A two-dimensional neuropsychology of defense: fear/anxiety and defensive distance

McNaughton, Neil; Corr, Philip J

doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2004.03.005

Cited by 1,308Memory and Neural MechanismsAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesNeural and Behavioral Psychology Studies

A two-dimensional neuropsychology of defense: fear/anxiety and defensive distance

McNaughton, Neil, Corr, Philip J·2004·Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews

DOI 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2004.03.005

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Abstract

We present in this paper a picture of the neural systems controlling defense that updates and simplifies Gray's "Neuropsychology of Anxiety". It is based on two behavioural dimensions: 'defensive distance' as defined by the Blanchards and 'defensive direction'. Defensive direction is a categorical dimension with avoidance of threat corresponding to fear and approach to threat corresponding to anxiety. These two psychological dimensions are mapped to underlying neural dimensions. Defensive distance is mapped to neural level, with the shortest defensive distances involving the lowest neural level (periaqueductal grey) and the largest defensive distances the highest neural level (prefrontal cortex). Defensive direction is mapped to separate parallel streams that run across these levels. A significant departure from prior models is the proposal that both fear and anxiety are represented at all levels. The theory is presented in a simplified form that does not incorporate the interactions that must occur between non-adjacent levels of the system. It also requires expansion to include the dimension of escapability of threat. Our current development and these proposed future extensions do not change the core concepts originally proposed by Gray and, we argue, demonstrate their enduring value.

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The patterns of responses evoked by socially transmitted emotions are consistent with the Blanchards' classification, according to which natural responses to threat differ depending on distance between subject and threat and probability of danger.
“The patterns of responses evoked by socially transmitted emotions are consistent with classification suggested by the Blanchards, according to which natural responses to threat differ depending on the distance between the subject and the threat and the probability of danger.”
From Ecological validity of social interaction tests in rats and mice (2019) · cites this paper as [160]
In situations involving potential danger as opposed to present danger, animals perform risk assessment behaviors, including approach and scanning; when danger is present, defensive responses such as freezing, flight or defensive attack appear.
“In situations involving potential danger as opposed to present danger, animals perform”
From Ecological validity of social interaction tests in rats and mice (2019) · cites this paper as [160]
Saccadic eye movements appear to escape the general response slowing or freezing caused by threatening stimuli.
“saccadic EMs appear to escape the general response slowing or “freezing” (McNaughton, & Corr, 2004) caused by threatening stimuli”
From Eye tracking of attention in the affective disorders: a meta-analytic review and synthesis (2012) · cites this paper as McNaughton, & Corr, 2004

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Regional dissociations within the hippocampus-memory and anxiety
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“Critically, saccadic EMs appear to escape the general response slowing or “freezing” (McNaughton & Corr, 2004) caused by threatening stimuli, which may confound manual RT measures, particularly the emotional Stroop (see Algom, Chajut, & Lev, 2004) and spatial cueing task (see Mogg, Holmes, Garner,…”
Background
When fear is near: threat imminence elicits prefrontal periaqueductal gray shifts in humans.
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Triadic model of the neurobiology of motivated behavior in adolescence.
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The Biology of Fear
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The ecology of human fear: survival optimization and the nervous system
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From threat to fear: the neural organization of defensive fear systems in humans.
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Serotonin in Affective Control
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Authors: McNaughton, N., & Corr, P. J.
Affiliations: University of Otago (NZ)
Swansea University (GB)
Corresponding author: McNaughton, Neil
ORCID: McNaughton, Neil
Corr, Philip J
Venue: Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2004-05
Volume: 28
Issue: 3
Pages: 285-305
ISSN: 0149-7634 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2004.03.005
OpenAlex: W2122660499
Cited by: 1,308
References: 178
Citations by year: 2026: 34 · 2025: 35 · 2024: 69 · 2023: 45 · 2022: 65 · 2021: 54 · 2020: 100 · 2019: 51 · 2018: 70 · 2017: 79 · 2016: 67 · 2015: 62 · 2014: 79 · 2013: 68 · 2012: 71
FWCI: 3.19
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
UEA Digital Repository (University of East Anglia) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Keywords: defense mechanisms, fear, anxiety, threat avoidance, periaqueductal gray, prefrontal cortex
MeSH terms: Amygdala, Animals, Anxiety, Avoidance Learning, Brain, Brain Mapping, Escape Reaction, Fear, Hippocampus, Humans, Hypothalamus, Inhibition, Psychological, Neuropsychology, Periaqueductal Gray, Psychological Theory, Punishment, Septum of Brain

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A two-dimensional neuropsychology of defense: fear/anxiety and defensive distance

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