The effect of short‐term strength training on human skeletal muscle: the importance of physiologically elevated hormone levels

Hansen, S.; Kvorning, T.; Kjær, M.; Sjøgaard, G.

doi:10.1034/j.1600-0838.2001.110606.x

Cited by 203Sports Performance and TrainingMuscle metabolism and nutritionCardiovascular and exercise physiology

The effect of short‐term strength training on human skeletal muscle: the importance of physiologically elevated hormone levels

Hansen, S., Kvorning, T., Kjær, M., Sjøgaard, G.·2001·Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports

DOI 10.1034/j.1600-0838.2001.110606.x

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Abstract

The effect of strength training and endogenously elevated hormone levels (plasma testosterone, growth hormone (GH) and cortisol) was studied in 16 young untrained males, divided into an arm only training group, A, and a leg plus arm training group, LA, in order to increase circulating levels of anabolic hormones. Both groups performed the same one‐sided arm training for 9 weeks, twice a week. Group A trained only one arm (AT), the contralateral arm serving as control (AC), whereas group LA additionally trained their legs following the training of the one arm (LAT), with the contralateral arm serving as control (LAC). In spite of the attempt to match the two groups, the initial isometric arm strength was 20–25% lower for group LA compared to group A (significant for the arm to be trained). Isometric strength increased significantly in LAT and LAC by 37% and 10%, respectively, while the 9% and 2% increases in AT and AC, respectively, remained insignificant. Isokinetic strength increased at one out of three velocities tested for the trained arm relative to the untrained arm in both group A and group LA (P<0.05). Functional strength increased significantly by 20% in LAT, 18% in LAC, 19% in AT, and 17% in AC. Hormonal responses were monitored during the first and last training sessions. Resting hormone levels remained unchanged for both groups. However, during the first training session plasma testosterone as well as plasma cortisol increased significantly in group LA but not in group A. Plasma GH rose in all exercise tests, except during the last test in group LA, but was significantly higher in group LA than in group A in the first training session. In conclusion, a larger relative increase in isometric strength was found in the group having the highest hormonal response. However, due to the initial difference in isometric strength caution must be taken with the interpretation of this finding, which may only indicate a possible link between anabolic hormones and muscle strength with training.

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Proposed mechanisms of ingesting carbohydrates relate to sparing muscle glycogen and maintaining blood glucose concentrations for the duration of a match.
“The proposed mechanisms of ingesting carbohydrates relate to an effort to spare muscle glycogen and maintain blood glucose concentrations for the duration of a match 40-42 .”
From Half-time strategies to enhance second-half performance in team-sports players: A review and recommendations (2015) · cites this paper as [41]

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Migiano, M. J., Vingren, J. L., Volek, J. S., Maresh, C. M., Fragala, M. S., Ho, J., Thomas, G. A., Hatfield, D. L., Häkkinen, K., Ahtiainen, J. P., et al. (2010) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181a92dc5 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“A lack of a testosterone response has been shown previously for upper-body unilateral exercise (8,29), but no study has yet examined the testosterone response to bilateral upper-body resistance exercise using dumbbells.”
BackgroundInfluential
Increase in serum growth hormone induced by electrical stimulation of muscle combined with blood flow restriction
Inagaki, Y., Madarame, H., Neya, M., & Ishii, N. (2011) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-011-1899-y · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“The magnitude of exercise-induced GH secretion seems to be a complex function of exercise intensity (PritzlaV et al. 1999), volume (HoVman et al. 2003), duration (Stokes et al. 2002), work/rest ratio (Kraemer et al. 1990), and amount of muscle mass recruited (Hansen et al. 2001).”
Background
Hip and Knee Kinetics During a Back Squat and Deadlift
Choe, K. H., Coburn, J. W., Costa, P. B., & Pamukoff, D. N. (2018) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000002908 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
The Effects of Short-Cycle Sprints on Power, Strength, and Salivary Hormones in Elite Rugby Players
Crewther, B. T., Cook, C. J., Lowe, T. E., Weatherby, R. P., & Gill, N. (2011) · Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181b6045c · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“Intense exercise has also been used to elevate testosterone and/or cortisol concentrations during individual workouts and achieve greater training adaptation (18,26).”
Background
THE MUSCLE STRENGTH AND SIZE RESPONSE TO UPPER ARM,UNILATERAL RESISTANCE TRAINING AMONG ADULTS WHO ARE OVERWEIGHT AND OBESE
Pescatello, L. S., Kelsey, B. K., Price, T. B., Seip, R. L., Angelopoulos, T. J., Clarkson, P. M., Gordon, P. M., Moyna, N. M., Visich, P. S., Zoeller, R. F., et al. (2007) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/r-22236.1 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“(15) found increased amounts of circulating growth hormone were positively related to gains in muscle strength and size to RT among young, untrained men who were normal weight.”
Background
Acute Salivary Hormone Responses to Complex Exercise Bouts
Beaven, C. M., Gill, N. D., Ingram, J. R., & Hopkins, W. G. (2010) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181bf4414 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“Hansen et al (16) also concluded that increases in isometric strength were related to the magnitude of testosterone response to resistance exercise in young men.”
Background
Load‐controlled moderate and high‐intensity resistance training programs provoke similar strength gains in young women
Alegre, L. M., Jódar, X. A., Rojas‐Martín, D., Martín‐García, M., Ara, I., & Csapo, R. (2014) · Muscle & Nerve · doi:10.1002/mus.24271 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Effect of Lower-Body Resistance Training on Upper-Body Strength Adaptation in Trained Men
Bartolomei, S., Hoffman, J. R., Stout, J. R., & Merni, F. (2016) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000001639 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Neuromuscular, Hormonal, and Metabolic Responses to Different Plyometric Training Volumes in Rugby Players
Cadore, E. L., Pinheiro, E. D. S., Izquierdo, M., Correa, C. S., Radaelli, R., Martins, J. B., Lhullier, F. L. R., Laitano, O., Cardoso, M., & Pinto, R. S. (2013) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0b013e31828c32de · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“Although testosterone responses to resistance exercise have been postulated as an important factor to optimize strength and hypertrophy (4,12,19,30), the role of this hormone in power development during plyometric training needs to be investigated further.”
Background
A Comparison of Techniques for Estimating Training-Induced Changes in Muscle Cross-Sectional Area
DeFreitas, J. M., Beck, T. W., Stock, M. S., Dillon, M. A., Sherk, V. D., Stout, J. R., & Cramer, J. T. (2010) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181ec86f3 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“(5) have shown there is a significantly greater growth hormone response when a combination of upper- and lower-body exercises is performed, and Mulligan et al.”
Background
Low-load blood flow restriction elicits greater concentric strength than non-blood flow restriction resistance training but similar isometric strength and muscle size
Hill, E. C., Housh, T. J., Keller, J. L., Smith, C. M., Anders, J. P. V., Schmidt, R. J., Johnson, G. O., & Cramer, J. T. (2019) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-019-04287-3 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“Regardless, there appears to be an additive effect when additional muscle groups are trained within a resistance training intervention (Hansen et al. 2001; Madarame et al. 2008; Bartolomei et al. 2018).”
Influential
Acute Endocrine and Force Responses and Long-Term Adaptations to Same-Session Combined Strength and Endurance Training in Women
Eklund, D., Schumann, M., Kraemer, W. J., Izquierdo, M., Taipale, R. S., & Häkkinen, K. (2015) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000001022 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“Although it has been suggested that tissue exposure to acute elevations in anabolic hormones would not be associated with hypertrophy or strength performance (47), such correlations have been demonstrated in male populations after pure strength training (22,31).”
Background
Resistance exercise-induced hormonal response promotes satellite cell proliferation in untrained men but not in women
Luk, H., Levitt, D. E., Boyett, J. C., Rojas, S., Flader, S. M., McFarlin, B. K., & Vingren, J. L. (2019) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00473.2018 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“, muscle size, strength) (19, 50), and the nature of these RE-induced hormones might contribute to the sexual dimorphism observed in muscle hypertrophic adaptation to resistance training.”
BackgroundInfluential
Critical difference applied to exercise-induced salivary testosterone and cortisol using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA): distinguishing biological from statistical change
Hayes, L. D., Sculthorpe, N. F., Young, J. D., Baker, J. S., & Grace, F. (2014) · Journal of Physiology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1007/s13105-014-0368-6 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“associated with chronic adaptations to exercise training [7, 17].”
Background
Acute Oxygen Uptake and Resistance Exercise Performance Using Different Rest Interval Lengths
Ratamess, N. A., Rosenberg, J. G., Kang, J., Sundberg, S., Izer, K. A., Levowsky, J., Rzeszutko, C., Ross, R. E., & Faigenbaum, A. D. (2014) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000000485 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“, elbow flexors) during resistance training (11,27).”
Background
Exercise and Regulation of Protein Metabolism
Atherton, P. J., Phillips, B. E., & Wilkinson, D. J. (2015) · Progress in molecular biology and translational science · doi:10.1016/bs.pmbts.2015.06.015 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Influence of resistance exercise intensity and metabolic stress on anabolic signaling and expression of myogenic genes in skeletal muscle
Popov, D. V., Lysenko, E. A., Bachinin, A. V., Miller, T. F., Kurochkina, N. S., Kravchenko, I. V., Furalyov, V. A., & Vinogradova, O. L. (2015) · Muscle & Nerve · doi:10.1002/mus.24314 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“We used the exercise of small muscle mass (bilateral leg extension2flexion), because the secretion of anabolic hormones depends on the muscle mass involved.(20,21) This approach allowed us to avoid exercise-induced blood hormone increases that could influence ana-”
Method
Ultradian rhythmicity and induced changes in salivary testosterone
Beaven, C. M., Ingram, J. R., Gill, N. D., & Hopkins, W. G. (2010) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-010-1518-3 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“Indeed, the contribution of testosterone and cortisol in realising the adaptive responses to resistance exercise have been previously reported ( Hansen et al. 2001; Bird et al. 2006; Kvorning et al. 2006; Beaven et al. 2008a).”
Background
Alterations in IGF-I affect elderly: role of physical activity
Sagiv, M., Chen, Y., Amir, R., & Nir, Y. (2007) · European Review of Aging and Physical Activity · doi:10.1007/s11556-007-0022-1 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“While a few studies have reported no change in resting levels of IGF-I after short-term resistance training [40, 56, 99], other studies have shown elevations in IGF-I during short/long-term resistance-training programs [88, 91], particularly during high-volume training [61, 72].”
The Acute Hormonal Response to the Kettlebell Swing Exercise
Budnar, R. G., Duplanty, A. A., Hill, D. W., McFarlin, B. K., & Vingren, J. L. (2014) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000000474 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“amounts of muscle mass or resulting in greater volume of work elicit a larger hormonal response than those using a smaller amount of muscle mass (12,25,38).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Skeletal Muscle Physiology: Plasticity and Responses to Exercise
Kraemer, W. J., & Spiering, B. A. (2006) · Hormone Research in Paediatrics · doi:10.1159/000096617 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“The importance of the hormonal response to exercise was cleverly demonstrated by Hansen et al. [”
Background
Acute and Chronic Effects of Resistance Exercise on the Testosterone and Cortisol Responses in Obese Males: a Systematic Review
O’Leary, C. B., & Hackney, A. C. (2014) · Physiological Research · doi:10.33549/physiolres.932627 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“This finding could be particularly applicable for hypothesizing what response might occur in obese individuals, as both aging (Harman et al. 2001) and obesity (Traish et al. 2009) can lower basal testosterone.”
Background
Influence of upper-body exercise order on hormonal responses in trained men
Junior, R. F. S., Leite, R. D., Speretta, G. F. F., Maior, A. S., de Salles, B. F., de Souza, T. P., Vingren, J. L., & Willardson, J. M. (2013) · Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/apnm-2012-0040 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
The effect of L-ornithine hydrochloride ingestion on human growth hormone secretion after strength training
Demura, S., Yamada, T., Yamaji, S., et al. (2010) · Advances in Bioscience and Biotechnology · doi:10.4236/abb.2010.11002 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“The range of elbow joint motions for the concentric part was fully extended from 145 to 155°, flexed and means velocities for one repetition including concentric and eccentric motions were in a range of 100-150°/s [13].”
Background
Changes of Serum Adiponectin and Testosterone Concentrations Following Twelve Weeks Resistance Training in Obese Young Men
Moradi, F. (2015) · Asian Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.5812/asjsm.23808 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“While it has been reported that serum testosterone levels reduce in endurance trained men (18), the few available findings about the effect of resistance training on circulating testosterone levels are controversial (20-27).”
Background
Hormonal responses after resistance exercise performed with maximum and submaximum movement velocities
Smilios, I., Tsoukos, P., Zafeiridis, A., Spassis, A. T., & Tokmakidis, S. P. (2013) · Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/apnm-2013-0147 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“Changes in hormonal concentrations following a resistanceexercise session contribute to the regulation of long-term neuromuscular adaptations (Hansen et al. 2001; Kvorning et al. 2006; Rønnestad et al. 2011).”
BackgroundInfluential
Influence of Rest Interval Length on Acute Testosterone and Cortisol Responses to Volume-Load–Equated Total Body Hypertrophic and Strength Protocols
Villanueva, M., Villanueva, M. G., Lane, C. J., & Schroeder, E. T. (2012) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0b013e3182651fbe · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Igf-I and fgf-2 responses to wingate anaerobic test in older men.
Amir, R., Ben‐Sira, D., & Sagiv, M. (2007) · PubMed Central · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Prior sprint cycling did not enhance training adaptation, but resting salivary hormones were related to workout power and strength
Crewther, B. T., Lowe, T. E., Weatherby, R. P., & Gill, N. (2009) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-008-0978-1 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Greater training gains from resistance exercise combinations that produced the highest testosterone and cortisol responses during workouts have also been demonstrated ( Hansen et al. 2001; Madarame et al. 2008).”
BackgroundInfluential
The role of resistance exercise-induced local metabolic stress in mediating systemic health and functional adaptations: could condensed training volume unlock greater benefits beyond time efficiency?
Čurović, I. (2025) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2025.1549609 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Effect of Conjugated Linoleic Acid on Testosterone Levels In Vitro and In Vivo After an Acute Bout of Resistance Exercise
Macaluso, F., Morici, G., Catanese, P., Ardizzone, N. M., Gammazza, A. M., Bonsignore, G., Giudice, G. L., Stampone, T., Barone, R., Farina, F., et al. (2012) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0b013e318231ab78 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“when the muscle is exposed to the anabolic hormone only for a short period (13).”
Background
Differential basal and exercise-induced IGF-I system responses to resistance vs. calisthenic-based military readiness training programs
Nindl, B. C., Alemany, J. A., Rarick, K. R., Eagle, S. R., Darnell, M. E., Allison, K. F., & Harman, E. A. (2016) · Growth Hormone & IGF Research · doi:10.1016/j.ghir.2016.12.001 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“A physiological significance of acute exercise-induced alterations in anabolic hormones favoring muscle hypertrophy have been suggested by some [14, 19, 20], and refuted by others [44].”
Result
Endocrine responses following exhaustive strength exercise with and without the use of protein and protein-carbohydrate supplements
Wilk, M., Michalczyk, M. M., Gołaś, A., Krzysztofik, M., Maszczyk, A., & Zając, A. (2018) · Biology of Sport · doi:10.5114/biolsport.2018.75754 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Trained and untrained males show reliable salivary testosterone responses to a physical stimulus, but not a psychological stimulus
Crewther, B. T., Kilduff, L. P., & Cook, C. J. (2014) · Journal of Endocrinological Investigation · doi:10.1007/s40618-014-0144-z · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Physical exercise also provides an effective stimulus for increasing blood (free, total, bioavailable) T and Sal-T levels in men, including continuous running [11, 12], interval running [12, 13], sub-maximal and maximal cycling [14], and weight training [15, 16].”
Background
The Metabolic, Hormonal, Biochemical, and Neuromuscular Function Responses to a Backward Sled Drag Training Session
West, D. J., Cunningham, D. J., Finn, C. V., Scott, P. M., Crewther, B. T., Cook, C. J., & Kilduff, L. P. (2013) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0b013e3182948110 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“The acute testosterone response is influenced by the muscle mass involved (17,42) and the intensity and volume of the exercise (34).”
Background
Effects of Strongman Training on Salivary Testosterone Levels in a Sample of Trained Men
Ghigiarelli, J. J., Sell, K. M., Raddock, J. M., & Taveras, K. (2012) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0b013e3182578115 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“However, a much larger body of evidence supports the integral role that the acute hormonal response to RE has on muscle hypertrophy (36,40) and its role in strength training adaptation (19,27).”
Background
Salivary testosterone and cortisol concentrations after two different resistance training exercises
Geisler, S., Aussieker, T., Paldauf, S., Scholz, S., Kurz, M., Jungs, S., Rissmeyer, M., Achtzehn, S., & Zinner, C. (2019) · The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness · doi:10.23736/s0022-4707.18.08786-8 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Variations in urine excretion of steroid hormones after an acute session and after a 4-week programme of strength training
Timón, R., Maynar-Mariño, M., Muñoz, D., Olcina, G. J., Caballero, M. J., & Mariño, J. I. M. (2006) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-006-0319-1 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“…is systematized, and the organism adapts to this intense mode of working, the hormone response seems to aVect the pituitary and the hypothalamus, releasing greater amounts of androgens and creating optimal conditions for the development of strength (Hansen et al. 2001; Kraemer et al. 1999, 1998).”
BackgroundInfluential
Molecular Regulators of Exercise-mediated Insulin Sensitivity in Non-obese Individuals
Almuraikhy, S., Doudin, A., Domling, A., Althani, A. A. J. F., & Elrayess, M. A. (2024) · Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1111/jcmm.18015 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“94,95 Steroids are often eliminated from the body through a process called glu-curonidation, which involves the transfer of a polar moiety from UDP-glucuronate to steroids such as androsterone in various steroid target tissues and the liver.”
Background
Resistance exercise order does not determine postexercise delivery of testosterone, growth hormone, and IGF-1 to skeletal muscle
West, D. W. D., Cotie, L. M., Mitchell, C. J., Churchward‐Venne, T. A., MacDonald, M. J., & Phillips, S. M. (2012) · Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/apnm-2012-0397 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Effect of whole body vibration applied on upper extremity muscles
Gyulai, G., Rácz, L., Giminiani, R. D., et al. (2012) · Acta Physiologica Hungarica · doi:10.1556/aphysiol.99.2012.005 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
The Use of Strongman Type Implements and Training to Increase Sport Performance in Collegiate Athletes
Zemke, B., & WRIGHT, G. A. (2011) · Strength and conditioning journal · doi:10.1519/ssc.0b013e3182221f96 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“It has been demonstrated that exercises incorporating large musculature, such as that of strongman exercises, produce the greatest increases in anabolic hormones, leading to increases in muscular hypertrophy (9).”
Background
Acute Hormonal Response to Kettlebell Swing Exercise Differs Depending on Load, Even When Total Work Is Normalized
Raymond, L. M., Renshaw, D. W., & Duncan, M. J. (2018) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000002862 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“The acute hormonal response to resistance exercise may be relevant for longer term exercise adaptation because some studies have demonstrated greater increases in strength and muscle mass from training using exercises that elicit a greater hormonal response (10,18).”
Background
Vertical Strength Transfer Phenomenon Between Upper Body and Lower Body Exercise: Systematic Scoping Review
Čurović, I., Rhodes, D., Alexander, J., & Harper, D. J. (2024) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-024-02039-8 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“Four studies included mixed-sex participants [22, 31, 43, 44], two included only female individuals [23, 45] and 18 involved only male individuals [16–18, 21, 24, 38, 46–55].”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Ipsilateral Lower-to-Upper Limb Cross-Transfer Effect on Muscle Strength, Mechanical Power, and Lean Tissue Mass after Accentuated Eccentric Loading
Magdi, H. R., Maroto‐Izquierdo, S., & Fernández, J. A. D. P. (2021) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina57050445 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Chronic Alcohol Intake, Resistance Training, and Muscle Androgen Receptor Content
Vingren, J. L., Koziris, L. P., Gordon, S. E., Kraemer, W. J., Turner, R. T., & Westerlind, K. C. (2005) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000176679.80555.cd · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“crease in several androgenic endocrine responses (17).”
The Bottom-Up Rise Strength Transfer in Elderly After Endurance and Resistance Training: The BURST
Pietrangelo, T., Bondi, D., Kinel, E., & Verratti, V. (2019) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2018.01944 · Cited by 13 · see citing works

Authors: Hansen, S., Kvorning, T., Kjær, M., & Sjøgaard, G.
Affiliations: University of Southern Denmark (DK)
Bispebjerg Hospital (DK)
Corresponding author: Sjøgaard, G.
ORCID: Hansen, S.
Kjær, M.
Sjøgaard, G.
Venue: Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2001-12
Volume: 11
Issue: 6
Pages: 347-354
ISSN: 0905-7188 (ISSN-L)
1600-0838
DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0838.2001.110606.x
OpenAlex: W2155936654
Cited by: 203
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 4 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 11
FWCI: 0.99
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor, 43 d)
Locations: Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
University of Southern Denmark Research Portal (University of Southern Denmark) (submittedVersion)
Funders: Sundhed og Sygdom, Det Frie Forskningsråd
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
Keywords: resistance training, skeletal muscle strength, testosterone, growth hormone, cortisol, anabolic hormones, isometric strength, isokinetic strength, functional strength, leg training, hormonal response to exercise
MeSH terms: Adult, Hormones, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Male, Muscle Contraction, Time Factors, Exercise, Muscle, Skeletal, Muscle Fibers, Skeletal

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The effect of short‐term strength training on human skeletal muscle: the importance of physiologically elevated hormone levels

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