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Better Safe Than Sorry? The Safety Margin Surrounding the Body Is Increased by Anxiety
Open accessAbstract
The defensive peripersonal space represents a "safety margin" advantageous for survival. Its spatial extension and the possible relationship with personality traits have never been investigated. Here, in a population of 15 healthy human participants, we show that the defensive peripersonal space has a sharp boundary, located between 20 and 40 cm from the face, and that within such space there is a thin, "highest-risk area" closest to the face (i.e., an "ultra-near" defensive space). Single-subject analysis revealed clear interindividual differences in the extension of such peripersonal space. These differences are positively related to individual variability in trait anxiety. These findings point to the potential for measuring a range of defensive behaviors in relation to individual levels of anxiety. Such measures will allow developing procedures to test risk assessment abilities, particularly in professions that require reacting quickly to aversive stimuli near the body, such as firemen, policemen, and military officers. This may also lead to possible interventions to improve their performance under pressure.
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“Both depend on the subjects' personality traits, for example anxiety level”
From The Peripersonal Space in a social world (2021) · cites this paper as Sambo & Iannetti, 2013
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“In addition, accumulating evidence suggest that personality traits (anxiety, claustrophobia) also contribute defining one's own PPS representation and personality traits are highly related to our inner state and responses to stressful situations (Iachini, Ruggiero, et al., 2015;Lourenco, Longo, & Pathman, 2011;Sambo & Iannetti, 2013) see also (Lebert, Chaby, Garnot, & Vergilino-Perez, 2020).”
From The Peripersonal Space in a social world (2021) · cites this paper as Sambo & Iannetti, 2013
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“emotional states, such as anxiety, or trait psychological factors, such as personality traits, can influence the boundaries of PPS representation (Sambo and Iannetti 2013a; Fossataro et al. 2016; Hunley et al. 2017; Spaccasassi and Maravita 2020; Ellena et al. 2022)”
From Neuroanatomical correlates of peripersonal space: bridging the gap between perception, action, emotion and social cognition (2024) · cites this paper as Sambo and Iannetti 2013a
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“evidence of expanded PPS in individuals with trait anxiety (Sambo and Iannetti 2013b)”
From Neuroanatomical correlates of peripersonal space: bridging the gap between perception, action, emotion and social cognition (2024) · cites this paper as Sambo and Iannetti 2013b
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Metadata
- Authors
- Sambo, C. F., & Iannetti, G. D.
- Affiliations
- University College London (GB)
- ORCID
- Iannetti, G. D.
- Venue
- Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 2013-08-28
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 35
- Pages
- 14225-14230
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC6618504
- OpenAlex
- W2043486810
- Cited by
- 195
- References
- 30
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 7.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Embodied and Extended Cognition
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts
- Keywords
- safety margin, trait anxiety, individual differences, risk assessment, occupational safety, defensive behavior
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Anxiety, Female, Humans, Male, Personal Space, Reaction Time
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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