Allium cepa fraction attenuates STZ-induced dementia via cholinesterase inhibition and amelioration of oxidative stress in mice
Abstract
Background: An earlier study demonstrated significant antioxidant and anticholinesterase activities of hydromethanol extract (HME) of Allium cepa . The aim of the study was to investigate the component responsible for these activities followed by an in vivo study. Methods: In vitro antioxidant and anticholinesterase activities of standardized ethylacetate fraction (EAF) of HME were assessed. Bioactivity-guided fractionation showed that, as compared with its subfractions, EAF had most significant activity in 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and Ellman assays. Thus, EAF was further examined using a streptozotocin (STZ)-induced model of Alzheimer’s disease in mice. STZ was injected intracerebroventricularly on days 1 and 3 (3 mg/kg) in mice. EAF was thereafter administered (42, 84, and 168 mg/kg b.w./day p.o.) from days 9 to 22. The Morris water maze test was used to evaluate learning and memory in mice. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and oxidative stress markers were assessed in the brain homogenates of mice. Additionally, histopathological studies were performed to observe effects in the brain at the cellular level. EAF was standardized based on quercetin and quercetin 4′-O-glucoside content using a validated thin layer chromatography densitometric method. Results: STZ produced significant (p < 0.05) memory impairment along with oxidative stress and a cholinergic deficit in mice. EAF treatment ameliorated STZ-induced behavioral deficits and biochemical alterations in mice in a significant and dose-dependent manner. Conclusions: Our results show that EAF is efficacious in improving memory and learning via AChE inhibition and antioxidant activity in the mice brain. Thus, AC could be explored further to find out a lead candidate for Alzheimer’s disease.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Allium cepa hydromethanol extract at 42, 84, and 168 mg/kg reversed increased AChE activity in streptozotocin-treated mice, restoring cognitive function.
“The hydromethanol extract (HME) of Allium cepa, administered at doses of 42, 84, and 168 mg/kg, reversed the increased AChE activity in STZ-treated mice, effectively restoring cognitive function [75].”
From Cholinesterase Inhibitors from Plants and Their Potential in Alzheimer’s Treatment: Systematic Review (2025) · cites this paper as [75]
Cites
PROTEIN MEASUREMENT WITH THE FOLIN PHENOL REAGENT
Lowry, O. H., Rosebrough, N., Farr, A. L., & Randall, R. (1951) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(19)52451-6 · Cited by 315,771 · see citing works
Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction
Ohkawa, H., Ohishi, N., & Yagi, K. (1979) · Analytical Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/0003-2697(79)90738-3 · Cited by 29,460 · see citing works
A new and rapid colorimetric determination of acetylcholinesterase activity
Ellman, G. L., Courtney, K. D., Andres, V., & Featherstone, R. M. (1961) · Biochemical Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/0006-2952(61)90145-9 · Cited by 27,221 · see citing works
Singleton, V. L., Orthofer, R., & Lamuela-Raventós, R. M. (1999) · Methods in Enzymology · doi:10.1016/s0076-6879(99)99017-1 · Cited by 19,125 · see citing works
Antioxidant Determinations by the Use of a Stable Free Radical
Blois, M. S. (1958) · Nature · doi:10.1038/1811199a0 · Cited by 13,075 · see citing works
Developments of a water-maze procedure for studying spatial learning in the rat
Morris, R. (1984) · Journal of Neuroscience Methods · doi:10.1016/0165-0270(84)90007-4 · Cited by 7,180 · see citing works
Improved method for the determination of blood glutathione.
Beutler, E., Duron, O., & KELLY, B. M. (1963) · PubMed · Cited by 6,932 · see citing works
Estimation of total flavonoid content in propolis by two complementary colometric methods
Chang, C.-C., Yang, M.-H., Wen, H.-M., & Chern, J.-C. (2020) · Journal of Food and Drug Analysis · doi:10.38212/2224-6614.2748 · Cited by 4,106 · see citing works
Antioxidant Activity of Various Tea Extracts in Relation to Their Antimutagenicity
Yen, G., & Chen, H.-Y. (1995) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jf00049a007 · Cited by 2,634 · see citing works
Biological and Phytochemical Screening of Plants
Farnsworth, N. R. (1966) · Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.1002/jps.2600550302 · Cited by 1,106 · see citing works
Synergy and other interactions in phytomedicines
WILLIAMSON, E. (2001) · Phytomedicine · doi:10.1078/0944-7113-00060 · Cited by 1,027 · see citing works
Neuropathology of Alzheimer's Disease
Perl, D. P. (2010) · Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine: A Journal of Translational and Personalized Medicine · doi:10.1002/msj.20157 · Cited by 825 · see citing works
Anticancer and immunostimulatory compounds from Andrographis paniculata
Kumar, R. A., Sridevi, K., Kumar, N., Nanduri, S., & Rajagopal, S. (2004) · Journal of Ethnopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.jep.2004.03.004 · Cited by 527 · see citing works
Sabogal-Guáqueta, A. M., Muñoz‐Manco, J. I., Ramírez‐Pineda, J. R., Lamprea, M. R., Osorio, E., & Cardona‐Gómez, G. P. (2015) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.01.027 · Cited by 453 · see citing works
Grieb, P. (2015) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-015-9132-3 · Cited by 361 · see citing works
Molecular mechanisms underlying protective role of quercetin in attenuating Alzheimer's disease
Zaplatić, E., Bule, M. H., Shah, S. Z. A., Uddin, M. S., & Niaz, K. (2019) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2019.03.055 · Cited by 298 · see citing works
Traditional and modern uses of onion bulb ( Allium cepa L.): a systematic review
Joaheer, T., Aumeeruddy, M. Z., Zaynab, T. B., Zengin, G., Rengasamy, K. R. R., Pandian, S. K., & Fawzi, M. M. (2018) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2018.1499074 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Deshmukh, R. R., Sharma, V., Mehan, S., Sharma, N., & Bedi, K. L. (2009) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.08.027 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Dementia of the Alzheimer Type
Jalbert, J. J., Daiello, L. A., & Lapane, K. L. (2008) · Epidemiologic Reviews · doi:10.1093/epirev/mxn008 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Tota, S., Awasthi, H., Kamat, P. K., Nath, C., & Hanif, K. (2010) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2010.01.017 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Flavonol glucosides in Allium species: A comparative study by means of HPLC–DAD–ESI-MS–MS
Bonaccorsi, P. M., Caristi, C., Gargiulli, C., & Leuzzi, U. (2007) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.09.053 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Sonkusare, S. K., Srinivasan, K. K., Kaul, C., & Ramarao, P. (2005) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2004.10.036 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Saxena, G., Singh, S. P., Pal, R., Singh, S., Pratap, R., & Nath, C. (2007) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2007.03.010 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Lee, J., & Mitchell, A. E. (2011) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jf1033587 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Deshmukh, R. R., Kaundal, M., Bansal, V., & Samardeep (2016) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2016.03.017 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Nichols, M. T., Zhang, J., Polster, B. M., Elustondo, P. A., Thirumaran, A., Pavlov, E. V., & Robertson, G. S. (2015) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.09.012 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Choi, R. C. Y., Zhu, J., Yung, A. W. Y., Lee, P. S. C., Xu, S. L., Guo, A. J. Y., Zhu, K. Y., Dong, T. T.-X., & Tsim, K. W. K. (2013) · Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine · doi:10.1155/2013/635694 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Onion Flesh and Onion Peel Enhance Antioxidant Status in Aged Rats
Park, J., Kim, J., & Kim, M. K. (2007) · Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology · doi:10.3177/jnsv.53.21 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Gupta, R., Shukla, R. K., Chandravanshi, L. P., Srivastava, P., Dhuriya, Y. K., Shanker, J., Singh, M. P., Pant, A. B., & Khanna, V. K. (2016) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-016-9950-y · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Kim, S. J., & Kim, G. H. (2006) · Food Science and Biotechnology · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Reeta, K. H., Singh, D., & Gupta, Y. K. (2017) · Neurochemistry International · doi:10.1016/j.neuint.2017.03.006 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Salunkhe, D. K., Pao, S. K., Dull, G. G., & Robinson, W. B. (1973) · C R C Critical Reviews in Food Technology · doi:10.1080/10408397309527152 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Huang, L., Luo, Z., He, F., Lu, J., & Li, X. (2010) · Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.bmc.2010.04.063 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Shri, R., & Bora, K. S. (2007) · Fitoterapia · doi:10.1016/j.fitote.2007.06.013 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Self-citationMokhtari, Z., Baluchnejadmojarad, T., Nikbakht, F., Mansouri, M., & Roghani, M. (2017) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2016.12.067 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Li, Y., Guo, H., Zhao, Y.-Q., Li, A., Ren, Y., & Zhang, J. (2017) · Molecular Medicine Reports · doi:10.3892/mmr.2017.6704 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Singh, V., Krishan, P., & Shri, R. (2018) · Artificial Cells Nanomedicine and Biotechnology · doi:10.1080/21691401.2018.1523181 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Self-citationSingh, M., & Silakari, O. (2016) · RSC Advances · doi:10.1039/c6ra17678j · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Zhang, S., Li, H., Zhang, L., Li, J., Wang, R., & Wang, M. (2016) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2016.12.009 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Kumar, A., & Singh, N. (2017) · Behavioural Pharmacology · doi:10.1097/fbp.0000000000000294 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Hayashi-Park, E., Ozment, B. N., Griffith, C. M., Zhang, H., Patrylo, P. R., & Rose, G. M. (2016) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2016.05.020 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Amyloid cascade hypothesis: is it true for sporadic Alzheimer’s disease
Šalković‐Petrišić, M. (2008) · University of Zagreb University Computing Centre (SRCE) · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Randhawa, K., Kumar, D., Jamwal, A., & Kumar, S. (2015) · Pharmaceutical Biology · doi:10.3109/13880209.2015.1025289 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationEffect of Onion Powder Supplementation on Lipid Metabolism in High Fat-cholesterol Fed SD Rats
Lee, K.-H., Kim, Y., Park, E.-J., & Hwang, H. (2008) · Preventive Nutrition and Food Science · doi:10.3746/jfn.2008.13.2.071 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Estimation of Total Phenols and Flavonoids in Selected Indian Traditional Plants
Kumar, D., Jamwal, A., Madaan, R., & Kumar, S. (2014) · Journal of Pharmaceutical Technology Research and Management · doi:10.15415/jptrm.2014.21006 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Kumar, A., Bora, K. S., Jaggi, A. S., & Shri, R. (2016) · The Thai Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.56808/3027-7922.1935 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationEvaluation of Two Culinary Plant Species for Anticholinesterase, Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Activity
Kaur, R., & Shri, R. (2018) · Pharmacognosy Communications · doi:10.5530/pc.2018.1.5 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Lim, D. W., Lee, J., Lee, C.-H., & Kim, Y. T. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms252011223 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“…model, a streptozotocin-induced rodent model also exhibited significant learning and memory impairments, along with oxidative stress and a cholinergic deficit in brain, while treatment with A. cepa reversed these deficits through acetylcholinesterase inhibition and antioxidant activity [93].”
BackgroundRocchetti, G., Zhang, L., Bocchi, S., Giuberti, G., Ak, G., Elbasan, F., Yıldıztugay, E., Ceylan, R., Picot-Allain, M. C. N., Mahomoodally, M. F., et al. (2021) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130782 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Singh, V., Shri, R., Krishan, P., Singh, I. P., & Shah, P. (2020) · Journal of Food Science · doi:10.1111/1750-3841.15474 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Self-citationALNasser, M. N., Alboraiy, G. M., Alsowig, E. M., & Alqattan, F. M. (2025) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci15020215 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Sood, P., Singh, V., & Shri, R. (2023) · Metabolic Brain Disease · doi:10.1007/s11011-023-01199-2 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“In agreement with literature (Kumar et al., 2020; Kaur et al. 2020), STZ injection caused increase in TBARS and NO levels and reduction in reduced glutathione (GSH) and SOD levels in the hippocampus which were found to be reversed in both pre- and post-treated DEMA groups.”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationSood, P., Singh, V., & Shri, R. (2023) · Neurochemical Research · doi:10.1007/s11064-023-04009-4 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citationMoldovan, C., Frumuzachi, O., Babotă, M., Pinela, J., Barros, L., Rocchetti, G., López, V., Lucini, L., Crișan, G., & Mocan, A. (2023) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136503 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Isovitexin modulates autophagy in Alzheimer’s disease via miR-107 signalling
Cheng, J., Wang, G., Zhang, N., Li, F., Shi, L., & Li, H. (2020) · Translational Neuroscience · doi:10.1515/tnsci-2020-0109 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
RetractedMoldovan, C., Nicolescu, A., Frumuzachi, O., Rocchetti, G., Lucini, L., Mocan, A., & Crișan, G. (2024) · Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy · doi:10.1016/j.scp.2024.101729 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Zawadzka, A., Kobus‐Cisowska, J., Szwajgier, D., Szczepaniak, O., Szulc, P. M., & Siwulski, M. (2021) · LWT · doi:10.1016/j.lwt.2021.112712 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Akhlada, Siddiqui, N., Anurag, Saifi, A., Kesharwani, A., Parihar, V. K., & Sharma, A. (2024) · Neurochemical Research · doi:10.1007/s11064-024-04184-y · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“The effect is dependent on the chemical com - pound and dosage [43].”
Alexandre-Silva, V., Pereira, G. C., & Ribeiro, A. M. (2023) · Oriental Pharmacy and Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1007/s13596-023-00696-0 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“…selected studies (data not shown) comparing the NP results to drugs used in AD treatment, i.e., donepezil (Xu et al. 2021; Shukla et al. 2021; Kaur et al. 2020; Sharma et al. 2020; Liu et al. 2019; Barai et al. 2018; Randhawa et al. 2021; Malik et al. 2015; Liu et al. 2013; Liu et al. 2014b;…”
InfluentialAlexandre-Silva, V., Soares‐Silva, B., Pereira, G. C., Custódio‐Silva, A. C., Carvalhinho-Lopes, P. S., Taliano, L. O., Lambertucci, R. H., Duarte, M. C., Araújo, A. A. D. S., Quintans‐Júnior, L. J., et al. (2024) · Metabolic Brain Disease · doi:10.1007/s11011-024-01484-8 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“EF and DON doses were based on previous stud - ies (Beserra-Filho et al. 2019; Kaur et al. 2020 ; Saxena et al. 2008 ).”
YangXue QingNao Wan ameliorates vascular dementia in 2-VO rats via inhibition of ferroptosis
Zhang, Y., Liang, H.-B., Wang, X., Chen, F.-K., Guo, S., Yang, C., Li, A.-Q., Jiao, Y.-Q., Li, Y., Pan, C., et al. (2025) · Journal of Ethnopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.jep.2025.120550 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
- Authors
- Kaur, R., Randhawa, K., Kaur, S., & Shri, R.
- Affiliations
- Punjabi University (IN)
- Corresponding author
- Shri, Richa
- ORCID
- Shri, Richa
- Venue
- Journal of Basic and Clinical Physiology and Pharmacology
- Publisher
- Walter de Gruyter GmbH
- Published
- 2020-03-11
- Volume
- 31
- Issue
- 3
- ISSN
- 0792-6855 (ISSN-L)
- 2191-0286
- OpenAlex
- W3010978355
- Cited by
- 13
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 4 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 2
- FWCI
- 2.21
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Basic and Clinical Physiology and Pharmacology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Medicinal Plants and Neuroprotection
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Cholinesterase and Neurodegenerative Diseases
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Garlic and Onion Studies
- Keywords
- onion, garlic, Alzheimer's disease, acetylcholinesterase inhibition, oxidative stress, antioxidant activity, ethyl acetate fraction, quercetin, memory impairment, learning and memory, cholinergic deficit, bioassay-guided fractionation
- MeSH terms
- Acetylcholinesterase, Animals, Brain, Cholinesterase Inhibitors, Dementia, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Plant Extracts, Oxidative Stress, Maze Learning, Onions, Mice, Infusions, Intraventricular
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
