The DOI matches its Crossref record; 40 of the 40 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Dopaminergic correlates of motivated behavior: importance of drive
Open accessAbstract
In vivo brain microdialysis was used to monitor changes in dopamine (DA) release in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) during anticipatory and consummatory components of feeding behavior. During 10 daily training sessions, rats were first confined to one compartment of a testing chamber for 10 minutes. During this period (anticipatory phase) they were prevented from gaining access to a highly palatable liquid meal by a wire mesh screen. The screen was then removed and the animals were permitted to consume the meal for 20 min (consummatory phase). On removal of the screen, the latency to begin drinking decreased and the amount consumed increased as a function of days of training, both measures reaching asymptotic levels by day 7. Trained animals were implanted with dialysis probes in the NAc on day 10, and on day 12 DA release was monitored during the feeding session. Compared to controls, trained animals failed to show significantly greater increases in accumbal DA release during the anticipatory phase, all groups showing small (approximately 10%) increases on being placed in the test chamber. In contrast, compared to controls, DA release increased significantly in the NAc during consumption of the palatable meal. The magnitude of this increase was significantly enhanced (30% vs 71% peak increase) in animals that were 20 hr food deprived at the time of testing. The latter animals also showed a statistically significant increase (24%) in DA release during the anticipatory phase. A subsequent experiment in which consumption of the palatable liquid was limited to 5 ml in deprived and nondeprived animals indicated that only part of the deprivation-induced potentiation of accumbal DA release could be attributed to the larger volume consumed by the deprived animals. That is, the same volume and rate of consumption of a small amount of the liquid diet produced a significantly greater increase in accumbal DA release in deprived than in nondeprived animals (42% vs 23% peak increase). Feeding-induced increases in accumbal DA release were not due to postingestional factors as direct injections of the liquid diet into the stomach by gavage failed to produce this effect. The results of these experiments indicate (1) that consummatory rather than anticipatory aspects of feeding are robustly associated with increases in DA release in the NAc, and (2) that motivational state can influence the magnitude of the neurochemical events that are associated with goal- directed behaviors.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“There is an increase in DA release (measured in awake, behaving animals by microdialysis or by fastscanning cyclic voltammetry) in the NAc in response to unexpected food rewards or stimuli that predict food rewards [72,308-310].”
From Reward circuitry dysfunction in psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders and genetic syndromes: animal models and clinical findings (2012) · cites this paper as [310]
In the citing paper
“In vivo dialysis experiments show higher food-induced DA release in fasted versus satiated rats (Wilson et al., 1995).”
From Caloric deprivation increases responsivity of attention and reward brain regions to intake, anticipated intake, and images of palatable foods (2013) · cites this paper as Wilson et al., 1995
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
The neural basis of drug craving: An incentive-sensitization theory of addiction
Robinson, T. (1993) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/0165-0173(93)90013-p · Cited by 7,346
A stereotaxic atlas of the rat brain
Pellegrino, L. J., & Cushman, A. J. (1967) · Plenum Press eBooks · Cited by 4,688
A stereotaxic atlas of the rat brain
Brodal, P. (1980) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/0306-4522(80)90013-5 · Cited by 2,793
Ungerstedt, U. (1971) · Acta Physiologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1365-201x.1971.tb11001.x · Cited by 1,294
Schultz, W., Apicella, P., & Ljungberg, T. (1993) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.13-03-00900.1993 · Cited by 1,291
Neuroleptics and operant behavior: The anhedonia hypothesis
Wise, R. A. (1982) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00010372 · Cited by 1,028
Responses of monkey dopamine neurons during learning of behavioral reactions
Ljungberg, T., Apicella, P., & Schultz, W. (1992) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.1992.67.1.145 · Cited by 987
The role of dopamine in locomotor activity and learning
Beninger, R. J. (1983) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/0165-0173(83)90038-3 · Cited by 848
Neuroleptic-Induced "Anhedonia" in Rats: Pimozide Blocks Reward Quality of Food
Wise, R. A., Spindler, J., de Wit, H., & Gerberg, G. J. (1978) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.566469 · Cited by 636
Nigrostriatal bundle damage and the lateral hypothalamic syndrome.
Marshall, J. F., Richardson, J. S., & Teitelbaum, P. (1974) · Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0037223 · Cited by 625
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–293 of 293
Perez, E. C., Meurisse, M., Hervé, L., Georgelin, M., Constantin, P., Cornilleau, F., Love, S., Lévy, F., Calandreau, L., & Bertin, A. (2019) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112453 · Cited by 21
Coker, C. R., Keller, B. N., Arnold, A. C., & Silberman, Y. (2021) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2020.601111 · Cited by 25
Contini, A., Sanna, F., Maccioni, P., Colombo, G., & Argiolas, A. (2018) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2018.02.004 · Cited by 24
Atrens, D. M. (2001) · Journal of Drug Issues · doi:10.1177/002204260103100202 · Cited by 22
Ogura, Y., Izumi, T., Yoshioka, M., & Matsushima, T. (2015) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2015.07.052 · Cited by 20
Ip, S., Tsim, K. W. K., Chan, K., & Bauer, R. (2012) · Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine · doi:10.1155/2012/930908 · Cited by 21
Holtzman, S. G. (2001) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s002130100684 · Cited by 20
Himmelheber, A. M., Bruno, J. P., & Sarter, M. F. (2000) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0166-4328(00)00266-7 · Cited by 19
Dopamine Mechanisms and Cocaine Reward
Ikegami, A., & Duvauchelle, C. L. (2004) · International review of neurobiology · doi:10.1016/s0074-7742(04)62002-2 · Cited by 18
Vacca, G., Ahn, S., & Phillips, A. G. (2006) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1301173 · Cited by 17
Amat, N., Hoxur, P., Ming, D., Matsidik, A., Kijjoa, A., & Upur, H. (2012) · Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine · doi:10.1155/2012/426757 · Cited by 17
Monitoring In Vivo Neural Activity to Understand Gut–Brain Signaling
Alhadeff, A. L. (2021) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endocr/bqab029 · Cited by 18
Neuroscience of Drugs and Addiction
Robbins, T. W., Cardinal, R. N., Ciano, P. D., Halligan, P. W., Hellemans, K., Lee, J. L. C., & Everitt, B. J. (2007) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012370624-9/50006-2 · Cited by 16
Li, Y., Wu, H., Zhang, R., Shu, G., Wang, S., Gao, P., Zhu, X., Jiang, Q., & Wang, L. (2020) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.08.012 · Cited by 14
Godfrey, N., & Borgland, S. L. (2020) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp280412 · Cited by 14
Integrating Cognition and Motivation into the Basal Ganglia Pathways of Action
Haber, S. N. (2003) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-59259-326-2_3 · Cited by 14
Neuroendocrine Regulation of Male Sexual Behavior
Hull, E. M., & Dominguez, J. M. (2019) · Comprehensive Physiology · doi:10.1002/cphy.c180018 · Cited by 21
Konanur, V., Hurh, S. J., Hsu, T. M., & Roitman, M. F. (2023) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.16214 · Cited by 12
Dardou, D., Chassain, C., & Durif, F. (2015) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2014.00437 · Cited by 12
Feltmann, K., Giuliano, C., Everitt, B. J., Steensland, P., & Alsiö, J. (2017) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2017.215 · Cited by 12
Canseco-Alba, A., Coffeen, U., Jaimes, O., Pellicer, F., & Rodríguez–Manzo, G. (2022) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-022-06240-3 · Cited by 12
Xu, N., Xiao, Z.-J., Zou, T., & Huang, Z. (2015) · Pharmaceutical Biology · doi:10.3109/13880209.2014.997251 · Cited by 12
Krügel, U., Seidel, B., Spies, O., Kittner, H., Illés, P., & Kieß, W. (2003) · Drug Development Research · doi:10.1002/ddr.10207 · Cited by 12
Neurochemistry of Male Sexual Behavior
Hull, E. M., Dominguez, J. M., & Muschamp, J. W. (2006) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-30405-2_2 · Cited by 12
Accumbens Dopamine is a Physiological Correlate of the Rewarding and Motivating Effects of Food
Smith, G. P. (2006) · Kluwer Academic Publishers eBooks · doi:10.1007/0-306-48643-1_2 · Cited by 12
Fortin, S. M., & Roitman, M. F. (2017) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.11.021 · Cited by 11
Kučerová, J., Zanda, M. T., Amchová, P., Fratta, W., & Fattore, L. (2018) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00255 · Cited by 11
THE EFFECTS OF MOTIVATION ON HABITUAL INSTRUMENTAL BEHAVIOR
Niv, Y. (2007) · Cited by 11
Dieting as a Risk Factor for Eating Disorders
Stice, E. M., & Burger, K. S. (2015) · doi:10.1002/9781118574089.ch24 · Cited by 11
Feeding behavior as seen through the prism of brain microdialysis
Hernández, L., Paredes, D., & Rada, P. V. (2011) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.04.031 · Cited by 10
Tabbara, R. I., Maddux, J.-M. N., Beharry, P. F., Iannuzzi, J., & Chaudhri, N. (2016) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/bne0000138 · Cited by 10
Rodríguez‐Landa, J. F., Contreras, C. M., Gutiérrez‐García, A. G., & Bernal‐Morales, B. (2003) · Neuropsychobiology · doi:10.1159/000073627 · Cited by 10
Gyawali, U., Martin, D. A., Sun, F., Li, Y., & Calu, D. J. (2023) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.81980 · Cited by 9
Neuroendocrine Regulation of Male Sexual Behavior
Hull, E. M., & Dominguez, J. M. (2019) · Comprehensive physiology · doi:10.1002/j.2040-4603.2019.tb00093.x · Cited by 9
Mesocorticolimbic dopamine: a neurochemical link between motivation and memory
Phillips, A. G. (2003) · International Congress Series · doi:10.1016/s0531-5131(03)00188-2 · Cited by 9
Dopamine — Its Role in Behaviour and Cognition in Experimental Animals and Humans
Robbins, T. W., & Everitt, B. J. (2002) · Handbook of experimental pharmacology · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-06765-9_7 · Cited by 11
Horsley, R. R., Moran, P. M., & Cassaday, H. J. (2008) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881107079062 · Cited by 8
Hutter, J. A., & Chapman, C. A. (2013) · Behavioral and Brain Functions · doi:10.1186/1744-9081-9-37 · Cited by 8
Nagel, J., & Hauber, W. (2002) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0166-4328(02)00062-1 · Cited by 8
Hajnal, A. S., & Norgren, R. (2008) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012370880-9.00099-2 · Cited by 6
Perry, M. L., Andrzejewski, M. E., Bushek, S. M., & Baldo, B. A. (2010) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/a0018283 · Cited by 6
Dopamine Modulates the Processing of Food Odour in the Ventral Striatum
Rampin, O., Deliot, A. S.-A., Ouali, C., Burguet, J., Gry, E., Champeil‐Potokar, G., Jérôme, N., Davidenko, O., Darcel, N., Bombail, V., et al. (2022) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines10051126 · Cited by 6
Solecki, W., Kiełbiński, M., Bernacka, J., Gralec, K., Klasa, A., Pradel, K., Rojek-Sito, K., & Przewłocki, R. (2022) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2022.969104 · Cited by 6
Loupe, P. S., Zhou, X., Davies, M. I., Schroeder, S. R., Tessel, R. E., & Lunte, S. M. (2002) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0091-3057(02)00950-4 · Cited by 6
Zernig, G., & Fibiger, H. C. (1998) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s002130050480 · Cited by 6
Self-citationMcQuade, J.-A., Benoit, S. C., Woods, S. C., & Seeley, R. J. (2003) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2003.09.008 · Cited by 6
Koshibu, K., & Levitt, P. R. (2006) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2005.12.001 · Cited by 6
Effect of stable iodine on uptake of radioiodine in sheep.
BUSTAD, L. K., WARNER, D. E., & Kornberg, H. A. (1958) · PubMed · Cited by 6
Making the Case for ‘Power Abuse Disorder' as a Nosologic Entity
Zernig, G., & Hiemke, C. (2017) · Pharmacology · doi:10.1159/000475600 · Cited by 5
Perez‐Bonilla, P., Ramirez‐Virella, J., Menon, P., Troyano‐Rodriguez, E., Arriaga, S. K., Makela, A. G., Bugescu, R., Beckstead, M. J., & Leinninger, G. M. (2022) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2022.874316 · Cited by 5
Exposure to Common Anesthetic Agents Alters Pup-retrieval Response in Lactating Rtas
Yamamuro, Y. (2005) · EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS · doi:10.1538/expanim.54.369 · Cited by 5
Influence of Environmental and Hormonal Factors in Sensitivity to Psychostimulants
Marinelli, M., & Piazza, P. V. (2003) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-59259-343-9_8 · Cited by 4
Variability in Reward Responsivity and Obesity: Evidence from Brain Imaging StudiesPreprint
Burger, K. S. (2017) · doi:10.31232/osf.io/fsqde · Cited by 5
Holm, S. E., Schmidt, A., & Ploner, C. J. (2020) · Zeitschrift für Neuropsychologie · doi:10.1024/1016-264x/a000292 · Cited by 3
Chapter 4.2 Microdialysis of dopamine and norepinephrine during conditioning and operant behaviour
Feenstra, M. G. P. (2006) · Handbook of behavioral neuroscience · doi:10.1016/s1569-7339(06)16018-x · Cited by 3
Nutritional and behavioral regulators of choice behavior
Mul, J. D., & la Fleur, S. E. (2016) · Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2016.01.009 · Cited by 3
The CNS Physiology of Food Reward
Lattemann, D. F. (2006) · Kluwer Academic Publishers eBooks · doi:10.1007/0-306-48643-1_3 · Cited by 3
Impact of Gut and Metabolic Hormones on Feeding Reward
Klockars, A., Levine, A. S., Head, M. A., Perez‐Leighton, C. E., Kotz, C. M., & Olszewski, P. K. (2021) · Comprehensive physiology · doi:10.1002/cphy.c190042 · Cited by 6
Bansal, P., Roitman, M. F., & Jung, E. E. (2024) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.25396 · Cited by 2
Gianessi, C. A., & Kash, T. L. (2020) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2020.05.018 · Cited by 2
Deransart, C., Riban, V., Vercueil, L., Nail‐Boucherie, K., Marescaux, C., & Depaulis, A. (2002) · Advances in behavioral biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-0179-4_17 · Cited by 2
Roitman, M. F. (2006) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/0735-7044.120.3.744 · Cited by 2
CONTROL OF EPILEPTIC SEIZURES Another function for the basal ganglia
Deransart, C., Riban, V., Vercueil, L., Nail‐Boucherie, K., Marescaux, C., & Depaulis, A. (2002) · Cited by 2
Hou, J., Jiang, L., Ma, X., & Gopal, A. (2025) · Information Systems Research · doi:10.1287/isre.2023.0137 · Cited by 1
Kaneyuki, H., & Wilson, C. (1998) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(98)00277-7 · Cited by 1
Self-citationLEIBOWITZ, S. F. (2006) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012369442-3/50126-4 · Cited by 1
Dwiel, L. L., Henricks, A. M., Bragg, E. M., Gui, J., & Doucette, W. T. (2023) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.15101 · Cited by 1
Sex difference effects of acute starvation on excitatory and inhibitory synapses on dopamine neurons
Arshad, S. H., Singh, A. K., Prasad, D., & Kumari, S. (2024) · International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences · doi:10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20240311 · Cited by 1
Metha, J. A., Ji, Y., Braun, C., Nicholson, J. R., de Lecea, L., Murawski, C., Hoyer, D., & Jacobson, L. H. (2024) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-024-06628-3 · Cited by 1
BEHAVIOURAL RESPONSES OF ARTIFICIALLY REARED RATS TO REWARD AND NOVELTY
Lomanowska, A. M. (2005) · UWSpace (University of Waterloo) · Cited by 1
Ikegami, A. (2003) · Texas ScholarWorks (Texas Digital Library) · Cited by 1
Lattemann, D. F. (2008) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781420047844.ch5 · Cited by 1
Dopamine Release in N. accumbens in a Conditioned Reward Paradigm
Datla, K. P., Ahier, R. G., Young, A. M. J., Gray, J. A., & Joseph, M. H. (1997) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-5405-9_194 · Cited by 1
Integration of Peripheral Adiposity Signals and Psychological Controls of Appetite
Lattemann, D. F., Sanders, N. M., Naleid, A. M., & Sipols, A. J. (2007) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012370633-1/50007-4 · Cited by 1
Ferreira, J. G. P. (2010) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/t.42.2010.tde-25032010-144241
The obese brain: neuroendocrine modulations in the reward system
van den Munkhof, H. E. (2013) · Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University)
Valdivia, L. S. (2015) · El Servicio de Difusión de la Creación Intelectual (National University of La Plata) · doi:10.35537/10915/48904
Neurochemical Analysis Of Cocaine In Adolescence And Adulthood
Stansfield, K. H. (2005) · Digital Commons - University of South Florida (University of South Florida)
Shanmugarajah, L. (2022) · Digital Archive @ GSU · doi:10.57709/7863037
Karatayev, O., Ahsan, R., Gaysinskaya, V. A., & Marwil, Z. (2007)
Binge-eating behavior in mice: influences of restriction and palatability in a limited access model
Davis, K. W. (2008) · OakTrust (Texas A&M University Libraries)
Drugs that target catecholaminergic receptors
Levin, E. D. (2004) · Birkhäuser Basel eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-0348-7867-8_5
Hypothalamic modulation of the midbrain dopaminergic system
Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät, I. (2003)
Kest, K. (2015) · CUNY Academic Works (City University of New York)
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and cocaine reward.
Hansen, S. T. (2008) · doi:10.6083/m41c1tvf
West, K. M. (2022) · Digital Archive @ GSU · doi:10.57709/12454585
Kalayanaka Ghrita Ameliorates Okadaic Acid Induced Memory Deficits in Wistar Rats
Latha, D. S., Lohidasan, S., Arulmozhi, S., Mahadik, K. R., & Jamadagni, S. B. (2024) · Journal of Natural Remedies · doi:10.18311/jnr/2024/44982
CHARACTERIZING DOPAMINE FUNCTION IN ADOLESCENT RATS
Matthews, M. (2012) · D-Scholarship@Pitt (University of Pittsburgh)
Puygrenier, L. (2019) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/c632ab07z5b2ez4f68zaa26z9533043f65ab
McKinzie, D. L., McBride, W. J., Murphy, J. M., Lumeng, L., & Li, T. (2000) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2000.tb04567.x
Reward-related Neuroadaptations Induced by Food Restriction
Carr, K. D. (2010) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-374387-9.00006-4
Metadata
- Authors
- Wilson, C., Nomikos, G., Collu, M., & Fibiger, H.
- Affiliations
- University of British Columbia (CA)
- Venue
- The Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 1995-07-01
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 5169-5178
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC6577888
- OpenAlex
- W1797218635
- Cited by
- 294
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2025: 2 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 3.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UNICA IRIS Institutional Research Information System (University of Cagliari) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Bristol-Myers Squibb
- Medical Research Council Canada
- Medical Research Council
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- dopamine release, nucleus accumbens, feeding behavior, food drive, food deprivation, motivated behavior, goal-directed behavior, palatable food
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Behavior, Animal, Dopamine, Feeding Behavior, Food Deprivation, Male, Motivation, Nucleus Accumbens, Rats, Inbred Strains, Reaction Time, Microdialysis, Rats
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review