Cited by 425Regulation of Appetite and ObesityNeuropeptides and Animal PhysiologyHypothalamic control of reproductive hormones

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Anatomy of an Endogenous Antagonist: Relationship between Agouti-Related Protein and Proopiomelanocortin in Brain

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Bagnol, Didier, Lu, Xin-Yun, Kaelin, Christopher B., Day, Heidi E. W., Ollmann, Michael, Gantz, Ira, Akil, Huda, Barsh, Gregory S., Watson, Stanley J.·1999·The Journal of Neuroscience

DOI 10.1523/jneurosci.19-18-j0004.1999PMC PMC6782481

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Abstract

Agouti-related protein (AGRP) is a recently discovered orexigenic neuropeptide that inhibits the binding and action of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone derived from proopiomelanocortin (POMC) at the melanocortin 3 receptor (MC3R) and melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) and has been proposed to function primarily as an endogenous melanocortin antagonist. To better understand the interplay between the AGRP and melanocortin signaling systems, we compared their nerve fiber distributions with each other by immunohistochemistry and their perikarya distribution with MC3R and MC4R by double in situ hybridization. Although deriving from distinct cell groups, AGRP and melanocortin terminals project to identical brain areas. Both AGRP and melanocortin neurons selectively express the MC3R, which provides a neuroanatomical basis for a dual-input circuit with biological amplification and feedback inhibition. These studies highlight a broader complexity in POMC-mediated behavior in the brain.

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Background
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Background
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Background
Arcuate Nucleus Transcriptome Profiling Identifies Ankyrin Repeat and Suppressor of Cytokine Signalling Box‐Containing Protein 4 as a Gene Regulated by Fasting in Central Nervous System Feeding Circuits
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Background
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Background
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Background
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Background
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Bertile, F., & Raclot, T. (2005) · Peptides · doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2005.03.063 · Cited by 22
Action of MT-II on ghrelin-induced feeding in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus
Shrestha, Y. B., Wickwire, K., & Giraudo, S. Q. (2004) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/01.wnr.0000127141.62476.d5 · Cited by 22
“The PVN also contains both NPY and POMC fibers, and in vitro electrophysiological studies showed that PVN neurons respond and integrate melanocortins and NPY signals [10,18,19].”
Background
Evidence for an interaction between neuropeptide Y and the melanocortin-4 receptor on feeding in the rat
Hansen, M. J., & Morris, M. J. (2002) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0028-3908(02)00025-4 · Cited by 22
Appetite and Hedonism: Gut Hormones and the Brain
Simpson, K. A., & Bloom, S. R. (2010) · Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2010.08.001 · Cited by 21
Melanocortin-3 receptors in the limbic system mediate feeding-related motivational responses during weight loss
Mavrikaki, M., Clemence, G., Kern, A., Brantley, A. F., Miller, C. A., Macarthur, H., Marks, D. L., & Butler, A. A. (2016) · Molecular Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.molmet.2016.05.002 · Cited by 21
“Our previous results suggest MC3Rs in the ventromedial hypothalamus may be involved in metabolic control [8], while MC3Rs expressed on melanocortin neurons in the arcuate nucleus may have an autoreceptor function [59,60].”
Result
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor in human subjects with function-altering melanocortin-4 receptor variants
Hohenadel, M. G., Thearle, M. S., Grice, B. A., Huang, H., Dai, M.-H., Tao, Y.-X., Hunter, L. A., Palaguachi, G. I., Mou, Z., Kim, R. C., et al. (2013) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/ijo.2013.221 · Cited by 20
Attractin/mahogany protein expression in the rodent central nervous system
Nakadate, K., Sakakibara, S., & Ueda, S. (2008) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.21662 · Cited by 20
“…of the hypothalamus (DMH), ventromedial nucleus of hypothalamus (VMH), medial preoptic nucleus, and several extrahypothalamic areas, such as the lateral septum, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, and amygdaloid nucleus (Bagnol et al., 1999; Broberger et al., 1998; HaskellLuevano et al., 1999).”
Background
Abnormalities of the somatotrophic axis in the obese agouti mouse
Martin, N. M., Houston, P. A., Patterson, M., Sajedi, A., Carmignac, D. F., Ghatei, M. A., Bloom, S. R., & Small, C. J. (2005) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0803076 · Cited by 19
Effect of Agouti-related protein on development of conditioned taste aversion and oxytocin neuronal activation
Wirth, M. M., Olszewski, P. K., Levine, A. S., & Giraudo, S. Q. (2002) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/00001756-200207190-00028 · Cited by 20
Ups and downs for neuropeptides in body weight homeostasis: pharmacological potential of cocaine amphetamine regulated transcript and pre-proglucagon-derived peptides
Larsen, P. J., Vrang, N., Tang‐Christensen, M., Jensen, P. B., Hay‐Schmidt, A., Rømer, J., Knudsen, L. B., & Kristensen, P. (2002) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0014-2999(02)01426-7 · Cited by 20
Chapter 4. Melanocortin-4 receptor agonists and antagonists: Chemistry and potential therapeutic utilities
Sebhat, I. K., Ye, Z., Bednarek, M. A., Weinberg, D., Nargund, R. P., & Fong, T. M. (2003) · Annual reports in medicinal chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0065-7743(03)38005-4 · Cited by 20
Cafeteria diet induces progressive changes in hypothalamic mechanisms involved in food intake control at different feeding periods in female rats
Lazzarino, G. P., Acutain, M. F., Canesini, G., Andreoli, M. F., & Ramos, J. G. (2019) · Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.mce.2019.110542 · Cited by 19
Energy Balance, Ingestive Behavior, and Reproductive Success
Schneider, J. E., & Watts, A. G. (2002) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012532104-4/50009-3 · Cited by 18
MC4R in Central and Peripheral Systems
Wei, R., Li, D., Jia, S., Chen, Y., & Wang, J. (2023) · Advanced Biology · doi:10.1002/adbi.202300035 · Cited by 19
Melanocortin-3 receptor expression in AgRP neurons is required for normal activation of the neurons in response to energy deficiency
Gui, Y., Dahir, N. S., Wu, Y., Downing, G., Sweeney, P., & Cone, R. D. (2023) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113188 · Cited by 19
“10 The MC3R was demonstrated to act presynaptically on AgRP neurons, where it regulates GABA release from these terminals onto downstream sites expressing MC3Rs and/or MC4Rs.”
Enhanced anorexigenic signaling in lean obesity resistant syndecan-3 null mice
Zheng, Q., Zhu, J., Shanabrough, M., Borók, E., Benoit, S. C., Horváth, T. L., Clegg, D. J., & Reizes, O. (2010) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.09.060 · Cited by 18
“AgRP and α-MSH efferents within the hypothalamus derive from the arcuate nucleus (Bagnol et al., 1999).”
Background
Food deprivation decreases responsiveness of ventromedial hypothalamic neurons to melanocortins
Li, Y. Z., & Davidowa, H. (2004) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.20192 · Cited by 18
“DOI: 10.1002/jnr.20192 © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc. density in the dorsomedial VMH (Bagnol et al., 1999; Haskell-Luevano et al., 1999).”
BackgroundInfluential
The protective effects of the melanocortin receptor (MCR) agonist, melanotan-II (MTII), against binge-like ethanol drinking are facilitated by deletion of the MC3 receptor in mice
Olney, J. J., Sprow, G. M., Navarro, M., & Thiele, T. E. (2013) · Neuropeptides · doi:10.1016/j.npep.2013.11.001 · Cited by 17
“, 2002) coupled with the implications that the MC3R serves as an inhibitory autoreceptor on POMC neurons (Bagnol et al., 1999; Cowley et al., 2001; Lee et al., 2008; Marks et al., 2006), we predicted that MTII would dosedependently blunt binge-like ethanol drinking and that this effect would be more robust in MC3R−/−…”
BackgroundInfluential
Diurnal Patterns for Cortisol, Cortisone and Agouti-Related Protein in Human Cerebrospinal Fluid and Blood
Panigrahi, S. K., Toedesbusch, C. D., McLeland, J., Lucey, B. P., & Wardlaw, S. L. (2019) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgz274 · Cited by 18
Melanotropins as Drugs for the Treatment of Obesity and Other Feeding Disorders: Potential and Problems
Cai, M., Nyberg, J., & Hruby, V. J. (2009) · Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.2174/156802609788897817 · Cited by 17
Endosomal colocalization of melanocortin-3 receptor and β-arrestins in CAD cells with altered modification of AKT/PKB
Nyan, D., Anbazhagan, R., Hughes‐Darden, C., & Wachira, S. J. (2008) · Neuropeptides · doi:10.1016/j.npep.2007.12.007 · Cited by 17
The neuronal histamine H1 and pro-opiomelanocortin–melanocortin 4 receptors: Independent regulation of food intake and energy expenditure
Yoshimatsu, H. (2005) · Peptides · doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2005.02.028 · Cited by 17
Anatomy of Motivation
Watts, A. G., & Swanson, L. W. (2002) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/0471214426.pas0314 · Cited by 17
The hypothalamus as the central regulator of energy balance and its impact on current and future obesity treatments
Bombassaro, B., ARAUJO, E. P. D., & Velloso, L. A. (2024) · Archives of Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.20945/2359-4292-2024-0082 · Cited by 19
Effects of deficiency of the G protein Gsα on energy and glucose homeostasis
Chen, M., Nemechek, N. M., Mema, E., Wang, J., & Weinstein, L. S. (2011) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.10.105 · Cited by 16
“These neurons project to the paraventricular and ventral medial nuclei of the hypothalamus and other sites where they release α-melanocyte stimulating hormone, which activates melanocortin MC3 and MC4 receptors in downstream neurons (Bagnol et al., 1999; Cowley et al., 1999; Xu et al., 2003).”
Background
The Role of the Melanocortin System in Drug and Alcohol Abuse
Navarro, M. (2017) · International review of neurobiology · doi:10.1016/bs.irn.2017.06.009 · Cited by 16
Interacting Neural Processes of Feeding, Hyperactivity, Stress, Reward, and the Utility of the Activity-Based Anorexia Model of Anorexia Nervosa
Ross, R., Mandelblat-Cerf, Y., & Verstegen, A. M. J. (2016) · Harvard Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/hrp.0000000000000111 · Cited by 15
“Since the NAc receives both POMC and AgRP projections from the ARC, the convergence of these projections with DA from the VTA may be a mechanism through which hunger states directly modulate the motivation to eat.(313,314) Notably, VTA dopaminergic neurons also receive taste information via”
Background
Sensing Glucose in the Central Melanocortin Circuits of Rainbow Trout: A Morphological Study
Otero-Rodiño, C., Rocha, A., Sánchez, E., Álvarez‐Otero, R., Soengas, J. L., & Cerdá‐Reverter, J. M. (2019) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2019.00254 · Cited by 16
Relationship of α-MSH and AgRP axons to the perikarya of melanocortin-4 receptor neurons
Lima, L. B., Pedroso, J. A. B., Metzger, M., Gautron, L., & Donato, J. (2019) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2019.04.021 · Cited by 14
Feeding, body weight, and sensitivity to non-ingestive reward stimuli during and after 12-day continuous central infusions of melanocortin receptor ligands
de Vaca, S. C., Hao, J., Afroz, T., Krahne, L., & Carr, K. D. (2005) · Peptides · doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2005.03.041 · Cited by 15
Evolution of proopiomelanocortin
Rocha, A., Godino‐Gimeno, A., & Cerdá‐Reverter, J. M. (2019) · Vitamins and hormones · doi:10.1016/bs.vh.2019.05.008 · Cited by 15
Cat odour exposure decreases exploratory activity and alters neuropeptide gene expression in CCK2 receptor deficient mice, but not in their wild-type littermates
Areda, T., Raud, S., Philips, M., Innos, J., Matsui, T., Kõks, S., Vasar, E., Karis, A., & Asser, T. (2006) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2006.01.010 · Cited by 15
Angiotensin AT1A receptor signal switching in Agouti-related peptide neurons mediates metabolic rate adaptation during obesity
Balapattabi, K., Yavuz, Y., Jiang, J., Deng, G., Mathieu, N. M., Ritter, M. L., Opichka, M. A., Reho, J. J., McCorvy, J. D., Nakagawa, P., et al. (2023) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112935 · Cited by 14
Gene expression of pro-opiomelanocortin and melanocortin receptors is regulated in the hypothalamus and mesocorticolimbic system following nicotine administration
Tapınc, D. E., Ilgın, R., Kaya, E., Gözen, O., Ugur, M., Koylu, E. O., Kanıt, L., Keser, A., & Balkan, B. (2016) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2016.11.049 · Cited by 14
Effects of Opioid Antagonism on Cerebrospinal Fluid Melanocortin Peptides and Cortisol Levels in Humans
Gordon, R. J., Panigrahi, S. K., Meece, K., Atalayer, D., Smiley, R. M., & Wardlaw, S. L. (2017) · Journal of the Endocrine Society · doi:10.1210/js.2017-00289 · Cited by 14
Chronic treatment with tributyltin induces sexually dimorphic alterations in the hypothalamic POMC system of adult mice
Farinetti, A., Marraudino, M., Ponti, G., Panzica, G., & Gotti, S. (2018) · Cell and Tissue Research · doi:10.1007/s00441-018-2896-9 · Cited by 14
Pivotal roles of α‐melanocyte‐stimulating hormone and the melanocortin 4 receptor in leptin stimulation of prolactin secretion in rats
Watanobe, H., Schiöth, H. B., & Izumi, J. (2003) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.2003.01683.x · Cited by 14
“In contrast to this report, however, other studies (Roselli-Rehfuss et al. 1993; Mountjoy et al. 1994; Kistler-Heer et al. 1998; Bagnol et al. 1999; Jegou et al. 2000), including those which employed the MC3-R- or MC4-R-deficient mice (MacNeil et al. 2002), reported that the MC4-R is much more…”
BackgroundResult
Hypothalamic agouti-related protein immunoreactivity in food-restricted, obese, and insulin-treated animals: evidence for glia cell localization
Dunbar, J. C., Lapanowski, K., Barnes, M. J., & Rafols, J. A. (2004) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2004.09.002 · Cited by 14
Melanocortin-4 receptor in sheep: A potential site for therapeutic intervention in disease models
Sartin, J. L., Wagner, C. G., Marks, D. L., Daniel, J. A., McMahon, C. D., Obese, F. Y., & Partridge, C. (2005) · Domestic Animal Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.domaniend.2005.02.027 · Cited by 14
“First, the hypothalamic MC3-R is known to be expressed in the arcuate nucleus, and it has been proposed to act as an inhibitory autoreceptor on POMC neurons within this nucleus [49].”
Background
Hypothalamic POMC neuron-specific knockout of MC4R affects insulin sensitivity by regulating Kir2.1
Guo, H., Xin, Y., Wang, S., Zhang, X., Ren, Y., Qiao, B., Li, H., Wu, J., Xiao, H., Xu, L., et al. (2024) · Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1186/s10020-024-00804-z · Cited by 15
“Bagnol et al. (Bagnol et al. 1999) found that there was no distribution of AgRP neuron terminals in the presympathetic motor area of the brainstem by immunohistochemical experiments.”
Background
Stress-activated afferent inputs into the anterior parvicellular part of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus: Insights into urocortin 3 neuron activation
van Hover, C., & Li, C. (2015) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2015.03.009 · Cited by 13
“After integrating various inputs, the ARH then signals multiple downstream targets including the PVH, lateral hypothalamus, and amygdala to modulate energy homeostasis (Bagnol et al., 1999; Balthasar et al., 2005).”
Melanocortin 4 receptor ligands modulate energy homeostasis through urocortin 1 neurons of the centrally projecting Edinger-Westphal nucleus
Füredi, N., Nagy, Á., Mikó, A., Berta, G., Kozicz, T., Pétervári, E., Balaskó, M., & Gaszner, B. (2017) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.03.002 · Cited by 13

Authors: Bagnol, D., Lu, X.-Y., Kaelin, C. B., Day, H. E. W., Ollmann, M., Gantz, I., Akil, H., Barsh, G. S., & Watson, S. J.
Affiliations: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
Mental Health Research Institute (AU)
Howard Hughes Medical Institute (US)
University of Michigan (US)
ORCID: Lu, Xin-Yun
Kaelin, Christopher B.
Day, Heidi E. W.
Gantz, Ira
Akil, Huda
Barsh, Gregory S.
Watson, Stanley J.
Venue: The Journal of Neuroscience
Publisher: Society for Neuroscience
Published: 1999-09-15
Volume: 19
Issue: 18
Pages: RC26-RC26
ISSN: 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
1529-2401
DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.19-18-j0004.1999
PMC: PMC6782481
OpenAlex: W1572502886
Cited by: 425
References: 29
Citations by year: 2026: 4 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 18
FWCI: 6.81
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health
National Institute of Mental Health (P01 MH 42251, P01MH042251)
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01 DK-54032-01, R01DK054032, DK 28506)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuropeptides and Animal Physiology
Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones
Keywords: agouti-related protein, proopiomelanocortin, melanocortin 3 receptor, melanocortin-4 receptor, melanocortin signaling, orexigenic peptides, product inhibition, neuroanatomy, feeding behavior
MeSH terms: Animals, Autoradiography, Brain, Immunohistochemistry, Male, Nerve Fibers, Pro-Opiomelanocortin, Proteins, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, In Situ Hybridization, Receptors, Corticotropin, Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins, Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 3, Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 4, Rats, Agouti-Related Protein

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Anatomy of an Endogenous Antagonist: Relationship between Agouti-Related Protein and Proopiomelanocortin in Brain

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