Effects of manual resistance training on fitness in adolescents
Open accessAbstract
Manual resistance training (MRT), an alternative to traditional resistance training, requires minimal equipment and may be effective when applied in school-based physical education (PE) classes. The purpose of this study was to document the physical changes in adolescents (n = 222) using MRT in school-based PE settings. Six fitness tests from the Fitnessgram assessment tool were selected to assess students' cardiovascular and muscular fitness, and skinfold tests were used to assess body composition. One control and 2 experimental groups were defined. The control group of students (n = 129) attended regular PE classes. One experimental group (n = 63) attended PE that was complemented by the MRT system. A second experimental group (n = 30) attended PE complemented by MRT and cardiovascular endurance training. With use of the selected Fitnessgram tests, post-test measurements were performed after 9 and 18 weeks of PE. At baseline, there were no significant differences among the 3 groups for most measures. Compared with baseline, the experimental groups improved significantly in all 6 fitness measures and showed more improvements than the control group in most fitness measures both at 9 and 18 weeks. None of the groups showed significant improvement in body composition. The results documented that an MRT-complemented PE program was effective in improving adolescents' muscular fitness. An 18-week combined MRT and cardiovascular endurance training program effectively improved cardiovascular and muscular fitness but was ineffective in improving adolescent body composition. An MRT-based exercise session requires minimal equipment and set-up and can be performed in a short period of time, and therefore it is suitable for application in regular PE settings.
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For Dorgo 2009, the review judged incomplete outcome data as high risk because 24 subjects failed to attend the post-test data collection and were not included in the data analyses.
“High risk Quote:”
From School-based physical activity programs for promoting physical activity and fitness in children and adolescents aged 6 to 18 (2013) · cites this paper as Dorgo 2009
For Dorgo 2009, the review judged blinding as unclear risk because no information was given and it was likely not done.
“Unclear risk Comment: no information given, likely not done”
From School-based physical activity programs for promoting physical activity and fitness in children and adolescents aged 6 to 18 (2013) · cites this paper as Dorgo 2009
For Dorgo 2009, the review judged random sequence generation as unclear risk because the randomization process was not reported.
“Unclear risk Comment: randomization process not reported”
From School-based physical activity programs for promoting physical activity and fitness in children and adolescents aged 6 to 18 (2013) · cites this paper as Dorgo 2009
For Dorgo 2009, the review judged allocation concealment as low risk because the criterion was not applicable: all participants were allocated at one point in time following recruitment, so allocation was not known at recruitment.
“Low risk Comment: criterion not applicable because all participants were allocated at 1 point in time following recruitment, so at time of recruitment allocation was not known”
From School-based physical activity programs for promoting physical activity and fitness in children and adolescents aged 6 to 18 (2013) · cites this paper as Dorgo 2009
For Dorgo 2009, the review judged confounders as not controlled (high risk) because not all relevant confounders were taken into account.
“High risk Comment: not all relevant confounders taken into account”
From School-based physical activity programs for promoting physical activity and fitness in children and adolescents aged 6 to 18 (2013) · cites this paper as Dorgo 2009
For Dorgo 2009, the review judged selective reporting as low risk because all outcomes identified a priori were reported on.
“Low risk Comment: all outcomes identified a priori were reported on”
From School-based physical activity programs for promoting physical activity and fitness in children and adolescents aged 6 to 18 (2013) · cites this paper as Dorgo 2009
For Dorgo 2009, the review judged data collection methods as low risk because data collection tools were reported to be valid and reliable.
“Low risk Comment: data collection tools reported to be valid and reliable”
From School-based physical activity programs for promoting physical activity and fitness in children and adolescents aged 6 to 18 (2013) · cites this paper as Dorgo 2009
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- Authors
- Dorgo, S., King, G. A., Candelaria, N. G., Bader, J. O., Brickey, G. D., & Adams, C. E.
- Affiliations
- The University of Texas at El Paso (US)
- Corresponding author
- Dorgo, Sandor
- Venue
- Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research
- Published
- 2009-11
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 2287-2294
- ISSN
- 1064-8011 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2907740
- OpenAlex
- W2021668587
- Cited by
- 60
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 4.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- scholarworks - UTEP (The University of Texas at El Paso) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Center for Research Resources (G12RR008124)
- National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities (P20MD002287)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Physical Education and Training Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Keywords
- adolescents, school-based physical education, muscular fitness, cardiorespiratory fitness, body composition, FITNESSGRAM
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Anthropometry, Body Composition, Exercise Test, Female, Humans, Male, Physical Fitness, Linear Models, Case-Control Studies, Resistance Training
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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