asked about their accuracy and reliability in certain clinical situations. These questions have arisen because of the widespread use of these meters into clinical areas they have not been designed for such as critical care. The lack of understanding by some health professionals on factors that affect glucose results, such as sample type, glucose test strip methodologic limitations, calibration to recognized reference methods, and interferences, leads to misleading results that may affect patient care. Much debate continues on the quality specifications for glucose meters. Because there is an extensive use of these meters in different clinical scenarios, the setting of quality specifications will remain a challenge for regulatory and professional organizations. In this article, we have attempted to collect and provide relevant information addressing the limitations above. Pivotal to obtaining the best quality of results is education, particularly for diabetic patients monitoring their glucose. The International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine through its Point-of-Care Testing Task Force and its Working Group on Glucose Point-of-Care Testing is actively working toward improving the quality of glucose results by improving education and working with the industry to improve strip performance and work toward the better standardization of strips.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Numerous interfering factors have been reported to influence the results of blood glucose meters.
“Numerous interfering factors have been reported to influence the results of blood glucose meters (135,136).”
From Guidelines and Recommendations for Laboratory Analysis in the Diagnosis and Management of Diabetes Mellitus (2023) · cites this paper as [136]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
ELECTRODE SYSTEMS FOR CONTINUOUS MONITORING IN CARDIOVASCULAR SURGERY
Clark, L. C., & Lyons, C. (1962) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1962.tb13623.x · Cited by 3,945 · see citing works
Unwin, N. C. (2006) · Cited by 1,661 · see citing works
A New Season for Cardiac Troponin Assays: It’s Time to Keep a Scorecard
Apple, F. S. (2009) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1373/clinchem.2009.128363 · Cited by 441 · see citing works
Glucose Meters: A Review of Technical Challenges to Obtaining Accurate Results
Tonyushkina, K. N., & Nichols, J. H. (2009) · Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology · doi:10.1177/193229680900300446 · Cited by 406 · see citing works
Factors affecting blood glucose monitoring: sources of errors in measurement
Ginsberg, B. H. (2009) · Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology · doi:10.1177/193229680900300438 · Cited by 348 · see citing works
Glucose Measurement: Confounding Issues in Setting Targets for Inpatient Management
Dungan, K. M., Chapman, J., Braithwaite, S. S., & Buse, J. B. (2007) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc06-1679 · Cited by 292 · see citing works
Approved IFCC recommendation on reporting results for blood glucose (abbreviated)
D'Orazio, P. (2005) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1373/clinchem.2005.051979 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
D’Orazio, P., Burnett, R. W., Fogh‐Andersen, N., Jacobs, E., Kuwa, K., Külpmann, W. R., Larsson, L., Lewenstam, A., Maas, A. H. J., Mager, G., et al. (2006) · Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM) · doi:10.1515/cclm.2006.275 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Hirose, T., Mita, T., Fujitani, Y., Kawamori, R., & Watada, H. (2011) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc10-1705 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Challenges to Glycemic Measurement in the Perioperative and Critically Ill Patient: A Review
Pitkin, A. D., & Rice, M. J. (2009) · Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology · doi:10.1177/193229680900300606 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Dimeski, G., Jones, B. W., Tilley, V., Greenslade, M. N., & Russell, A. W. (2010) · Annals of Clinical Biochemistry International Journal of Laboratory Medicine · doi:10.1258/acb.2010.009291 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Glucose Measurement: Time for a Gold Standard
Hagvik, J. (2007) · Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology · doi:10.1177/193229680700100205 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-monitoring of blood glucose with a focus on analytical quality: an overview
Kristensen, G. B. B., & Sandberg, S. (2010) · Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM) · doi:10.1515/cclm.2010.186 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationCapillary glucose meter accuracy and sources of error in the ambulatory setting.
Lunt, H., Florkowski, C. M., Bignall, M., & Budgen, C. (2010) · PubMed · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Approved IFCC recommendation on reporting results for blood glucose 1)
Burnett, R. W., Fogh, N., Jacobs, E., Kuwa, K., Larsson, L., & Naskalski, J. W. (2006) · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Glucose Monitoring and Patient Safety
Price, C. P. (2008) · Point of Care The Journal of Near-Patient Testing & Technology · doi:10.1097/poc.0b013e318188bb1c · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Metrological Aspects of Glucose Measurements by Biosensors
Wunderli, S., & Andres, H. (2009) · Electroanalysis · doi:10.1002/elan.200904625 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- [16]16. Hirose T, Tomoya M, Yoshio Y, Kawamori R, Hirotaka W. Glucose monitoring after fruit peeling: pseudohyperglycaemia. Diabetes Care 2011;34:596 -7.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Sacks, D. B., Arnold, M., Bakris, G. L., Bruns, D. E., Horvath, A. R., Lernmark, Å., Metzger, B. E., Nathan, D. M., & Kirkman, M. S. (2023) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dci23-0036 · Cited by 351 · see citing works
Florkowski, C., Don-Wauchope, A., Gimenez, N., Rodriguez-Capote, K., Wils, J., & Zemlin, A. (2017) · Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences · doi:10.1080/10408363.2017.1399336 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Sacks, D. B., Arnold, M. A., Bakris, G. L., Bruns, D. E., Horvath, A. R., Lernmark, Å., Metzger, B. E., Nathan, D. M., & Kirkman, M. S. (2023) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1093/clinchem/hvad080 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Louie, R. F., Ferguson, W., Curtis, C. M., Vy, J. H., & Kost, G. J. (2013) · Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM) · doi:10.1515/cclm-2013-0440 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Megahed, A., Hiew, M. W. H., Townsend, J. R., Messick, J. B., & Constable, P. D. (2015) · Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/jvim.13608 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Short-Term Thermal-Humidity Shock Affects Point-of-Care Glucose Testing
Lam, M., Louie, R. F., Curtis, C. M., Ferguson, W., Vy, J. H., Truong, A.-T., Sumner, S. L., & Kost, G. J. (2014) · Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology · doi:10.1177/1932296813514325 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Lang, T., & Hussain, K. (2013) · Advances in clinical chemistry · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-800094-6.00006-6 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Electrochemical Glucose Biosensors for Diabetes Care
Ocvirk, G., Buck, H., & DuVall, S. H. (2016) · Bioanalytical reviews · doi:10.1007/11663_2016_3 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Zakian, A., Tehrani-Sharif, M., Mokhber‐Dezfouli, M. R., Nouri, M., & Constable, P. (2017) · Australian Veterinary Journal · doi:10.1111/avj.12568 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Progress towards standardization: an IFCC Scientific Division Perspective
Gillery, P., & Young, I. S. (2013) · Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM) · doi:10.1515/cclm-2013-0081 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationThe application of glucose point of care testing in three metropolitan hospitals
Sharp, L., Farrance, I., & Greaves, R. F. (2015) · Pathology · doi:10.1016/j.pathol.2015.11.014 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Park, H., Lee, S., Son, J. W., Kwon, H., Kim, S. R., Chae, H., Kim, M., Kim, Y., & Yoo, S. (2016) · Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis · doi:10.1002/jcla.21947 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Li, F.-F., Xie, Y., Shi, B., Niu, M. Y., Guo, H., Cao, Y., Liu, B., Yan, R., Su, X., Wu, J.-D., et al. (2018) · Expert Review of Medical Devices · doi:10.1080/17434440.2018.1473031 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Considerations for applying emerging technologies in paediatric laboratory medicine
Lang, T., Geaghan, S., Loh, T. P., Mak, C. M., Papassotiriou, I., & Kyriakopoulou, L. G. (2024) · Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM) · doi:10.1515/cclm-2023-1408 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Smartphone for glucose monitoring
Zhang, H., Zhang, W., & Zhou, A. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-817044-1.00004-1 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Dietary practices in treatment of Hypoglycaemia in elevated one-hour postload glucose and diabetes
Vindedzis, S. A. (2014) · eSpace (Curtin University)
Louie, R. F., Lambuth, N. R., Davis, G. F., & Kost, G. J. (2014) · Point of Care The Journal of Near-Patient Testing & Technology · doi:10.1097/poc.0000000000000023
The reliability of blood glucose point-of-care testing (POCT) system in China teaching hospital
Ma, J. (2017) · International Journal of Hematology and Therapy · doi:10.15436/2381-1404.17.1546
Harmonization, standardization, metrologic, succession in 2014. Principles, importance and data
Friedecky, B., & Kratochvíla, J. (2014) · Klinická biochemie a metabolismus · doi:10.61568/kbm.2014.029
Letelier, P. J., Fierro, G., Cuminao, K. A. H., Huenchuleo, A., Boguen, R. E., & Guzmán, N. H. (2026) · Journal of Medical Biochemistry · doi:10.5937/jomb0-64436
- Authors
- Tirimacco, R., Koumantakis, G., Erasmus, R., Mosca, A., Sandberg, S., Watson, I. D., Goldsmith, B., & Gillery, P.
- Affiliations
- SA Health (AU)
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG (CH)
- Stellenbosch University (ZA)
- University of Milan (IT)
- Haukeland University Hospital (NO)
- Aintree University Hospital (GB)
- Temple University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Tirimacco, Rosy
- Venue
- Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine
- Publisher
- Walter de Gruyter GmbH
- Published
- 2013-01-01
- Volume
- 51
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 943-52
- ISSN
- 1434-6621 (ISSN-L)
- 1437-4331
- OpenAlex
- W1991544653
- Semantic Scholar
- 3e272fa1b1e9af8ab18578e2a627e23493c8567f
- Cited by
- 20
- References
- 17
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 3
- FWCI
- 0.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- SUNScholar (Stellenbosch University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Clinical Laboratory Practices and Quality Control
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Hyperglycemia and glycemic control in critically ill and hospitalized patients
- Keywords
- blood glucose meters, point-of-care glucose testing, sample type, quality specifications, patient education
- MeSH terms
- Blood Chemical Analysis, Blood Glucose, Humans
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
