Caloric deprivation increases responsivity of attention and reward brain regions to intake, anticipated intake, and images of palatable foods
Open accessAbstract
Dietary restraint theoretically increases risk for binge eating, but prospective and experimental studies have produced contradictory findings, apparently because dietary restraint scales do not identify individuals who are reducing caloric intake. Yet, experimentally manipulated caloric deprivation increases responsivity of brain regions implicated in attention and reward to food images, which may contribute to binge eating. We tested whether self-imposed acute and longer-term caloric restriction increases responsivity of attention and reward regions to images, anticipated receipt, and receipt of palatable food using functional magnetic resonance imaging among female and male adolescents (Study 1 n=34; Study 2 n=51/81). Duration of acute caloric deprivation correlated positively with activation in regions implicated in attention, reward, and motivation in response to images, anticipated receipt, and receipt of palatable food (e.g., anterior cingulate cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, putamen, and precentral gyrus respectively). Youth in a longer-term negative energy balance likewise showed greater activation in attention (anterior cingulate cortex, ventral medial prefrontal cortex), visual processing (superior visual cortex), reward (caudate) and memory (hippocampus) regions in response to receipt and anticipated receipt of palatable food relative to those in neutral or positive energy balance. Results confirm that self-imposed caloric deprivation increases responsivity of attention, reward, and motivation regions to food, which may explain why caloric deprivation weight loss diets typically do not produce lasting weight loss.
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
In two fMRI studies of adolescents, longer self-imposed caloric deprivation and a 2-week negative energy balance were associated with greater responsivity of attention, reward, and motivation brain regions to palatable food images, anticipated milkshake receipt, and milkshake receipt. The authors argue this may help explain why caloric-deprivation weight-loss diets often do not produce lasting weight loss.
Key findings
- Study 1 (N = 34 female adolescents; mean deprivation 7.8 ± 4.6 hours, range 1–16): duration of caloric deprivation correlated positively with left OFC activation for appetizing > unappetizing food pictures and right precentral gyrus activation for appetizing > water pictures; no significant effects emerged for reverse contrasts or quadratic relations.
- Study 2 acute deprivation (n = 51; mean 6.9 ± 3.7 hours, range 3–22.5): hours since last caloric intake correlated positively with activation during milkshake cue > tasteless cue in regions including MTG, precentral gyrus, medial SFG, lingual gyrus, dlPFC, dorsal ACC, MFG, IOG, vlPFC, parahippocampal gyrus, putamen, cerebellum, thalamus, and MOG; for milkshake receipt > tasteless receipt, it correlated positively with left mid insula.
- Study 2 longer-term energy balance: the negative energy balance group (≥1 kg loss; n = 27; mean −1.5 ± 0.5 kg) showed greater activation than the positive energy balance group (n = 23; mean +1.7 ± 0.9 kg) in left precuneus, left mPFC, and right ventral ACC for anticipated receipt, and in left caudate and right precentral gyrus for receipt; versus the energy stable group (n = 31; mean −0.01 ± 0.08 kg), it showed greater activation in left cuneus, left dlPFC, and left PCC for anticipated receipt, and bilateral caudate, right hippocampus, left MOG, and left fusiform gyrus for receipt.
- Dutch Restrained Eating Scale scores were not significantly related to hours of food deprivation in Study 1 (p = 0.98; r = 0.004) or Study 2 (p = 0.46; r = 0.10), and did not differ across energy balance groups (p = 0.92).
Methods
- Two fMRI studies in adolescents. Study 1 included 34 healthy female adolescents (M age = 15.5 ± 0.9, BMI = 24.6 ± 5.6). Study 2 included 162 adolescent males and females (M age = 15.3 ± 1.07, BMI = 20.8 ± 1.90), but analyses used 51 participants with data on pre-scan caloric deprivation and 81 participants meeting weight-change criteria.
- Study 1 used a food-picture paradigm: participants rated 103 food pictures, then viewed their 40 most appetizing, 40 least appetizing, and 40 water pictures; contrasts were appetizing > unappetizing and appetizing > water, regressed on hours since last dietary intake.
- Study 2 used a milkshake receipt/anticipation paradigm with chocolate milkshake versus calorie-free tasteless solution; contrasts were milkshake receipt > tasteless receipt and milkshake cue > tasteless cue, regressed on hours since last caloric intake and compared across negative, stable, and positive energy balance groups based on 2-week weight change (lost ≥1 kg, remained within 0.1 kg, gained ≥1 kg). Imaging used SPM8 with whole-brain cluster-level correction (p < 0.001, k ≥ 11, corrected p < 0.05).
Limitations
- The paper states: there was no way to confirm that the negative energy balance group consumed fewer calories than needed on the actual scan day; only one palatable food was tested and it was a beverage, so generalization to solid foods is cautious; participants were adolescents, so results may not generalize to adults; and sample sizes, though larger than many imaging studies, were still moderate and may have limited power and generalizability.
- Evident from the text: the acute-deprivation analyses in Study 2 used only 51 of 162 participants because deprivation data were not collected for all; Study 1 included only females while Study 2 included both sexes; and the acute-deprivation findings are correlational, based on self-reported hours since last intake rather than experimentally manipulated deprivation.
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0 of 61 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged
- Findingown data
Youth in a longer-term negative energy balance showed greater activation in attention, visual processing, reward, and memory regions in response to receipt and anticipated receipt of palatable food relative to those in neutral or positive energy balance.
“Youth in a longer-term negative energy balance likewise showed greater activation in attention (anterior cingulate cortex, ventral medial prefrontal cortex), visual processing (superior visual cortex), reward (caudate) and memory (hippocampus) regions in response to receipt and anticipated receipt of palatable food relative to those in neutral or positive energy balance.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Weight change over the 2-week period is a valid index of negative, neutral, or positive energy balance.
- Rests on an assumption: BOLD response in attention and reward regions reflects responsivity or reward value to food.
- Findingown data
Duration of acute caloric deprivation correlates positively with activation in regions implicated in attention, reward, and motivation in response to images, anticipated receipt, and receipt of palatable food.
“Duration of acute caloric deprivation correlated positively with activation in regions implicated in attention, reward, and motivation in response to images, anticipated receipt, and receipt of palatable food (e.g., anterior cingulate cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, putamen, and precentral gyrus respectively).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Number of hours since last caloric intake is a valid measure of acute caloric deprivation.
- Rests on an assumption: BOLD response in attention and reward regions reflects responsivity or reward value to food.
- Findingown data
In Study 1, in the appetizing food > unappetizing food contrast, duration of caloric deprivation was positively related to activity in the left OFC.
“In the appetizing food > unappetizing food contrast, duration of caloric deprivation was positively related to activity in the left OFC (Figure 1A).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Number of hours since last caloric intake is a valid measure of acute caloric deprivation.
- Rests on an assumption: BOLD response in attention and reward regions reflects responsivity or reward value to food.
- Findingown data
In Study 1, there was no evidence of significant quadratic relations between hours of caloric deprivation and neural activation in response to images of appetizing foods.
“There was no evidence of significant quadratic relations between hours of caloric deprivation and neural activation in response to images of appetizing foods.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In Study 1, in the appetizing food > water contrast, duration of caloric deprivation was positively related to activity in the right precentral gyrus.
“In the appetizing food > water contrast, duration of caloric deprivation was positively related to activity in the right precentral gyrus (Figure 1B).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Number of hours since last caloric intake is a valid measure of acute caloric deprivation.
- Rests on an assumption: BOLD response in attention and reward regions reflects responsivity or reward value to food.
- Findingown data
In Study 1, there were no significant effects when examining the unappetizing > appetizing food or water > appetizing food contrasts.
“There were no significant effects when examining the unappetizing > appetizing food or water > appetizing food contrasts.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In Study 1, Dutch Restrained Eating Scale scores were not significantly related to hours of food deprivation (P = 0.98; r = 0.004).
“Participant’s Dutch Restrained Eating Scale scores were not significantly related to hours of food deprivation (P = 0.98; r = 0.004)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In Study 2, participants in a negative energy balance state during the scan compared to those in a positive or stable energy balance showed greater activation in the precuneus, mPFC, ventral ACC, cuneus, dlPFC, and PCC in response to anticipated receipt of milkshake.
“Participants in a negative energy balance state during the scan in Study 2 compared to those in a positive or stable energy balance showed greater activation in the precuneus, mPFC, ventral ACC, cuneus, dlPFC, and PCC in response to anticipated receipt of milkshake.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In Study 2, the positive energy balance group did not show significantly greater activation in response to the milkshake cue > tasteless solution cue contrast compared to either energy stable or negative energy balance groups.
“The positive energy balance group did not show significantly greater activation in response to the milkshake cue > tasteless solution cue contrast compared to either energy stable or negative energy balance groups.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In Study 2, no significant effects emerged for the reverse contrasts in the milkshake receipt contrast.
“No significant effects emerged for the reverse contrasts.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In Study 2, the energy stable group did not show significantly greater activation in response to the milkshake cue > tasteless solution cue compared to either positive or negative energy balance groups.
“The energy stable group did not show significantly greater activation in response to the milkshake cue > tasteless solution cue compared to either positive or negative energy balance groups.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In Study 2, participants in a negative energy balance relative to those in a stable or positive energy balance state showed greater activation in the caudate, precentral gyrus, hippocampus, MOG, and fusiform gyrus in response to actual intake of palatable food.
“Participants in a negative energy balance relative to those in a stable or positive energy balance state also showed greater activation in the caudate, precentral gyrus, hippocampus, MOG, and fusiform gyrus in response to actual intake of palatable food.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In Study 2, in the milkshake receipt > tasteless receipt contrast, hours of caloric deprivation correlated positively with activation in the left mid insula.
“In the milkshake receipt > tasteless receipt contrast, hours of caloric deprivation correlated positively with activation in the left mid insula (Table 2).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Number of hours since last caloric intake is a valid measure of acute caloric deprivation.
- Rests on an assumption: BOLD response in attention and reward regions reflects responsivity or reward value to food.
- Findingown data
In Study 2, no significant effects emerged for the reverse contrasts in the milkshake cue contrast.
“No significant effects emerged for the reverse contrasts.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In Study 2, participants reporting a longer duration of elective acute caloric deprivation exhibited a pattern of neural activation in regions implicated in food reward, motivation, and attention in response to receipt and anticipated receipt of palatable food, including the thalamus, parahippocampal gyrus, dlPFC, dorsal ACC, MFG, putamen, and mid insula.
“In Study 2, participants reporting a longer duration of elective acute caloric deprivation exhibited a pattern of neural activation in regions implicated in (food) reward, motivation, and attention in response to receipt and anticipated receipt of palatable food, such as the thalamus, parahippocampal gyrus, dlPFC, dorsal ACC, MFG, putamen, and mid insula”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
There were no significant differences in Dutch Restrained Eating Scale scores between the energy balance groups.
“There were no significant differences in Dutch Restrained Eating Scale scores between the energy balance groups (p = 0.92; negative energy group M = 15.6 ± 7.2, energy stable group M = 15.9 ± 6.8, positive energy group M = 15.1 ± 6.5)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Caloric deprivation was related to altered neural response in a much wider array of reward, attention, and motivation regions in response to receipt and anticipated receipt of palatable foods versus images of palatable foods.
“It was noteworthy that caloric deprivation was related to altered neural response in a much wider array of reward, attention, and motivation regions in response to receipt and anticipated receipt of palatable foods versus images of palatable foods herein.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In Study 2, duration of acute caloric deprivation was positively correlated with activation in motor response regions such as the precentral gyrus in response to anticipated food receipt.
“and motor responses, such as the precentral gyrus (Geliebter et al., 2006).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In Study 1, the duration of elective acute caloric deprivation correlated positively with activation in the OFC in response to pictures of appetizing food.
“In Study 1, the duration of elective acute caloric deprivation correlated positively with activation in the OFC in response to pictures of appetizing food.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In Study 2, duration of acute caloric deprivation was positively correlated with activation in visual processing regions such as the IOG, lingual gyrus, and MTG in response to anticipated food receipt.
“In response to anticipated food receipt, duration of acute caloric deprivation was also positively correlated with activation in regions associated with visual processing, such as the IOG, lingual gyrus, MTG”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In Study 1, duration of acute caloric deprivation correlated with elevated activation in the precentral gyrus.
“Duration of acute caloric deprivation also correlated with elevated activation in the precentral gyrus.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In Study 2, in the milkshake receipt > tasteless receipt contrast, the negative energy balance group showed greater activation in left caudate and right precentral gyrus relative to the positive energy balance group.
“In the milkshake receipt > tasteless receipt contrast, the negative energy balance group showed greater activation in left caudate and right precentral gyrus relative to the positive energy balance group (Table 3).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Weight change over the 2-week period is a valid index of negative, neutral, or positive energy balance.
- Rests on an assumption: BOLD response in attention and reward regions reflects responsivity or reward value to food.
- Findingown data
In Study 2, no significant effects emerged for the reverse contrasts.
“No significant effects emerged for the reverse contrasts.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In Study 2, the energy stable group did not show significantly greater activation in response to milkshake receipt > tasteless solution receipt contrast compared to either the positive or negative energy balance groups.
“The energy stable group did not show significantly greater activation in response to milkshake receipt > tasteless solution receipt contrast compared to either the positive or negative energy balance groups.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In Study 2, duration of caloric deprivation was positively related to activation in the cerebellum in response to anticipated food receipt.
“Duration of caloric deprivation was also positively related to activation in the cerebellum in response to anticipated food receipt.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In Study 2, the negative energy balance group also showed greater activation in bilateral caudate, right hippocampus, left MOG, and left fusiform gyrus relative to the energy stable group.
“The negative energy balance group also showed greater activation in the bilateral caudate, right hippocampus, left MOG, and left fusiform gyrus relative to the energy stable group (Table 3).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Weight change over the 2-week period is a valid index of negative, neutral, or positive energy balance.
- Rests on an assumption: BOLD response in attention and reward regions reflects responsivity or reward value to food.
- Findingown data
In Study 2, participants in the negative energy balance group (≥ 1kg weight loss; n = 27) showed a mean weight change of −1.5 ± 0.5kg over the 2-week period.
“Participants in the negative energy balance group (≥ 1kg in weight loss; n = 27) showed a mean weight change of −1.5 ± 0.5kg (range −3.0- −1.0kg) over the 2-week period.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Weight change over the 2-week period is a valid index of negative, neutral, or positive energy balance.
- Findingown data
In Study 2, there was no evidence of significant quadratic relations between caloric deprivation and neural activation in response to receipt and anticipated receipt of palatable food.
“There was no evidence of significant quadratic relations between caloric deprivation and neural activation in response to receipt and anticipated receipt of palatable food.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In Study 2, the positive energy balance group did not show significantly greater activation in response to milkshake receipt > tasteless solution receipt contrast relative to the energy stable and negative energy balance groups.
“The positive energy balance group did not show significantly greater activation in response to milkshake receipt > tasteless solution receipt contrast relative to the energy stable and negative energy balance groups1.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingcitation
Dietary restraint scores correlated positively with activation in the OFC and dlPFC in response to milkshake receipt.
“dietary restraint scores correlated positively with activation in the OFC and dlPFC in response to milkshake receipt”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Burger & Stice, 2011 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Findingown data
Hours of caloric deprivation and negative energy balance status showed markedly stronger relations to intake, anticipated intake, and images of palatable foods than to the Dutch Restrained Eating Scale in the present data sets.
“Interestingly, hours of caloric deprivation and negative energy balance status showed markedly stronger relations to intake, anticipated intake, and images of palatable foods than to the Dutch Restrained Eating Scale in the present data sets”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingcitation
Dietary restraint scores did not correlate with activation in response to anticipated receipt of milkshake or pictures of palatable food.
“but did not correlate with activation in response to anticipated receipt of milkshake or pictures of palatable food (Burger & Stice, 2011).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Burger & Stice, 2011 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Females with high versus low scores on dietary restraint scales are at greater risk for future onset of binge eating, bulimic symptoms, and bulimia nervosa.
“Consistent with dietary restraint theory, females with high versus low scores on dietary restraint scales are at greater risk for future onset of binge eating, bulimic symptoms, and bulimia nervosa”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Premisecitation
Individuals with high versus low scores on various dietary restraint scales do not consume fewer calories according to objective measures of intake during single eating episodes, multiple eating episodes, and over 2-12 week observation periods.
“Individuals with high versus low scores on various dietary restraint scales do not consume fewer calories according to objective measures of intake during single eating episodes”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Hetherington et al., 2000 source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Ouwens, van Strien, & van der Staak, 2003
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Stice, Fisher, & Lowe 2004
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationown data
Self-imposed caloric deprivation increases responsivity of attention, reward, and motivation regions to food.
“Results confirm that self-imposed caloric deprivation increases responsivity of attention, reward, and motivation regions to food”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Weight change over the 2-week period is a valid index of negative, neutral, or positive energy balance.
- Rests on an assumption: Number of hours since last caloric intake is a valid measure of acute caloric deprivation.
- Rests on an assumption: BOLD response in attention and reward regions reflects responsivity or reward value to food.
- Rests on an assumption: Caloric deprivation weight loss diets typically do not produce lasting weight loss.
- Premisecitation
Experimentally manipulated caloric deprivation increases responsivity of brain regions implicated in attention and reward to food images.
“Yet, experimentally manipulated caloric deprivation increases responsivity of brain regions implicated in attention and reward to food images”
- Also stated in: § 1. Introduction · hedged
“functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experiments indicate that activation in regions that have been implicated in attention (anterior cingulate cortex), reward valuation (amygdala), memory (hippocampus), and homeostatic feeding (hypothalamus) was significantly greater in response to pictures of palatable foods versus non-food control images after caloric deprivation versus a no deprivation”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Also stated in: § 1. Introduction · hedged
- Interpretationreasoning
The contradictory findings on dietary restraint and binge eating apparently arise because dietary restraint scales do not identify individuals who are reducing caloric intake.
“apparently because dietary restraint scales do not identify individuals who are reducing caloric intake”
- Also stated in: § 1. Introduction · hedged
“It appears that these inconsistent findings emerged because the prospective studies used dietary restraint scales that do not identify individuals who are reducing caloric intake”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § 1. Introduction · hedged
- Interpretationown data
The lack of relation between Dutch Restrained Eating Scale scores and hours of food deprivation provides further evidence that this scale does not identify people who restrict caloric intake.
“providing further evidence that this scale does not identify people who restrict caloric intake.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
One experiment found greater response in attention and reward regions to pictures of high-calorie versus low-calorie foods after caloric deprivation versus a non-deprivation condition.
“One experiment found a greater response in attention (posterior cingulate cortex) and reward (amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex [OFC], insula, and striatum) regions to pictures of high-calorie versus low-calorie foods after a period of caloric deprivation versus a non-deprivation condition”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Goldstone et al., 2009 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Dieting efforts are typically several weeks in duration.
“dieting efforts are typically several weeks in duration (Williamson, Serdula, Anda, Levy, & Byers, 1992).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Williamson, Serdula, Anda, Levy, & Byers, 1992
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
fMRI experiments indicate that activation in attention, reward valuation, memory, and homeostatic feeding regions is significantly greater in response to pictures of palatable foods versus non-food control images after caloric deprivation versus a no deprivation condition.
“activation in regions that have been implicated in attention (anterior cingulate cortex), reward valuation (amygdala), memory (hippocampus), and homeostatic feeding (hypothalamus) was significantly greater in response to pictures of palatable foods versus non-food control images after caloric deprivation versus a no deprivation condition”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Interpretationcitation
Caloric deprivation increases the reward value of high-calorie foods more than low-calorie foods.
“suggesting that caloric deprivation increases the reward value of high-calorie foods more than low-calorie foods.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Goldstone et al., 2009 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Another experiment found greater response in primary gustatory cortex and reward regions in response to intake of food after caloric deprivation versus a non-deprivation condition.
“Another experiment found that there was greater response in the primary gustatory cortex (anterior insula, frontal operculum) and regions associated with reward (dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, medial prefrontal cortex) in response to intake of food (chocolate milk, chicken soup) after caloric deprivation versus a non-deprivation condition”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Uher et al., 2006 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationown data
Overall, results suggest that a longer-term negative energy balance state is associated with elevated activation in regions implicated in reward, attention, and motivation during anticipated palatable food receipt.
“Overall, results suggest that a longer-term negative energy balance state is associated with elevated activation in regions implicated in reward, attention, and motivation during anticipated palatable food receipt.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
The evidence that elective caloric restriction in the present studies was associated with greater responsivity of attention and reward regions to palatable food images, anticipated receipt of palatable food, and receipt of palatable food extends findings from caloric deprivation experiments.
“The evidence that elective caloric restriction in the present studies was associated with greater responsivity of attention and reward regions to palatable food images, anticipated receipt of palatable food, and receipt of palatable food more broadly extend findings from caloric deprivation experiments.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Interpretationreasoning
The similarity in findings from studies that investigated elective caloric deprivation and experimentally manipulated caloric deprivation suggests that these effects are very robust.
“The similarity in the findings from studies that investigated elective caloric deprivation and experimentally manipulated caloric deprivation suggest that these effects are very robust.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
Results may suggest that individuals in a longer-term negative energy balance state are more sensitive to the hedonic sensations associated with palatable food intake.
“Results may suggest that individuals in a longer-term negative energy balance state are more sensitive to the hedonic sensations associated with the palatable food intake.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationcitation
Caloric deprivation may result in an increase in DA-neurons that fire in response to food cues.
“suggesting that caloric deprivation may likewise result in an increase in DA-neurons that fire in response to food cues.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationown data
The lack of differences in Dutch Restrained Eating Scale scores between energy balance groups provides further evidence that this scale does not identify people in a negative energy balance.
“providing further evidence that this scale does not identify people in a negative energy balance.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
In vivo dialysis experiments show higher food-induced DA release in fasted versus satiated rats.
“In vivo dialysis experiments show higher food-induced DA release in fasted versus satiated rats (Wilson et al., 1995).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Wilson et al., 1995 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationcitation
Caloric deprivation results in greater signaling capacity of DA-based reward circuitry in response to food.
“which suggests that caloric deprivation results in greater signaling capacity of DA-based reward circuitry in response to food.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
The results from the current elective caloric deprivation studies taken in conjunction with findings from earlier caloric deprivation experiments suggest that acute and prolonged caloric deprivation increases the reward value of food, particularly energy dense palatable foods.
“The results from the current elective caloric deprivation studies taken in conjunction with findings from the earlier caloric deprivation experiments suggest that acute and prolonged caloric deprivation increases the reward value of food, particularly energy dense palatable foods.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
This phenomenon may explain why most weight loss diets are ineffective in producing lasting weight loss.
“Indeed, this phenomenon may explain why most weight loss diets are ineffective in producing lasting weight loss.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Accumbens DA levels increase in response to caloric intake more following longer versus shorter caloric deprivation periods.
“Accumbens DA levels have been shown to increase in response to caloric intake more following longer versus shorter caloric deprivation periods (Yoshida et al., 1992)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Yoshida et al., 1992 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationreasoning
Weight loss diets characterized by caloric deprivation may be bound to fail because they increase the reward value of food with every passing hour of deprivation.
“One implication of these data is that weight loss diets characterized by caloric deprivation may be bound to fail because they increase the reward value of food with every passing hour of deprivation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Study design and conductown data
Post hoc analyses confirmed that all effects remained significant when controlling for sex in Study 2 analyses.
“However, post hoc analyses confirmed that all effects remained significant when we controlled for sex in the Study 2 analyses.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationown data
Restraint scale scores identify individuals who are attempting to reduce caloric intake, rather than those who typically are in a negative energy balanced state.
“implying that restraint scale scores identify individuals who are attempting to reduce caloric intake, rather than those who typically in a negative energy balanced state.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Accumbens DA levels increase in response to caloric deprivation weight loss diets versus baseline.
“and in response to caloric deprivation weight loss diets versus baseline (Avena et al., 2008).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Avena et al., 2008 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationreasoning
These data may explain why weight loss diets typically do not produce lasting weight loss.
“These data may explain for why weight loss diets typically do not produce lasting weight loss.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The more successful people are at caloric-restriction dieting, the greater likelihood that it will not last.
“Ironically, our findings imply that the more successful people are at caloric-restriction dieting, the greater likelihood that it will not last.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Dieting characterized by meal skipping and fasting would be less successful than weight loss efforts characterized by intake of low energy dense foods.
“Thus, results imply that dieting that is characterized by meal skipping and fasting would be less successful than weight loss efforts characterized by intake of low energy dense foods.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Study design and conductown data
Post hoc analyses indicated that only 3 of the 34 peaks became non-significant when controlling for BMI in analyses.
“Again, post hoc analyses indicated that only 3 of the 34 peaks became non-significant when we controlled for BMI in analyses.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
Intracerebroventricular injection of the DR2 agonist quinpirole produced a more pronounced striatal neuronal activation in caloric restricted rats versus ad lib fed controls.
“Intracerebroventricular injection of the DR2 agonist quinpirole produced a more pronounced striatal neuronal activation in caloric restricted rats versus ad lib fed controls (Carr et al., 2003).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Carr et al., 2003 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationreasoning
Results collectively suggest that caloric deprivation increases the reward value of food, particularly high-calorie palatable food and cues predicting food receipt.
“Thus, results collectively suggest that caloric deprivation increases the reward value of food, particularly high-calorie palatable food and cues predicting food receipt.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Study design and conductreasoning
There was no way to confirm that on the day of the actual scan participants consumed fewer calories than needed to maintain their weight.
“there was no way to confirm that on the day of the actual scan that they consumed fewer caloric than needed to maintain their weight.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The present findings may explain why people who attempt to diet do not typically succeed per objective measures of caloric intake.
“The present findings may also explain why people who attempt to diet do not typically succeed per objective measures of caloric intake (e.g., Hetherington et al., 2000; Stice et al., 2004; Sysko et al., 2007).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 30
- May combine two claims. 22
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Findingown dataIn Study 2, participants rated the chocolate milkshake as highly pleasant (M = 14.2) and edible (M = 15.8) immediately before the scan.
“On 1-20 point scales, participants rated the chocolate milkshake as highly pleasant (M = 14.2) and edible (M = 15.8) immediately before the scan.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingown dataIn Study 1, participants reported a mean deprivation of 7.8 ± 4.6 hours (range 1 to 16).
“Participants (N = 34) reported a mean deprivation of 7.8 ± 4.6 hours (range 1 to 16).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingown dataIn Study 2, Dutch Restrained Eating Scale scores were not significantly related to hours of food deprivation (P = 0.46, r = 0.10).
“Again, participant’s Dutch Restrained Eating Scale scores were not significantly related to hours of food deprivation (P = 0.46, r = 0.10).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimThe quote only partly states this claim.
Findingown dataIn Study 2, in the milkshake cue > tasteless solution cue contrast, hours of caloric deprivation correlated positively with activation in multiple regions including MTG, precentral gyrus, medial SFG, lingual gyrus, dlPFC, dorsal ACC, MFG, IOG, vlPFC, parahippocampal gyrus, putamen, cerebellum, thalamus, and MOG.
“In the milkshake cue > tasteless solution cue contrast, hours of caloric deprivation correlated positively with activation in the right hemisphere in the middle temporal gyrus (MTG), precentral gyrus, medial superior frontal gyrus (medial SFG), lingual gyrus, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC, Figure 1C), dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dorsal ACC), and middle frontal gyrus (MFG)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Number of hours since last caloric intake is a valid measure of acute caloric deprivation.
- Rests on an assumption: BOLD response in attention and reward regions reflects responsivity or reward value to food.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingown dataIn Study 2, participants reported a mean deprivation of 6.9 ± 3.7 hours (range 3 to 22.5).
“Participants (n = 51) reported a mean deprivation of 6.9 ± 3.7 hours (range 3 to 22.5).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingown dataIn Study 2, participants in the positive energy balance group (≥ 1kg weight gain; n = 23) showed a mean weight gain of 1.7 ± 0.9kg over the 2-week period.
“Those in the positive energy balance group (≥ 1kg in weight gain; n = 23) showed a mean weight gain of 1.7 ± 0.9kg (range 1.1 - 5.6kg) over the 2-week period.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Weight change over the 2-week period is a valid index of negative, neutral, or positive energy balance.
May combine two claims.
Findingown dataIn Study 2, in the milkshake cue > tasteless solution cue contrast, participants in the negative energy balance group showed greater activation in left precuneus, left mPFC, and right ventral ACC relative to the positive energy balance group and greater activation in left cuneus, left dlPFC, and left PCC relative to the energy stable group.
“In the milkshake cue > tasteless solution cue contrast, participants in the negative energy balance group showed greater activation in the left precuneus, left medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), and right ventral ACC relative to the positive energy balance group and greater activation in the left cuneus, left dlPFC, and left posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) relative to the energy stable group (Table”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Weight change over the 2-week period is a valid index of negative, neutral, or positive energy balance.
- Rests on an assumption: BOLD response in attention and reward regions reflects responsivity or reward value to food.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingown dataIn Study 2, participants in the energy stable group (remained within 0.1kg, n = 31) showed a trivial increase in mean weight (−0.01 ± 0.08kg).
“Participants in the energy stable group (remained within 0.1kg, n = 31) showed a trivial increase in mean weight (−0.01 ± 0.08kg; range −0.1 - 0.1kg).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Weight change over the 2-week period is a valid index of negative, neutral, or positive energy balance.
May combine two claims.
Findingown dataHours since last caloric intake and negative energy balance status showed no correlation with scores on the Dutch Restrained Eating Scale.
“Hours since last caloric intake and negative energy balance status showed no correlation with scores on the Dutch Restrained Eating Scale”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationDietary restraint theoretically increases risk for binge eating.
“Dietary restraint theoretically increases risk for binge eating”
- Also stated in: § 1. Introduction · plain
“Theorists posit that dietary restraint increases risk for onset and maintenance of binge eating and bulimia nervosa (Fairburn, 1997; Polivy & Herman, 1985).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Fairburn, 1997
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Polivy & Herman, 1985 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Also stated in: § 1. Introduction · plain
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
Premisenone givenProspective and experimental studies on dietary restraint and binge eating have produced contradictory findings.
“prospective and experimental studies have produced contradictory findings”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationIncreases in dietary restraint scores are associated with increases in bulimic symptoms.
“increases in bulimic symptoms (Johnson & Wardle, 2005; Stice, 2001; Wertheim, Koerner, & Paxton, 2001).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Johnson & Wardle, 2005
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Stice, 2001 source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Wertheim, Koerner, & Paxton, 2001
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationSome individuals may engage in true caloric restriction, which does increase risk for binge eating.
“some individuals may engage in true caloric restriction, which does increase risk for binge eating (Stice et al., 2010).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Stice et al., 2010 source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationRandomized trials find that assignment to energy-deficit weight loss interventions versus waitlist control conditions results in significant decreases in binge eating for healthy young adults, overweight adults, and young women with bulimia nervosa.
“However, randomized trials find that assignment to energy-deficit weight loss interventions versus waitlist control conditions results in significant decreases in binge eating for healthy young adults”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Groesz & Stice, 2007
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Presnell & Stice, 2003
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Goodrick, Poston, Kimball, Reeves & Foreyt, 1998
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
Study design and conductreasoningUsing larger samples than past studies enabled whole-brain analyses, which should provide a more comprehensive and reliable index of the effect of elective dietary restriction in neural response to food.
“because we used larger samples (N = 34, 51, & 81) than employed in past studies (N = 10 to 20), we were able to conduct whole-brain analyses, rather than region of interest analyses, which should provide a more comprehensive and reliable index of the effect of elective dietary restriction in neural response to food.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone givenParticipants who moved greater than 2mm or 2° in any direction were excluded from analyses.
“Participants who moved greater 2mm or 2° in any direction were excluded from analyses.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationRats randomized to extreme caloric deprivation conditions eat significantly more calories during ad lib feeding and show a preference for high-fat foods immediately after the deprivation period relative to non-deprived rats.
“rats randomized to extreme caloric deprivation conditions (in which they lost 7% - 20% of their body mass) eat significantly more calories during ad lib feeding and show a preference for high-fat foods immediately after the deprivation period relative to non-deprived rats”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Hagan, Chandler, Wauford, Rybak, & Oswald, 2003
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Lucas & Sclafani, 1992
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Ogawa et al., 2005 source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
Premisenone givenFew studies have investigated the effects of elective longer-term caloric deprivation; the fMRI experiments described above only investigated acute caloric deprivation.
“Another gap in the literature is that few studies have investigated the effects of elective longer-term caloric deprivation; the fMRI experiments described above only investigated the effects of acute caloric deprivation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductown dataThe effects remained when potential outliers were excluded for these and subsequently reported effects.
“The effects remained when potential outliers were excluded for these and subsequently reported effects.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductown dataFindings did not change when mid-follicular phase covariate was included.
“Because findings did not change when this covariate was included, results from analyses that did not include this covariate are reported.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Dreher et al., 2007 source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
InterpretationreasoningThe null effects in these fMRI experiments may be due to small samples (Ns = 10 to 20).
“potentially because of the small samples used in these studies (Ns = 10 to 20).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationNull effects also emerged in fMRI experiments on caloric deprivation and food image response.
“though null effects also emerged (Siep et al., 2009; Uher et al., 2006)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationHumans randomized to periods of caloric deprivation work longer on operant tasks to earn high-calorie snack foods and eat more snack foods than non-deprived controls.
“humans randomized to periods of caloric deprivation work longer on operant tasks to earn high-calorie snack foods and eat more snack foods than non-deprived controls”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Cameron, Goldfield, Cyr, & Doucet, 2008
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Epstein et al., 2003 source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Raynor & Epstein, 2003
Not checked in the free run.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductreasoningThe threshold of p < 0.001 with a cluster (k) ≥ 11 was considered corrected for multiple comparisons across the whole brain.
“The resulting threshold of p < 0.001 with a cluster (k) ≥ 11 was considered corrected for multiple comparisions across the whole brain.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductcitationThe Dutch Restrained Eating Scale has shown internal consistency (α's range from .93 to .95) and temporal reliability (2-week test-retest r = .82).
“This scale has shown internal consistency (α’s range from .93 to .95) and temporal reliability (2-week test-retest r = .82; Stice, et al., 2004; van Strien et al., 1986).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone givenRandom effects analyses were used to account for both within-group and within-subject variance.
“Random effects analyses were used to account for both within-group and within-subject variance.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductcitationProspective acquisition correction (PACE) was applied to reduce motion-induced effects in Study 2.
“Prospective acquisition correction (PACE) was applied to adjust slice position and orientation, as well as to re-grid residual volume-to-volume motion in real-time during data acquisition for the purpose of reducing motion-induced effects in Study 2 (Thesen et al., 2000).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Thesen et al., 2000 source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationTrue caloric restriction may increase the reward value of food, such that longer caloric deprivation leads to greater activation of attention and reward regions in response to food, which putatively increases likelihood of food intake.
“Collectively, data suggest that true caloric restriction may increase the reward value of food, such that the longer the caloric deprivation, the greater the activation of attention and reward regions in response to food, which putatively increases the likelihood of food intake.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductcitationA cluster level threshold of p < 0.05 corrected for multiple comparisons across the whole brain was derived using Monte Carlo simulations.
“A cluster level threshold of p < 0.05 corrected for multiple comparisons across the whole brain for each study were derived using Monte Carlo simulations (10,000 iterations) of random noise distribution in the whole brain mask (3×3×3mm) using the 3dClustSim in AFNI (Cox, 1996; Forman et al., 1995).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningfMRI experiments with random assignment to caloric deprivation or non-deprivation have strong internal validity but limited external validity because participants did not voluntarily elect to engage in caloric restriction.
“The fMRI experiments in which participants were randomly assigned to a period of caloric deprivation or a non-deprivation condition have strong internal validity, but limited external validity because participants did not voluntarily elect to engage in caloric restriction, as occurs in real-world dieters.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn response to pictures of palatable foods, individuals who had successfully recovered from obesity showed greater activation in superior frontal region than obese and normal weight individuals, greater activation in middle temporal region than normal weight individuals, and less activation in precentral gyrus than obese individuals.
“In response to pictures of palatable foods, individuals who had successfully recovered from obesity showed greater activation in a region associated with inhibitory control (the superior frontal region) than obese and normal weight individuals, greater activation in a region involved in visual attention (middle temporal region) than normal weight individuals, and less activation in a motor”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites McCaffery et al., 2009 source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe Dutch Restrained Eating Scale correlates with self-reported caloric intake but does not correlate with objectively measured caloric intake.
“Although this scale correlates with self-reported caloric intake, like all dietary restraint or dieting scales, it does not correlate with objectively measured caloric intake (e.g., Ouwens et al., 2003; Stice, et al., 2004).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationExperimental research with rats has revealed that acute food deprivation and chronic caloric deprivation results in increased DA release at feeding and increased D2 receptor binding.
“Experimental research with rats has revealed that acute food deprivation and chronic caloric deprivation results in increased DA release at feeding and increased D2 receptor binding (Thanos et al., 2008)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Thanos et al., 2008 source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationAnimal experiments show that caloric deprivation selectively increases preferences for high-fat foods.
“Interesting, animal experiments show that caloric deprivation selectively increases preferences for high-fat foods (Lucas & Sclafani, 1992).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Lucas & Sclafani, 1992
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataOverall, findings from Study 1 and Study 2 suggest that duration of acute calorie deprivation is related to greater reward valuation of and attention to palatable food pictures and food cues and potentially with greater motivation to obtain or consume the food.
“Overall, the findings from Study 1 and Study 2 suggest that duration of acute calorie deprivation is related to greater reward valuation of and attention to palatable food pictures and food cues and potentially with greater motivation to obtain or consume the food.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationAbstinence from cocaine after a period of regular use resulted in a 17% increase in cells that selectively fire in response to cocaine directed behavior.
“Abstinence from cocaine after a period of regular use resulted in a 17% increase in cells that selectively fire in response to cocaine directed behavior”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Cameron & Carelli, 2012
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningCollectively, results imply that caloric deprivation increases responsivity to real food much more than it does to images of food, probably because pictures of food hold no caloric value for hungry people.
“Collectively, results imply that caloric deprivation increases responsivity to real food much more than it does to images of food, probably because pictures of food hold no caloric value for hungry people.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationThese data collectively suggest that caloric deprivation increases D2R receptor sensitization, which could explain the greater reward value of food after caloric deprivation.
“These data collectively suggest that caloric deprivation increases D2R receptor sensitization, which could explain the greater reward value of food after caloric deprivation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Mechanisms of caloric deprivation observed in rats generalize to humans.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataThe studies investigated neural response to receipt and anticipated receipt of only one palatable food and it was a beverage.
“Second, we investigated neural response to receipt and anticipated receipt of only one palatable food and it was a beverage.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationElevated D2Rs showed enhanced effector striatal coupling.
“and elevated D2Rs showed enhanced effector striatal coupling (Carr et al., 2003).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Carr et al., 2003 source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
InterpretationreasoningResults may not generalize to other palatable foods, particularly solid foods.
“Results should be generalized with caution to other palatable foods, particularly solid foods.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningThe samples were moderate in magnitude, which may have limited the generalizability of the findings.
“Fourth, although the samples used in these studies are larger than those typically used in brain imaging studies, they were still only moderate in magnitude, which may have limited our statistical power and the generalizability of our findings.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Interpretationown dataBecause participants were adolescents, results may not generalize to adults.
“Third, because participants in these two studies were adolescents, results may not generalize to adults.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationAdministration of the D1R agonist SFK-82958 produced enhanced striatal activation.
“Administration of the D1R agonist SFK-82958 produced enhanced striatal activation”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Carr et al., 2003 source
Not checked in the free run.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
InterpretationreasoningWeight loss diets that involve replacement of unhealthy energy dense foods with healthy low energy density foods should be more effective than diets that involve long periods of caloric deprivation.
“Most critically, findings imply that weight loss diets that involve the replacement of unhealthy energy dense foods with healthy low energy density foods should be more effective than diets that involve long periods of caloric deprivation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataIf people attempt to lose weight by abstaining from food intake for long durations, it will increase the reward value of food, which may lead to poor food choices when the individual eventually does eat.
“Our results imply that if people attempt to lose weight by abstaining from food intake for long durations of time, it will have the effect of increasing the reward value of food, which may lead to poor food choices when the individual eventually does eat.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductreasoningThe samples were moderate in magnitude, which may have limited statistical power.
“Fourth, although the samples used in these studies are larger than those typically used in brain imaging studies, they were still only moderate in magnitude, which may have limited our statistical power and the generalizability of our findings.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
The paper relies on this without support.
Weight change over the 2-week period is a valid index of negative, neutral, or positive energy balance.
“To assess the impact of longer-term energy balance we used weight change over the 2-week period during which the scan occurred to group participants into three a priori groups”
“This allowed us to contrast the neural response of individuals who were in an objectively measured negative energy balance to those who were in an energy stable or positive energy balance state when the scan took place.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Number of hours since last caloric intake is a valid measure of acute caloric deprivation.
“participants reported the number of hours since their last dietary intake (to the nearest quarter hour)”
“duration of caloric deprivation”
The paper relies on this without support.
BOLD response in attention and reward regions reflects responsivity or reward value to food.
“BOLD response was contrasted during receipt of milkshake versus tasteless solution”
“activation in regions implicated in attention, reward, and motivation”
The paper relies on this without support.
Caloric deprivation weight loss diets typically do not produce lasting weight loss.
“which may explain why caloric deprivation weight loss diets typically do not produce lasting weight loss.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Participants' self-reported duration of elective acute caloric deprivation accurately reflects their actual caloric deprivation.
“participants reporting a longer duration of elective acute caloric deprivation”
“Hours since last caloric intake and negative energy balance status showed no correlation with scores on the Dutch Restrained Eating Scale”
The paper relies on this without support.
Mechanisms of caloric deprivation observed in rats generalize to humans.
“These data collectively suggest that caloric deprivation increases D2R receptor sensitization, which could explain the greater reward value of food after caloric deprivation.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The targeted effect size was chosen based on findings from studies employing CIC paradigms for drug craving, food cravings, and internet gaming craving, which report medium-to-large effect sizes in cue reactivity.
“The targeted-effect size was chosen based on findings from studies employing CIC paradigms for drug craving52, food cravings25,37,53,54 and internet gaming craving27, which report medium-to-large effect sizes in cue reactivity52.”
From Acute social isolation evokes midbrain craving responses similar to hunger (2020) · cites this paper as [53]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
A negative mean weight change is described as an increase
MinorThe energy-stable group's reported mean change of −0.01 kg is a slight decrease, not an increase.
“showed a trivial increase in mean weight”
“(−0.01 ± 0.08kg; range −0.1 - 0.1kg)”
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Acute social isolation evokes midbrain craving responses similar to hunger
Tomova, L., Wang, K. L., Thompson, T., Matthews, G. A., Takahashi, A., Tye, K. M., & Saxe, R. (2020) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-020-00742-z · Cited by 283 · see citing works
“The targeted effect size was chosen based on findings from studies employing cue-induced craving paradigms for drug craving (53) , food cravings (28, (54) (55) (56) and internet gaming craving (30) which report medium to large effect sizes in cue reactivity (53) .”
Shared and unique mechanisms underlying binge eating disorder and addictive disorders
Schulte, E. M., Grilo, C. M., & Gearhardt, A. N. (2016) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2016.02.001 · Cited by 271 · see citing works
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“We observed increased activation in the left dorsomedial prefrontal, right precentral and right parahippocampal gyri in obese subjects, regions linked to attention, motor coordination, and explicit memory, and that are implicated in processes associated with the anticipation of food intake, particularly during perceiv…”
BackgroundA Review of Interventions that Promote Eating by Internal Cues.
Schaefer, J. T., & Magnuson, A. B. (2014) · Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1016/j.jand.2013.12.024 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
“Physiologically, dieting or energy deprivation activates portions of the brain responsible for attention (anterior cingulate cortex) and reward (amygdala) of food.(11) Increasing the reward value of high-energy foods in the brain increases the likelihood of food intake and may result in binge eating.”
BackgroundByrne, C. S., Chambers, E. S., Alhabeeb, H., Chhina, N., Morrison, D. J., Preston, T., Tedford, C., Fitzpatrick, J., Irani, C., Busza, A., et al. (2016) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.115.126706 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
“Similarly, satiation decreases BOLD responses to food taste in the nucleus accumbens (31), whereas duration of food deprivation correlates with a greater caudate BOLD signal in response to actual and anticipated receipt of palatable food (29).”
BackgroundAn Evidence‐Based Rationale for Adopting Weight‐Inclusive Health Policy
Hunger, J. M., Smith, J. P., & Tomiyama, A. J. (2020) · Social Issues and Policy Review · doi:10.1111/sipr.12062 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
A core eating network and its modulations underlie diverse eating phenomena
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“Consistent with the grounded cognition perspective, increased neural activity in the ventral reward pathway for food cues when participants are hungry mirrors the analogous ventral reward activations that can occur when participants are hungry during actual eating (as described earlier in the section on eating; Stice…”
Goldstone, A. P., Prechtl, C. G., Scholtz, S., Miras, A. D., Chhina, N., Durighel, G., Deliran, S. S., Beckmann, C. F., Ghatei, M. A., Ashby, D. R., et al. (2014) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.113.075291 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
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Self-citationTraining motor responses to food: A novel treatment for obesity targeting implicit processes
Stice, E. M., Lawrence, N., Kemps, E., & Veling, H. (2016) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2016.06.005 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
“A third drawback of behavioral weight loss interventions is that they typically involve acute caloric deprivation, which ironically increases the reward value of high-calorie foods (Fuhrer et al., 2008; Goldstone et al., 2009; Leidy et al., 2011; Stice et al., 2013).”
Self-citationTurner, C. E., Byblow, W. D., Stinear, C. M., & Gant, N. (2014) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2014.05.020 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Mauldin, K., May, M. S., & Clifford, D. E. (2022) · Nutrition in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1002/ncp.10885 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Food preferences and underlying mechanisms after bariatric surgery
Behary, P., & Miras, A. D. (2015) · Proceedings of The Nutrition Society · doi:10.1017/s0029665115002074 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Interoceptive contributions to healthy eating and obesity
Simmons, W. K., & DeVille, D. C. (2017) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.07.001 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Fasting for 24 Hours Heightens Reward from Food and Food-Related Cues
Cameron, J. D., Goldfield, G. S., Finlayson, G., Blundell, J. E., & Doucet, É. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0085970 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Integration of Satiety Signals by the Central Nervous System
Chambers, A. P., Sandoval, D. A., & Seeley, R. J. (2013) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2013.03.020 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
“Neuroimaging studies performed in humans demonstrate that, generally speaking, the hungrier one is, the greater the activity in the prefrontal cortex [129,130].”
Toward valid and reliable brain imaging results in eating disorders
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Neural Insensitivity to the Effects of Hunger in Women Remitted From Anorexia Nervosa
Kaye, W. H., Wierenga, C. E., Bischoff‐Grethe, A., Berner, L. A., Ely, A. V., Bailer, U. F., Paulus, M. P., & Fudge, J. L. (2020) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2019.19030261 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
“In healthy individuals, hunger, compared with satiety, increases brain response in these reward, attention, and motivation regions in response to palatable foods (6, 7, 12, 13).”
Stice, E. M., Rohde, P., Shaw, H. E., & Desjardins, C. D. (2020) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqaa146 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
“Weight suppression theoretically increases the reward value of food, based on evidence that a longer time since last caloric intake correlated with greater reward region (putamen, orbitofrontal cortex) response to high-calorie food images, expected tastes of high-calorie foods, and tastes of high-calorie foods (3) and…”
BackgroundSelf-citationGeliebter, A., Benson, L., Pantazatos, S. P., Joy Hirsch, C., & Carnell, S. (2015) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2015.08.009 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
“unrestrained) eaters in response to highly palatable food pictures during a fed state (49), and in individuals who are food deprived (50), suggesting that binge eaters, along with other disordered eaters, may activate motor planning areas in response to high-ED food stimuli, reflecting readiness for intake.”
BackgroundOn the central role of brain connectivity in neurodegenerative disease progression
Iturria‐Medina, Y., & Evans, A. C. (2015) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2015.00090 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
The neural signature of satiation is associated with ghrelin response and triglyceride metabolism
Sun, X., Veldhuizen, M. G., Wray, A. E., de Araújo, I. E., Sherwin, R. S., Sinha, R., & Small, D. M. (2014) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.04.017 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
“Prior studies consistently find that hunger potentiates brain responses to food cues [19,20,22,31] and that responses to food and food cues are attenuated by satiation [10,18,27,28].”
BackgroundPapies, E. K., Best, M., Gelibter, E., & Barsalou, L. W. (2017) · Journal of the Association for Consumer Research · doi:10.1086/693110 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
A comparison of functional brain changes associated with surgical versus behavioral weight loss
Bruce, A. S., Bruce, J. M., Ness, A. R., Lepping, R. J., Malley, S., Hancock, L. M., Powell, J. N., Patrician, T. M., Breslin, F. J., Martin, L. E., et al. (2013) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.20630 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“Behavioral and recent neuroimaging data demonstrate that if one voluntarily restricts one’s intake of food, the reward value, attentional bias, and salience of food cues increase (28).”
BackgroundAcute social isolation evokes midbrain craving responses similar to hungerPreprint
Tomova, L., Wang, K. L., Thompson, T. W., Matthews, G. A., Takahashi, A., Tye, K. M., & Saxe, R. R. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.03.25.006643 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Integration of homeostatic signaling and food reward processing in the human brain
Simon, J. J., Wetzel, A., Sinno, M. H., Skunde, M., Bendszus, M., Preissl, H. T., Enck, P., Herzog, W., & Friederich, H. (2017) · JCI Insight · doi:10.1172/jci.insight.92970 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“Specifically, together with previous observations of increased neural reactivity in the striatum when anticipating food during physiological hunger (53, 54), it appears that food consumption in an energy-deficient state is mainly driven by an increased motivational processing of food-related cues.”
BackgroundAn orexigenic subnetwork within the human hippocampus
Barbosa, D. A. N., Gattas, S., Salgado, J. S., Kuijper, F. M., Wang, A. R., Huang, Y., Kakusa, B. W., Leuze, C. W., Luczak, A., Rapp, P. E., et al. (2023) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06459-w · Cited by 44 · see citing works
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“However, heightened FFA is also observed in response to food cues or palatable food intake among obese and/or food-deprived individuals (Siep et al., 2009; Kroemer et al., 2013a,b; Stice et al., 2013).”
Basal ganglia lateralization in different types of reward
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Spontaneous regional brain activity links restrained eating to later weight gain among young women
Dong, D., Jackson, T., Wang, Y., & Chen, H. (2015) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2015.05.003 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Metabolic surgery: shifting the focus from glycaemia and weight to end-organ health
Miras, A. D., & le Roux, C. W. (2014) · The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s2213-8587(13)70158-x · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Altered regional homogeneity and efficient response inhibition in restrained eaters
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Self-citationNeural correlates of restrained eaters’ high susceptibility to food cues: An fMRI study
Wang, Y., Dong, D., Todd, J., Du, J., Yang, Z., Lu, H., & Chen, H. (2016) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2016.08.017 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Ely, A. V., Wierenga, C. E., Bischoff‐Grethe, A., Bailer, U. F., Berner, L. A., Fudge, J. L., Paulus, M. P., & Kaye, W. H. (2017) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000218 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“For example, in healthy individuals, hunger is associated with increased activation in the reward network in response to visual food images (Führer et al., 2008; Goldstone et al., 2009; Stice et al., 2013) and sweet taste stimuli, (Haase et al., 2009; Small, 2006) thereby motivating eating.”
BackgroundExperimental scarcity increases the relative reinforcing value of food in food insecure adults
Crandall, A. K., & Temple, J. L. (2018) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2018.05.148 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Portingale, J., Eddy, S., Fuller‐Tyszkiewicz, M., Liu, S., Giles, S., & Krug, I. (2022) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2022.106310 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“Neurobiological research has also established dietary restraint as a precipitant of binge-eating as it increases the responsivity of attention, reward, and motivation regions to the receipt of hyper-palatable foods (Espel-Huynh et al., 2018; Stice et al., 2013).”
Kahathuduwa, C. N., Boyd, L. A., Davis, T. H., O’Boyle, M. W., & Binks, M. (2016) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2016.08.112 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Yang, Y., Morys, F., Wu, Q., Ji-wen, L., & Chen, H. (2021) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsab137 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“Specifically, some behavioral interventions involved prolonged caloric deprivation which could increase the reward value of high-calorie foods/food cues (e.g. Stice et al., 2013).”
BackgroundWithdrawal: A key consideration in evaluating whether highly processed foods are addictive
Parnarouskis, L., Leventhal, A. M., Ferguson, S. G., & Gearhardt, A. N. (2022) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.13507 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“viduals show greater reactivity to food cues when fasting or calorically restricted.(80,81) To expand upon this work, researchers may specifically examine whether withdrawal from HP foods, without caloric restric-”
BackgroundLegend of Weight Loss: A Crosstalk Between the Bariatric Surgery and the Brain
Lin, Z., & Qu, S. (2020) · Obesity Surgery · doi:10.1007/s11695-020-04474-8 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“cingulate cortex, ventral medial prefrontal cortex, superior visual cortex), and reward (caudate) regions in response to food, in addit ion to the restored memory system (hippocampus) [11].”
BackgroundBurnette, C. B., Hazzard, V. M., Larson, N., Hahn, S. L., Eisenberg, M. E., & Neumark‐Sztainer, D. (2023) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980023000460 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“However, given the aforementioned biobehavioural insights into the so-called ‘paradoxical’ effects of food deprivation(9,11), it also seems plausible that FI could exert lasting impacts on one’s ability to eat intuitively.”
Backgroundvan Dillen, L. V., & van Steenbergen, H. (2018) · Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-018-0579-3 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Internally regulated eating style: a comprehensive theoretical framework
Palascha, A., van Kleef, E., de Vet, E., & van Trijp, J. C. M. (2020) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114520003840 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“For example, with respect to hunger, it has been found that the longer the fasting the greater the activation of reward valuation of palatable food in the brain(140), which may lead to overconsumption(141,142).”
BackgroundMikhail, M. E. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.747854 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“This is particularly true given that consumption of palatable foods is intrinsically pleasurable, especially after a period of food restriction (116).”
BackgroundLearning to eat intuitively: A qualitative exploration of the experience of mid-age women
Barraclough, E. L., Hay-Smith, J. E., Styles, S. E., Tylka, T. L., & Horwath, C. C. (2019) · Health Psychology Open · doi:10.1177/2055102918824064 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“, 2006) and increased activation of brain regions responsible for attention and reward in response to food (Stice et al., 2013).”
BackgroundChen, S., Dong, D., Jackson, T., Su, Y., & Chen, H. (2015) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.06.036 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Luiz, L. B., Brito, C. L. D. S., Debon, L. M., Brandalise, L. N., de Azevedo, J. T., Mombach, K. D., Heberle, L. S., & Mottin, C. C. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0167577 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Neuropeptide receptors as potential pharmacological targets for obesity
Meneguetti, B. T., Cardoso, M. H. E. S., Ribeiro, C. F. A., Felício, M. R., Pinto, I. B., Santos, N. C., Carvalho, C. M. E., & Franco, O. L. (2018) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.11.002 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Yamamiya, Y., Desjardins, C. D., & Stice, E. M. (2022) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291722001568 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citationSubjective Happiness and Emotional Responsiveness to Food Stimuli
Otake, K., & Kato, K. H. (2016) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-016-9747-8 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
IMAGING IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: The use of functional MRI to study the endocrinology of appetite
Salem, V., & Dhillo, W. S. (2015) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-14-0716 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
SIROHI, S. K., Cleef, A. V., & Davis, J. F. (2016) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/ijo.2016.235 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Feig, E. H., Winter, S. R., Kounios, J., Erickson, B. A., Berkowitz, S. A., & Lowe, M. R. (2017) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.05.031 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Adipositas-assoziierte Lymphödeme – unterschätzt und unterbehandelt
Bertsch, T. (2018) · Phlebologie · doi:10.12687/phleb2410-2-2018 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Keller, C., & Siegrist, M. (2015) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2015.05.037 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Kerem, L., Holsen, L. M., Fazeli, P. K., Bredella, M. A., Mancuso, C., Resulaj, M., Holmes, T. M., Klibanski, A., & Lawson, E. A. (2020) · Physiological Reports · doi:10.14814/phy2.14639 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“, 2009) with positive correlations between the duration of caloric deprivation (1 to 16 hr) and degree of neural activation in the OFC, as well as brain areas of attention (anterior cingulate cortex), motivation (putamen), and motor control (precentral gyrus) (Stice et al., 2013).”
BackgroundSmith, K. E., LUO, S. H., & Mason, T. B. (2021) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.02.013 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Mann, T. L., & Ward, A. C. (2024) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-012424-035404 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Genetic and neural predictors of behavioral weight loss treatment: A preliminary study
Chen, E. Y., Olino, T. M., Conklin, C. J., Mohamed, F. B., Hoge, W. S., Foster, G. D., and the Genetic and Neural Biomarkers of Obesity (GN‐BO) study group, Arlt, J. M., Eneva, K. T., Kidd, J., et al. (2016) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.21691 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“This is important as food receipt and food anticipation picture paradigms may be associated with different patterns of neural activation (9,10).”
Kalan, R. E., Smith, A., Mason, T. B., & Smith, K. E. (2023) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2023.107127 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
LUO, S. H., Melrose, A. J., Dorton, H. M., Alves, J. M., Monterosso, J. R., & Page, K. A. (2017) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2017.05.038 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“Given prior evidence suggesting that changes in metabolic state can modulate brain reward sensitivity to food cues (15-25), we predicted that glucose-induced reductions in hypothalamic activity would correlate with reductions in food-cue reactivity within brain areas implicated in reward processing.”
BackgroundKennedy, J. T., Astafiev, S. V., Golosheykin, S., Korucuoglu, O., & Anokhin, A. P. (2019) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.05.053 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Yang, X., Casement, M. D., Yokum, S., & Stice, E. M. (2019) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2019.102067 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Among lean adolescents, fat and sugar have demonstrated differential effects on reward and gustatory regions, with sugar eliciting stronger activations (Stice et al., 2013).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationToward an Integrated Biopsychosocial Model of Eating Disorders
Smolak, L., & Levine, M. P. (2015) · doi:10.1002/9781118574089.ch67 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Cognitive Neuroscience Perspectives on Food Decision-Making: A Brief Introduction
Lepping, R. J., Papa, V. B., & Martin, L. E. (2015) · Journal of Agricultural & Food Industrial Organization · doi:10.1515/jafio-2015-0026 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“This is because if one voluntarily restricts food intake, the reward value, attention bias, and salience of food cues increases (Stice, Burger, and Yokum 2013).”
BackgroundDieting as a Risk Factor for Eating Disorders
Stice, E. M., & Burger, K. S. (2015) · doi:10.1002/9781118574089.ch24 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationGeorgii, C., Eichin, K. N., Richard, A., Schnepper, R., Naab, S., Voderholzer, U., Treasure, J. L., & Jens Blechert, A. (2021) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2021.105745 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Wei, N., Wang, Y., Wang, X., He, Z., Zhang, M., Zhang, X., Pan, Y.-H., Zhang, J., Qin, Z., & Zhang, K. (2015) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.06.006 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Unfortunately, this might increase the reward value of food and increase motivation to obtain the food (Stice et al., 2013).”
BackgroundRYGB progressively increases avidity for a low-energy, artificially sweetened diet in female rats
Geary, N., Bächler, T., Whiting, L., Lutz, T. A., & Asarian, L. (2015) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2015.11.029 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Adipose-tissue loss, which is usually approximated as body-weight loss, beyond a certain level provokes anabolic responses, including decreases in physical activity and resting energy expenditure (beyond what is appropriate for the lower weight) and increases in food intake, hunger and flavor hedonics (Cameron et al.,…”
BackgroundDiet quality from early pregnancy through 1-y postpartum: a prospective cohort study
Lipsky, L. M., Wright, B. N., Lin, T.-C., et al. (2024) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.ajcnut.2024.09.016 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Stice, E. M., Yokum, S., Rohde, P., Gau, J. M., & Shaw, H. E. (2021) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291721004049 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“…threshold and subthreshold anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN), and binge eating disorder (BED), and purging disorder (PD), and are marked by chronicity, relapse, distress, impairment, suicide, and morbidity (Stice et al., 2013; Swanson, Crow, Le Grange, Swendsen, & Merikangas, 2011).”
BackgroundSelf-citationOvernight fasting affects avoidance learning and relief
Papalini, S., Neefs, L., Beckers, T., Oudenhove, L. V., & Vervliet, B. (2022) · Nutritional Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/1028415x.2022.2103068 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
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Wood-Barcalow, N. L., Tylka, T. L., & Judge, C. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108758796 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Martín-Pérez, C., Contreras‐Rodríguez, O., Pastor, A., et al. (2021) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-021-05890-z · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Pollack, L. O., & Lundgren, J. D. (2013) · Current Obesity Reports · doi:10.1007/s13679-013-0082-7 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Stice, E. M., Yokum, S., Gau, J. M., & Shaw, H. E. (2025) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291724003337 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“This definition approximates the frequency criteria for subthres-hold BN, BED, or PD, which are associated with elevated psycho-social impairment, distress, service utilization, and obesity (Stice et al., 2013b).”
Self-citationControl Yourself: Broad Implications of Narrowed Attention
Ward, A. C., & Mann, T. L. (2022) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/17456916221077093 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Stice, E. M., & Yokum, S. (2023) · Journal of Psychopathology and Clinical Science · doi:10.1037/abn0000843 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationSvaldi, J., Firnkorn, A. H., Legenbauer, T., von Wietersheim, J., de Zwaan, M., & Tuschen‐Caffier, B. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-59606-7_5 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Chao, A. M., Agarwal, K., Zhou, Y., Grilo, C. M., Gur, R. C., Joseph, P. V., Shinohara, R. T., Richmond, T. S., & Wadden, T. A. (2024) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.24244 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Al‐Ozairi, E., AlAwadhi, M. M., Kandari, J. A., Taghadom, E., Abdullah, M., & le Roux, C. W. (2019) · Obesity Surgery · doi:10.1007/s11695-019-03736-4 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Standen, E. C., & Mann, T. L. (2024) · Industrial and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1017/iop.2023.78 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“In addition, it has been known at least since the 1940s that calorie deprivation leads individuals to develop an intense preoccupation with thoughts of food (Keys et al., 1950), and more recent evidence has linked it to biased attention to food cues (Stice et al., 2013).”
BackgroundGender Differences in Risk Factors for Stice’s Bulimia in a Non-Clinical Sample
Ruisoto, P., Cacho, R., López-Goñi, J. J., Deus, J. E. R., Vaca, S., & Mayoral, P. (2015) · The Spanish Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1017/sjp.2015.58 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
The impact of hunger on indulgent food choices is moderated by healthy eating concerns
Otterbring, T., Folwarczny, M., & Gąsiorowska, A. (2024) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2024.1377120 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Brain-Based Etiology of Weight Regulation
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Neural correlates of appetite in adolescents
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Neural processing of sweet taste in reward regions is reduced following bariatric surgery
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“Several studies have shown that exposure to food cues in various modalities can lead to increased caloric intake [19–21] and that motivational responses are enhanced under food deprivation [6,22].”
BackgroundHighly Palatable Foods Are Addictive
Wilcox, C. E., & Farrar, D. C. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-83078-6_11 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Micronutrients and the evolution of the human brain
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Brain network dynamics associated with intentional weight loss in older adults
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Calorie deprivation impairs the self-control of eating, but not of other behaviors
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Faster when Fed: Satiated Individuals Inhibit (Food) Pictures Better Than WordsPreprint
Ostende, M. M. V. D. H., Schwarz, U., Gawrilow, C., Kaup, B., & Svaldi, J. (2022) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/m4feq · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Coquery, N., Som, M., Serrand, Y., Guittière, M.-O., Bannier, É., Lainé, F., Constant, A., Moirand, R., Stice, E. M., Val‐Laillet, D., et al. (2025) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2025.06.001 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Independently of FA condition, the brain circuits activated by the view of palatable food images were comparable to what was previously described in lean and obese participants [40,55], i.e. high appetizing images promoted brain activation in sensory, motivational and hedonic brain regions.”
Self-citation
- Authors
- Stice, E., Burger, K., & Yokum, S.
- Affiliations
- Oregon Research Institute (US)
- Corresponding author
- Stice, Eric
- Venue
- NeuroImage
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-02
- Volume
- 67
- Pages
- 322-330
- ISSN
- 1053-8119 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3693571
- OpenAlex
- W2019359264
- Semantic Scholar
- d625270db3768000736d7210c91ae80a6f829b16
- Cited by
- 162
- References
- 84
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 38 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 4
- FWCI
- 11.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- NeuroImage (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (R1MH64560A, DK080760, DK092468)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Eating Disorders and Behaviors
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Keywords
- caloric deprivation, dietary restraint, binge eating, food reward, negative energy balance, adolescents, anterior cingulate cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, caudate nucleus, hippocampus, motivation, weight loss diet
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Appetite, Attention, Brain Mapping, Cerebral Cortex, Eating, Female, Humans, Male, Reward, Visual Perception, Caloric Restriction, Anticipation, Psychological
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