Panteón Viejo Jardín de la Memoria de los Ancestros Martina Carrillo. Una apuesta político-territorial de la diáspora africana en el Ecuador

It may state two separate claims as one.

The community process of production and collective recovery of local memory and revitalization of Afroecuatorian identity in La Concepción was undertaken by CONAMUNE-Carchi and supported and sustained by organized members of that community.

“este artículo analiza el proceso comunitario de producción y recuperación colectiva de la memoria local y revitalización de la identidad Afroecuatoriana de la comunidad de La Concepción, emprendido por CONAMUNE-Carchi (Coordinadora Nacional de Mujeres Negras del Ecuador 2 ) y apoyado y sostenido por miembros organizados de dicha comunidad”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

They investigate the African diaspora, the origin of surnames, and slavery to heal the wound and pain caused by the violent dispersion to which their ancestors were subjected.

“Investigamos sobre la diáspora africana, sobre el origen de nuestros apellidos, sobre la esclavitud para sanar esa herida y ese dolor causado por la dispersión violenta a la que fueron sometidos nuestros ancestros (Lara, Comunicación personal, 2018).”

• cites Lara, Comunicación personal, 2018Not matched

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It may state two separate claims as one.

One tombstone commemorates Martina Carrillo, representing Afrodescendant women and men leaders of the 18th century; the other symbolizes Simón Tadeo, a community member found in the death records of the parish house, who personifies the ancestors of La Concepción buried there.

“Una de las lápidas conmemora a Martina Carillo, quien representa a las lideresas y lideres Afrodescendientes del siglo XVIII.La otra simboliza a Simón Tadeo, nombre de un miembro de la comunidad que fue encontrado en las actas de defunción de la casa parroquial, quien personifica a los antepasados de La Concepción que ahí descansan.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The velorio in La Concepción is a sacred space-moment where cantoras from different communities gather around the deceased and direct the songs known as salves, which are cries and laments that connect the community with the divine and the ancestors.

“El velorio es un espacio-momento sagrado, en donde las cantoras de las distintas comunidades se reúnen en torno al difunto y dirigen los cantos, conocidos como salves, que son gritos y lamentos que conectan a la comunidad con el divino, con los ancestros.”

Probably not a substantial claim.

For women of CONAMUNE and especially CONAMU-NE-Carchi, every local proposal of cultural revitalization, recovery of the past and social vindication must be anchored in ancestrality and oriented to healing of the (people's) black being.

“Esta reflexión sobre el cuerpo que puede sanar desde el dolor resuena con el discurso y accionar político de las mujeres de la CONAMUNE y en especial, las mujeres de la CONAMU-NE-Carchi, para quienes toda propuesta local de revitalización cultural, recuperación del pasado y reivindicación social debe estar anclada en la ancestralidad y debe ser orientada a la sanación del ser (del pueblo)”

It may state two separate claims as one.

On October 27, 2006, a group of women leaders from La Concepción, taking Juan García Salazar's proposal, met with him and formed a collective to investigate and compile the knowledge of elders, thus creating ETOVA.

“Meses más tarde, el 27 de octubre del 2006, un grupo de mujeres lideresas de la parroquia La Concepción, tomando la palabra del maestro Juan García Salazar, se reunieron con él y conformaron un colectivo para investigar y compilar eso saberes de las y los mayores.Así nace La ETOVA, La Escuela de la Tradición Oral, La Voz de los Ancestros.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

On July 19, 2018, a collective of CONAMUNE-Carchi, ETOVA, community members, the Catholic Church, researchers and teachers gathered in a public ceremony in the Panteón viejo to commemorate the ancestors, and two tombstones were placed.

“En la mañana del 19 de julio de 2018, un colectivo conformado por miembros de la CONA-MUNE-Carchi y de la ETOVA, miembros de la comunidad y de la iglesia católica e investigadoras y docentes, nos reunimos en una ceremonia pública para conmemorar a las y los ancestros.En el Panteón viejo se colocaron dos lápidas producto del esfuerzo conjunto del Padre (sacerdote católico), los miembros de la”

It may state two separate claims as one.

This rituality, in which the authors participated during 2018 and 2019 in various communities of the parish, is an ancestral tradition that was practiced in the Panteón viejo, which was one of the few cemeteries in the area to which people from distant communities came to bury their loved ones.

“Esta ritualidad en la que participamos durante el 2018 y 2019, en diversas comunidades de la parroquia, es una tradición ancestral que se practicaba en el Panteón viejo, el cual era uno de los pocos cementerios de la zona al que, desde las comunidades más lejanas, acudían para enterrar a sus seres queridos (Lara et al 2017).”

• cites Lara et al 2017Not matched

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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

At that time, elders say it was collectively decided to move the cemetery closer to Campo Santo, and burials and funeral rituals in the Panteón viejo ceased.

“En esa época, los mayores comentan que se decidió colectivamente mover el cementerio a un lugar más cercano al llamado Campo Santo -el cual es el cementerio original de la zona-y cesaron los entierros y ritualidades funerarias en el Panteón viejo.”

Probably not a substantial claim.

For CONAMUNE-Carchi and members of the organized community, aware of the deep traces of slavery in the soul and body of the Afrodescendant being, producing and circulating their own narratives about slavery, its meaning and current consequences is an ancestral mandate that resignifies the life of the ancestors who were enslaved.

“Para la CONAMUNE-Carchi y los miembros de la comunidad organizada, conscientes de las huellas profundas de la esclavitud en el alma y el cuerpo del ser afrodescendiente, producir y circular sus propias narrativas sobre la esclavitud, su significado y consecuencias actuales es un mandato ancestral que resignifica la vida de las y los ancestros que fueron esclavizados.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

From collaborative work between CONAMUNE-Carchi, archaeologists, anthropologists and community members, a first proposal of Jardín de la Memoria Martina Carrillo (2014) was made, where the historical, archaeological and cultural value of the site and its relevance at local, national and international level is recognized from academia.

“A partir de los trabajos colaborativos entre CONAMUNE-Carchi, arqueólogas, antropólogas y miembros de la comunidad, se realizó una primera propuesta de Jardín de la Memoria Martina Carrillo (2014), donde se reconoce -desde la academia-el valor histórico, arqueológico y cultural del sitio y su relevancia a nivel local, nacional e internacional (Balanzátegui 2018).”

• cites Balanzátegui 2018Not matched

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It may state two separate claims as one.

The deterioration of the archaeological site has been worsening and on August 28, 2018 the proposal was presented before INPC officials, in a meeting held between the Afroecuadorian social movement of Imbabura and Carchi, represented by the Mesa de Cultura y Patrimonio, representatives of the municipality of Mira, the INPC technical team and the archaeological research team.

“Sin embargo, se ha ido agudizando el deterioro del sitio arqueológico y el 28 de agosto del 2018 dicha propuesta fue presentada ante los funcionarios del INPC, en una reunión sostenida entre el movimiento social Afroecuatoriano de Imbabura y Carchi, representado por la Mesa de Cultura y Patrimonio (comité de gestión de patrimonialización), representantes del municipio de Mira, el equipo técnico”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.

Days later, on September 6, the INPC team conducted a tour of the Panteón viejo and the Museo de la Memoria 'La casa de los abuelos', where CONAMUNE-Carchi and the archaeological research team explained the importance of the revitalization of this sacred space for the Afroecuadorian people.

“Días después, el 6 de septiembre, el equipo del INPC realizó el recorrido por el Panteón viejo, y el Museo de la Memoria”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.

Currently, the discursive frameworks produced and circulated among members of the communities of the Valle Chota-Mira and social organizations focus on Martina having lived as a slave in the Hacienda La Concepción, in the province of Carchi, in the 18th century, and having formed part of a commission that advanced to Quito to denounce the violation of their rights as enslaved people before the

“Actualmente, los marcos discursivos que se producen y circula entre las y los miembros de las comunidades del Valle Chota-Mira y las organizaciones sociales se centran en que Martina vivió como esclava en la Hacienda La Concepción, en la provincia del Carchi, en el siglo XVIII y formó parte de una comisión que”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The organized community assumed in 2015 the management and safeguarding of the Panteón as a place to honor ancestors and has been carrying out actions jointly with the Catholic church.

“En efecto, la comunidad organizada asumió en el 2015 el manejo y resguardo del Panteón como lugar para honrar a los ancestros y han venido realizando acciones en conjunto con la iglesia católica.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

In the community sphere, diverse interpretations circulate about the history of the cemetery, and its use and historical value are objects of debate.

“En el ámbito comunitario circulan interpretaciones diversas sobre la historia del cementerio, su uso y su valor histórico son objeto de debate.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

This knowledge has been validated and divulged by Afroecuadorian leaders and intellectuals, who have revisited the file with the denunciation and litigation process that is in the Archivo Histórico Nacional de Quito, Fondo Real Audiencia, sección Esclavos.

“Este conocimiento ha sido validado y divulgado por líderes e intelectuales Afroecuatorianos, quienes han revisitado el expediente con el proceso de denuncia y litigio”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

From CONAMUNE-Carchi, work is being done in understanding the ontological being of the black woman, seeking to heal the wound inflicted in the flesh and the enslaved body, seeking to overcome the trauma and imposed inferiority that has been internalized and epidermalized.

“Desde la CONAMUNE-Carchi, se está trabajando en la comprensión del ser ontológico de la mujer negra, buscando sanar la herida infringida en la carne y el cuerpo esclavizado (Spiller 1987), buscando superar ese trauma y sentido de inferioridad impuesto que se ha interiorizado, que se ha epidermalizado (Fanon 1968:13).”

• cites Spiller 1987Not matched

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• cites Fanon 1968:13Not matched

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It may state two separate claims as one.

They have given life to a memory museum, La casa de los abuelos, as part of a process of recovering their past, and have led negotiation processes with State institutions such as the INPC.

“A su vez, han dado vida a un museo de la memoria, La casa de los abuelos, como parte de un proceso de recuperación de su pasado y han liderado procesos de negociación con instituciones del Estado como el INPC.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

There is no consensus on whether Martina lived or not on the hacienda or on from when and until what decade the Panteón viejo was used as a cemetery.

“No hay un consenso sobre si Martina vivió o no en la hacienda o sobre desde cuándo y hasta qué década el Panteón viejo fue utilizado como cementerio.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

From this moment, negotiations and tensions with UPEC began because agricultural work has been done around the Panteón area, which has altered the conservation state of the already declared archaeological site.

“A partir de este momento, las negociaciones y las tensiones con la UPEC comenzaron ya que se han realizado trabajos agrícolas alrededor del área del Panteón, lo cual ha alterado el estado de conservación del ya declarado sitio arqueológico.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

In this meeting, the Afroecuadorian movement, under the principle of 'right over what is ours', officially handed over the proposal of patrimonialization of the Jardín de la Memoria Martina Carrillo and demanded the technical inspection of the Panteón viejo by the INPC Inventory and Conservation direction, in order to give continuity to the process of safeguarding, by the national State, of this

“En esta reunión el movimiento Afroecuatoriano, bajo el principio de”

It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.

A month later, the inspection report file 'Sitio Arqueológico Panteón viejo Jardín de la Memoria Martina Carrillo' (2018) was received, in which the conservation state was evaluated and its consideration as an archaeological site to be preserved and safeguarded was endorsed.

“Un mes más tarde se recibe el expediente de informe de inspección”

It may state two separate claims as one.

From the local daily life of the communities of the Ancestral Afroecuadorian Territory Imbabura and Carchi, black women are thinking the Decade and Afrodescendant recognition 'casa adentro', proposing a reading in the key of black woman, which has as its principle centering and decolonizing the being.

“Desde lo local, desde la vida diaria de las comunidades del Territorio ancestral Afroecuatoriano Imbabura y Carchi, las mujeres negras están pensando el decenio y reconocimiento afrodescendiente casa adentro, proponiendo darle una lectura en clave de mujer negra, que tiene como principio centrar y descolonizar al ser:”

It may state two separate claims as one.

For some community members, talking about the Panteón viejo and the hacienda implies remembering the brutal slavery system to which their ancestors were subjected, which they feel as a traumatic memory better forgotten or as something distant from their current reality.

“No obstante, para algunos miembros de la comunidad, hablar del Panteón viejo y de la hacienda implica rememorar del brutal sistema de esclavitud al que fueron sometidos sus antepasados, lo cual sienten como un recuerdo traumático que sería mejor olvidar o como algo lejano a su realidad actual.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

In 2005, when CONAMUNE-Carchi, ETOVA members and some community members found the site, they began to deepen the memory about the Panteón and initiated negotiation processes between different factions.

“En el 2005, cuando CONAMUNE-Carchi, los miembros de la ETOVA y algunos miembros de la comunidad encontraron el sitio, se comenzó a profundizar en la memoria sobre el Panteón y se iniciaron procesos de negociación entre diferentes facciones.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Martina Carrillo and her struggle for freedom and dignity has been circulated and interpreted by the Coordinadora Nacional de Mujeres Negras del Ecuador (CONAMUNE), and in particular by CONAMUNE-Carchi.

“Así, Martina Carrillo y su lucha por la libertad y la dignidad ha sido circulada e interpretada por la Coordinadora Nacional de Mujeres Negras del Ecuador (CONAMUNE), y en particular, por la CONAMUNE-Carchi.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The case proceeded and the hacienda administrator was arrested, fined and his goods were confiscated.

“Caso que procedió y el administrador de la hacienda fue apresado, multado y sus bienes fueron confiscados(Lara et al 2017; Balanzátegui 2018).”

• cites Lara et al 2017Not matched

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• cites Balanzátegui 2018Not matched

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Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.

Black women are traversed by the paradigm that the 'other' recognizes us, that man recognizes us, that man respects us, and the same happens with the Decade; it has been given a masculine gaze, and we must stop thinking the Decade 'casa afuera' and think it from women for women and assume the Decade only as a political-legal strategy and impulse to continue projects 'casa adentro' in search of not

“nosotras las mujeres negras estamos atravesadas por ese paradigma de que el”

• cites Lara, Comunicación personal, 2019Not matched

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It may state two separate claims as one.

The Panteón viejo as a narrative about the Afrodescendant past, as a local rural political project, is a place of racialized memory impregnated with conflicting interpretations and disputes between power factions, informed by dominant official history in a game of resistance and struggle against imposed silence and oblivion.

“El Panteón viejo como narrativa sobre el pasado Afrodescendiente, como proyecto político local rural, es un lugar de la memoria racializada (Balibar 2007;Gilroy 2007) impregnado de interpretaciones en conflicto y disputas entre facciones de poder (Sider y Smith 1997), que se informa de la historia oficial dominante en un juego de resistencia y lucha contra al silencio y el olvido impuesto (Díaz de”

• cites Balibar 2007Not matched

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• cites Gilroy 2007Not matched

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• cites Sider y Smith 1997Not matched

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• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: The Panteón viejo was used as a burial place for the enslaved population in the 18th century and continued to be used for that purpose until the early 20th century.

It may state two separate claims as one.

The Panteón viejo is an interpretive space of the history of the African diaspora in Ecuador, through which community inhabitants assume their material past and heritage and celebrate it as a trench of struggle and resistance against racist practices that silence and invisibilize their past.

“El Panteón viejo es un espacio interpretativo de la historia de la diáspora africana en el Ecuador, a través del cual los habitantes de la comunidad asumen su pasado material, su patrimonio y lo celebran como trinchera de lucha y resistencia contra prácticas racistas que silencian e invisibilizan su pasado (Rappaport 1994).”

• cites Rappaport 1994Not matched

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Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

In the syncretic ceremony where fire purifies, water blesses, and salves console the souls of the absent and present, memory catalyzes the spiritual and allows transforming narratives of slavery into healing practices.

“En esta ceremonia sincrética donde el fuego purifica, el agua bendice, y las salves consuelan el alma de los ausentes y presentes, la memoria cataliza lo espiritual y permite transformar las narrativas de esclavitud en prácticas de sanación.”

• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: The Panteón viejo was used as a burial place for the enslaved population in the 18th century and continued to be used for that purpose until the early 20th century.

It may state two separate claims as one.

In the commemoration, subtle layers of political negotiations between different community factions were deployed; for example, in previous years, leaders of CONAMUNE-Carchi and Catholic religious leaders had conflicts around the Afrodescendant rituality that CONAMUNE-Carchi revitalizes.

“Al pensar la ritualidad como un acto político (Comaroff and Comaroff 1995) podemos observar que en la conmemoración a las y los ancestros que se describió anteriormente, se desplegaron sutiles capas de negociaciones políticas entre diferentes facciones de la comunidad.Por ejemplo, en años anteriores, líderes de la CONAMUNE-Carchi y líderes religiosos católicos habían tenido conflictos en torno a”

• cites Comaroff and Comaroff 1995Not matched

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It may state two separate claims as one.

Local narratives of struggle seek to break with the silence and hegemonic stereotyped image of Black people as lazy, without history, without agency, without knowledge, and transform and resignify them into spiritual beings who guide the struggle for rights in the present.

“Así las narrativas locales de lucha buscan romper con el silencio y la imagen hegemónica y estereotipada de las y los negros flojos, sin historia, sin agencia, sin conocimientos (Rahier 1998) y las transforman y re-significan en seres espirituales que guían la lucha por los derechos en el presente.”

• cites Rahier 1998Not matched

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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

The reflections and citations presented in the article are the result of a collaborative ethnography carried out between May 2018 and May 2019 within Beatriz's doctoral thesis on the antiracist and antisexist practices of CONAMUNE-Carchi.

“Las reflexiones y citas presentadas en este artículo son el resultado de una etnografía colaborativa llevada a cabo entre mayo 2018 y mayo 2019 en el marco de la tesis doctoral de Beatriz sobre las prácticas antirracistas y antisexistas de CONAMUNE-Carchi 3 .”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

CONAMUNE-Carchi resignifies the slave past through a memorialization process centered on the action and narratives of Black women, aiming to preserve and commemorate the collective struggles of ancestors, challenge the silence and oblivion imposed by dominant official history, and contribute to the Afrodescendant process of re-existence and freedom in Ecuador.

“Proponemos que CONAMUNE-Carchi resignifica el pasado esclavista desde un proceso de memorialización centrado en el accionar y narrativas de las mujeres negras, el cual busca preservar y conmemorar las luchas colectivas de las y los ancestros, desafiar el silencio y olvido impuesto desde la historia oficial dominante y contribuir al proceso afrodescendiente de re-existencia y libertad en el Ecuador”

It may state two separate claims as one.

In the 16th century, with the arrival of the Jesuits, the land was incorporated into the hacienda La Concepción; after the expulsion of the Jesuits in 1776, the hacienda was divided and these lands became part of the boundaries of Hacienda Santa Ana, which bordered the lands of the hacienda La Concepción.

“En el siglo XVI, con la llegada de los jesuitas, es incorporado a los terrenos de la hacienda La Concepción.Luego de la expulsión de los jesuitas (1776), la hacienda se divide y estos terrenos pasan a formar parte de los linderos de la Hacienda Santa Ana, la cual colindaba con los terrenos de la hacienda de La Concepción (Coronel Feijóo 2015).”

• cites Coronel Feijóo 2015Not matched

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Probably not a substantial claim.

The body in pain from captivity and slavery, silenced, has a restorative potential of the body itself.

“Por otro lado, Hartman (1997) argumenta que el cuerpo en dolor, ese dolor producto del cautiverio, de la esclavitud, que ha sido silenciado, tiene un potencial restaurativo del propio cuerpo.”

• cites Hartman 1997Not matched

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It may state two separate claims as one.

By honoring and commemorating ancestors as hardworking and fighting beings, they reconfigure them as historical agents with voice and dignity and as active members in the process of formation of the nation-state.

“Al honrar y conmemorar a los ancestros como seres trabajadores y luchadores, les reconfiguran como agentes históricos con voz y dignidad y como miembros activos en el proceso de formación del Estado nación.”

• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: The Panteón viejo was used as a burial place for the enslaved population in the 18th century and continued to be used for that purpose until the early 20th century.

It may state two separate claims as one.

The Panteón viejo is a place of memory where narratives of healing, cultural landscape and material culture converge, where past social struggles and a critical understanding of current living conditions intertwine.

“El Panteón viejo es un lugar de la memoria (Nora 1989) donde narrativas de sanación, paisaje cultural y cultura material convergen, donde luchas sociales pasadas y una comprensión crítica de las condiciones de vida actuales se entrelazan.”

• cites Nora 1989Not matched

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It may state two separate claims as one.

With this commemoration ceremony, where memory is performative and ritualized, a space of collective gathering was created where narratives of the past were produced, strengthened and circulated among community members, and simultaneously Afrodescendant spirituality and identity and collective feelings of belonging were reinforced, creating a spiritual link with their collective past.

“Con esta ceremonia de conmemoración, donde la memoria es performativa y ritualizada, no sólo se creó un espacio de reunión colectiva donde narrativas del pasado se produjeron, fortalecieron y circularon entre los miembros de la comunidad, sino que simultáneamente se reforzó la espiritualidad e identidad Afrodescendiente y sentimientos colectivos de pertenencia (Della Porta y Diani 1999), creándose”

• cites Della Porta y Diani 1999Not matched

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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Spirituality is an agglutinating sphere that the African diaspora in the Americas has used to recreate its cultures.

“La espiritualidad es un ámbito aglutinador que ha utilizado la diáspora africana en las Américas para recrear sus culturas (Mintz y Price 1992).”

• cites Mintz y Price 1992Not matched

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It may state two separate claims as one.

The critical and collective appropriation of the Panteón viejo as a historical, sacred, spiritual and material space is a political and spiritual process of CONAMUNE-Carchi that seeks to revitalize Afro-concepcioneña identity and to know and interpret its past as an organizational imperative allowing them to act based on their own understanding of the place and the contribution of Afrodescendant

“La apropiación crítica y colectiva del Panteón viejo como espacio histórico, sagrado, espiritual y material es un proceso político y espiritual de CONAMUNE-Carchi que busca no solo revitalizar la identidad Afro concepcioneña sino conocer e interpretar su pasado como un imperativo organizativo que les permite actuar con base a su propio entendimiento sobre el lugar y aporte de las poblaciones Afro”

• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: The Panteón viejo was used as a burial place for the enslaved population in the 18th century and continued to be used for that purpose until the early 20th century.

It may state two separate claims as one.

The leaders of CONAMUNE-Carchi produce identity narratives with a gender focus and mark a genealogy of struggle for the dignity and rights of Afrodescendant populations based on the recovery of the past of the Panteón and its meaning in the slave context of the sugar hacienda.

“Así, las lideresas de la CONAMUNE-Carchi van produciendo relatos identitarios -con enfoque de género-y van marcando una genealogía de lucha por la dignidad y los derechos de las poblaciones Afrodescendientes basada en la recuperación del pasado del Panteón y su significado en el contexto esclavista de la hacienda de caña de azúcar.”

• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: The Panteón viejo was used as a burial place for the enslaved population in the 18th century and continued to be used for that purpose until the early 20th century.

Probably not a substantial claim.

Oral memory and narratives about the local and regional past function to consolidate imagined communities and are impregnated with different negotiation processes through the definition and modeling of subjectivities, individual and collective modes of representation rooted in historical experience.

“La memoria oral y las narrativas sobre el pasado local y regional funcionan para consolidar comunidades imaginadas y están impregnadas de diferentes procesos de negociación mediante la definición y modelamiento de subjetividades, de modos individuales y colectivos de representación enraizados en una experiencia histórica (Williams 1991;Alonso 1994; Ruette y Soriano 2016).”

• cites Williams 1991Not matched

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• cites Alonso 1994Not matched

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• cites Ruette y Soriano 2016Not matched

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It may state two separate claims as one.

In the mid-20th century, in the framework of the first Agrarian Reform, members of the La Concepción community fought for their lands and some lands remained in the hands of Afrodescendant families; however, the land of the lomas de Guayaquil remained in the hands of the Herrera family, owners of Hacienda Santa Ana.

“A mediados del siglo XX en el marco de la primera Reforma Agraria, miembros de la comunidad La Concepción lucharon por sus tierras y algunos terrenos quedaron en manos de familias afrodescendientes.10 Sin embargo, el terreno de las lomas de Guayaquil quedó en manos la familia Herrera, propietarios de la Hacienda Santa Ana (Lara et al 2017).”

• cites Lara et al 2017Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

It may state two separate claims as one.

Historical archaeology studies in the Panteón viejo registered 192 areas identified as burials without identification marks and various objects and stones with Christian crosses and iconographies.

“Estudios de arqueología histórica de la diáspora africana en el Ecuador llevados a cabo en el Panteón viejo, registraron 192 áreas identificadas como entierros sin marcas de identificación y diversas objetos y piedras con cruces cristinas e iconografías (Balanzátegui 2018).”

• cites Balanzátegui 2018Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: The Panteón viejo was used as a burial place for the enslaved population in the 18th century and continued to be used for that purpose until the early 20th century.

Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

The histories of our peoples and their acts of resistance to be different do not start with us; our current lives are an inheritance of the lives of the men and women who preceded us, but also reflections of their acts of resistance, so our duty is to know them and transmit them to new generations so that they do not die and are not forgotten.

“Las historias de nuestros pueblos, sus actos de resistencia para ser diferentes no empiezan con nosotros.Nuestras vidas actuales son herencia de la vida de los hombres y mujeres que nos antecedieron, pero también reflejos de sus actos de resistencia, por eso, nuestro deber es conocerlas y transmitirlas a”

• cites Abuelo Zenón, en Walsh y García Salazar 2017: 21Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

It may state two separate claims as one.

Given the lack of national interest and political will, at the cantonal level Afrodescendants are actively participating in decision-making and in the elaboration and implementation of public policies around the objectives of recognition, justice and development proposed in the Decade, oriented to go beyond truncated justice and thinking public policies from the logic of complementarity between re

“Ante la falta de interés y voluntad política nacional, a nivel cantonal, las y los afrodescendientes están formando parte activa en los procesos de toma de decisiones y elaboración e implementación de políticas públicas en torno a los objetivos de reconocimiento, justicia y desarrollo planteado en el Decenio (Antón Sánchez 2018) orientadas a ir más allá la justicia truncada de la que nos habla”

• cites Antón Sánchez 2018Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Nancy Fraser 2001Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

It may state two separate claims as one.

The healing practices of the La Concepción community, ranging from appropriation and reinterpretation of their past to the proposal and execution of intercultural public policies and community research and productive projects such as the recovery of ethnobotanical ancestral knowledge, are part of the collective action of Afrodescendant communities of La Concepción that seek simultaneously to navig

“Las prácticas de sanación de la comunidad de La Concepción que van desde la apropiación y reinterpretación de su pasado, la propuesta y ejecución de políticas públicas interculturales y de proyectos comunitarios investigativos y productivos como el de la recuperación de los saberes ancestrales etnobotánicos, son parte de ese accionar colectivo de las comunidades Afrodescendiente de La Concepción”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Poverty, lack of access to quality education and scarcity of job opportunities continue to mark the lives of Afrodescendants in the Americas, and specifically in Ecuador.

“Pobreza, falta de acceso a educación de calidad y escases de oportunidades de trabajos, siguen marcando la vida de las y los afrodescendientes en las Américas, y específicamente, en Ecuador (Antón Sánchez 2018).”

• cites Antón Sánchez 2018Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

The Panteón viejo is an evocative scenario of the memory of ancestors, of the life and struggle of the enslaved, where memory is mobilized to weave liberation ties against the chain of oppression of gender, class and race.

“El Panteón viejo, es un escenario evocador de la memoria de las y los ancestros, de la vida y lucha de las y los esclavizados, en donde la memoria es movilizada para ir hilando los lazos de liberación contra la cadena de opresión de género, de clase y de raza (Lao Montes 2015).”

• cites Lao Montes 2015Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

It may state two separate claims as one.

Nation-states have taken timid steps such as signing national decrees ratifying the Afrodescendant Decade, including decree 915 for Ecuador, apologetic discourses for Peru, or ministerial agreements with little impact on the daily life of Afrodescendant populations.

“Estamos por concluir el Decenio Afrodescendiente (2015-2024) y desde los estados nación se han dado pasos tímidos como la firma de decretos nacionales que ratifican el decenio; el decreto 915 para el caso de Ecuador, discursos apologéticos, para el caso de Perú (Greene 2014) o firmas de acuerdos ministeriales con poco impacto en el día a día de las poblaciones afrodescendientes.”

• cites Greene 2014Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

It may state two separate claims as one.

The political potential of this collective process of historical memory recovery of the Panteón viejo and the spiritual commemorations carried out there point to a local process of re-humanization of the racialized being as black, enslaved and dehumanized while resignifying them as a sociocultural being with traditions and own thought, in order to reconfigure them as a political subject with their

“El potencial político de este proceso colectivo de recuperación de la memoria histórica del Panteón viejo y de las conmemoraciones espirituales que ahí se llevando a cabo apuntan a un proceso local de re-humanización del ser racializado como negro/a, esclavizado/a, y des-humanizado/a (Fanon, 1968) mientras se resignifica como ser sociocultural, con tradiciones y pensamiento propio, con el fin de”

• cites Fanon 1968Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

Memory is mediated by narrations; it is always selective and constructed in relation to the past that is actualized in the present.

“(2004) señala que la memoria está mediada por narraciones.Es siempre selectiva y se construye en relación con el pasado que se actualiza en el presente.”

• cites [2004]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

It may state two separate claims as one.

This validation of local history, from actors legitimized in Western knowledge, gave a new impulse to the local process of identity revitalization and collective memory recovery of the Panteón, and has been used by the organized community as a negotiation instrument in 'casa afuera' dialogues with various State agents and political actors, including INPC officials.

“Esta validación de la historia local, desde actores legitimados en el conocimiento occidental, le dio un nuevo impulso al proceso local de revitalización identitaria y recuperación colectiva de la memoria del Panteón, y ha sido utilizado por la comunidad organizada como instrumento de negociación en los diálogos casa afuera que han sostenido con diversos agentes del Estado y actores políticos, ent”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Thus the Afroecuadorian social movement, led by CONAMUNE-Carchi, is taking solid steps in the visibilization of its tangible and intangible cultural heritage and in the positioning of its local history within the national historical discourse.

“Así el movimiento social Afroecuatoriano, liderizado por la CONAMUNE-Carchi, va dando pasos sólidos en la visibilización de su patrimonio cultural tangible e intangible y en el posicionamiento de su historia local dentro del discurso histórico nacional.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

Historical memory has mobilized both political identities in different epochs and regional genealogies of struggles against social oppression.

“La memoria histórica ha movilizado tanto identidades políticas en diferentes épocas como también genealogías regionales de luchas contra la opresión social (Ruette y Soriano 2016).”

• cites Ruette y Soriano 2016Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

It may state two separate claims as one.

Despite the distinct meanings the Panteón viejo has for community members, the spirituality, rituality and respect for the dead of the Afrodescendant people has allowed joint actions among community members, the social organization, local authorities and researchers around the historical value of the Panteón as a sacred space.

“A pesar de los distintos significados que el Panteón viejo tiene para los miembros de la comunidad, la espiritualidad, ritualidad y respeto por los difuntos del pueblo Afrodescendiente ha permitido llevar a cabo acciones conjuntas entre los miembros de la comunidad, la organización social, las autoridades locales e investigadores (Lara et al 2017; Balanzátegui 2018) entorno al valor histórico del”

• cites Lara et al 2017Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Balanzátegui 2018Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

It may state two separate claims as one.

Impelled by Barbarita Lara and Iván Lara, Afroecuadorian councilors, this intercultural public policy not only aims to fill the legislative void of protection of the heritage of the African diaspora in Ecuador, but marks a historical milestone within the hegemonic white-mestizo political landscape of the Cantón Mira.

“Impulsada por Barbarita Lara e Iván Lara, concejales Afroecuatorianos, esta política pública intercultural no solo apunta a llenar el vacío legislativo de protección del patrimonio de la diáspora africana en el Ecuador, sino que marca un hito histórico dentro del paisaje político blanco-mestizo hegemónico del Cantón Mira.”