A historical justification for and retrospective analysis of the systematic application of light therapy in Parkinson’s disease
Abstract
For the past 40 years the primary purpose of therapeutics for Parkinson's disease (PD) has been to replace deficient dopamine (DA) in the nigrostriatal dopamine (NSD) system. Even in the presence of limited efficacy, abundant side effects and impoverished quality of life, the involvement of other systems in the aetiology and treatment of this disorder has been sorely neglected and the excessive use of DA replacement therapy (DART) continues on a global basis. Recent scientific work suggests that the retina plays a major role in NSD function and intimates light therapy in the management of PD. After a thorough review of historical evidence supporting this contention, a retrospective, open-label study on 129 PD patients, whereby they were monitored for a period extending for a few months to eight years, was carried out. Primary motor and non-motor symptoms were monitored using an objectified global rating scale and timed motor tests that were assessed at regular intervals for the duration of the study. Thirty-one patients with other neurological disorders (OND) served as controls to determine whether any therapeutic effects seen with light were generalizable across other conditions. Patients were classified as compliant (COM), semi-compliant (SCOM), or early quit (EQUIT; prematurely discontinued treatment). EQUIT patients showed deterioration, while the COM group improved on most parameters. The SCOM patients were not as good as the COM group. The OND group showed significant improvement in depression and insomnia, but exposure to light did not improve motor function. The total drug burden of PD patients maintained on light was less with fewer side effects than SCOM or EQUIT groups. These results confirm the value of the strategic application of light therapy with controlled doses of DART in PD and warrants further controlled investigation. That the symptomatic improvement continued as long patients remained in the program suggests that exposure to light, under a strict daily regimen, combined with controlled DART, actively slows or arrests the progressive degenerative process underlying PD.
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- Authors
- Willis, G. L., Moore, C., & Armstrong, S. M.
- Corresponding author
- Willis, Gregory L.
- ORCID
- Willis, Gregory L.
- Venue
- Reviews in the Neurosciences
- Publisher
- Walter de Gruyter GmbH
- Published
- 2012-01-01
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 199-226
- ISSN
- 0334-1763 (ISSN-L)
- 2191-0200
- OpenAlex
- W2018151695
- Cited by
- 83
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 2.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Reviews in the Neurosciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Neurological disorders and treatments
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Studies
- Keywords
- Parkinson's disease, phototherapy, dopamine replacement therapy, nigrostriatal dopamine system, retina, motor symptoms, non-motor symptoms, depression, insomnia, medication adherence, medication burden, disease progression
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Analysis of Variance, Combined Modality Therapy, Depression, Dopamine, Humans, Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders, Male, Melatonin, Middle Aged, Parkinson Disease, Phototherapy, Psychomotor Performance, Retina, Retrospective Studies, Treatment Outcome, Dopamine Agonists, History, 21st Century, Circadian Clocks, Drug Overdose
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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