Molecular Cloning and Functional Expression of the Potassium-Dependent Sodium–Calcium Exchanger from Human and Chicken Retinal Cone Photoreceptors
Open accessAbstract
Light causes a rapid lowering of cytosolic free calcium in the outer segments of both retinal rod and cone photoreceptors. This light-induced lowering of calcium is caused by extrusion via a Na–Ca exchanger located in the rod and cone outer segment plasma membrane and plays a key role in the process of light adaptation. The Na–Ca exchanger in retinal rod outer segment was shown earlier to be a novel Na–Ca+K exchanger (NCKX), and its cDNA was obtained by molecular cloning from several mammalian species. On the other hand, the proper identity of the retinal cone Na–Ca exchanger, in terms of both functional characteristics (e.g., requirement for and transport of potassium) and molecular identity, has not yet been elucidated. Here, we report the molecular cloning, intraretinal localization by in situ hybridization, and initial functional characterization of the chicken and human cone-specific Na–Ca exchangers. In addition we report the chicken rod-specific NCKX. We identified NCKX transcripts in both human and chicken cones and observed strong potassium-dependent Na–Ca exchange activity after heterologous expression of human and chicken cone NCKX cDNAs in cultured insect cells.In situ hybridization in chicken retina showed abundant rod NCKX transcripts only in rod photoreceptors, whereas abundant cone NCKX transcripts were found in most, if not all, cone photoreceptors and also in a subpopulation of retinal ganglion cells. A detailed comparison with the previously described retinal rod and brain NCKX cDNAs is presented.
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All other NCKX proteins traffic to the plasma membrane where they remove Ca2+ from the cytoplasm to the extracellular space.
“These data, supporting an intracellular, partial TGN localization, are surprising since all other NCKX proteins have been shown to traffic to the plasma membrane where they operate to remove Ca 2ϩ from the cytoplasm to the extracellular space (26 -28).”
From SLC24A5 encodes a trans-Golgi network protein with potassium-dependent sodium-calcium exchange activity that regulates human epidermal melanogenesis (2008) · cites this paper as [26]
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Cites
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“…and the time-constant of the light-induced decline of the exchanger current and changes in the intracellular free calcium concentration were shown to be much faster in cones when compared with rods (Nakatani and Yau, 1988, Nakatani and Yau, 1989; Hestrin and Korenbrot, 1990; Sampath et al., 1999).”
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“The outer segments of both retinal rod and cone photoreceptors have been shown to contain an electrogenic Na–Ca exchanger (Yau and Nakatani, 1984; Lagnado et al., 1988; Nakatani and Yau, 1989).”
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Gray-Keller, M. P., & Detwiler, P. B. (1994) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/0896-6273(94)90251-8 · Cited by 300 · cited 2× · see citing works
“…rod or cone outer segments via the cGMP-gated channels, whereas in bright light the exchanger mediates a rapid lowering of cytosolic free calcium concentration in both rod (McNaughton et al., 1986; Gray-Keller and Detwiler, 1994; Sampath et al., 1998) and cone outer segments (Sampath et al., 1999).”
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“Profound differences in calcium permeation have been observed for the cGMP-gated cation channels in rod and cone photoreceptors, respectively; the fraction of the dark current that is carried by calcium ions is much greater in cone cGMP-gated channels compared with rod cGMP-gated channels (Perry and McNaughton, 1991;…”
BackgroundRetinal ganglion cells express a cGMP-gated cation conductance activatable by nitric oxide donors
Ahmad, I., Leinders‐Zufall, T., Kocsis, J. D., Shepherd, G. M., Zufall, F., & Barnstable, C. J. (1994) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/0896-6273(94)90160-0 · Cited by 235 · cited 1× · see citing works
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BackgroundRod and cone photoreceptor cells express distinct genes for cGMP-gated channels
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BackgroundMethodInfluentialDevelopment of the pattern of photoreceptors in the chick retina
BRUHN, S. L., & Cepko, C. (1996) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.16-04-01430.1996 · Cited by 217 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Using whole-mount in situ hybridization, the spatial and temporal aspects of photoreceptor-specific molecules in the chick have been reported (Bruhn and Cepko, 1996): the center of the retina has a rod-free zone (area centralis) and contains all the cone types.”
BackgroundResponse properties of cones from the retina of the tiger salamander
Perry, R. J., & McNaughton, P. A. (1991) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1991.sp018444 · Cited by 216 · cited 2× · see citing works
“…in rod and cone photoreceptors, respectively; the fraction of the dark current that is carried by calcium ions is much greater in cone cGMP-gated channels compared with rod cGMP-gated channels (Perry and McNaughton, 1991; Frings et al., 1995; Picones and Korenbrot, 1995; Dzeja et al., 1999).”
BackgroundCalx , a Na-Ca exchanger gene of Drosophila melanogaster
Schwarz, E. M., & Benzer, S. (1997) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.94.19.10249 · Cited by 203 · cited 4× · see citing works
“First, reverse Na–Ca exchange via the retinal rod NCKX in sodium-loaded cells is not supported when the external medium contains lithium without any potassium present; in contrast, reverse Na–Ca exchange via the heart NCX1 operates independent of the presence of potassium in the external medium (Schnet- kamp and Szere…”
BackgroundInfluentialPrimary structure and functional expression of the Na/Ca,K‐exchanger from bovine rod photoreceptors.
Reiländer, H., ACHILLES, A., Friedel, U., Maul, G., Lottspeich, F., & Cook, N. J. (1992) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1992.tb05219.x · Cited by 197 · cited 9× · see citing works
“…NCKX transcripts in chicken retina and brain We used Northern hybridization analysis to examine expression levels of the two chicken NCKX types in retina and brain because these are the two tissues in which NCKX transcripts have been demonstrated before (Reiländer et al., 1992; Tsoi et al., 1998).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialNa+-Ca2+ exchange in bovine rod outer segments requires and transports K+
Schnetkamp, P. P. M., Basu, D. K., & Szerencsei, R. T. (1989) · American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpcell.1989.257.1.c153 · Cited by 181 · cited 2× · see citing works
“The retinal rod Na–Ca exchanger protein was shown to be a Na–Ca1K exchanger (NCKX) that uses both the inward sodium gradient and the outward potassium gradient to drive calcium extrusion (Cervetto et al., 1989; Schnetkamp et al., 1989).”
BackgroundSelf-citationCa2+ permeation in cyclic nucleotide‐gated channels
Dzeja, C., Hagen, V., Kaupp, U. B., & Frings, S. (1999) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1093/emboj/18.1.131 · Cited by 154 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Profound differences in calcium permeation have been observed for the cGMP-gated cation channels in rod and cone photoreceptors, respectively; the fraction of the dark current that is carried by calcium ions is much greater in cone cGMP-gated channels compared with rod cGMP-gated channels (Perry and McNaughton, 1991;…”
BackgroundMeasurement of the intracellular free calcium concentration in salamander rods
McNaughton, P. A., Cervetto, L., & Nunn, B. J. (1986) · Nature · doi:10.1038/322261a0 · Cited by 153 · cited 2× · see citing works
“…rod or cone outer segments via the cGMP-gated channels, whereas in bright light the exchanger mediates a rapid lowering of cytosolic free calcium concentration in both rod (McNaughton et al., 1986; Gray-Keller and Detwiler, 1994; Sampath et al., 1998) and cone outer segments (Sampath et al., 1999).”
BackgroundMolecular Cloning of a Novel Potassium-dependent Sodium-Calcium Exchanger from Rat Brain
Tsoi, M., Rhee, K.-H., Bungard, D., Li, X., Lee, S.-L., Auer, R. N., & Lytton, J. (1998) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.273.7.4155 · Cited by 124 · cited 8× · see citing works
“…NCKX transcripts in chicken retina and brain We used Northern hybridization analysis to examine expression levels of the two chicken NCKX types in retina and brain because these are the two tissues in which NCKX transcripts have been demonstrated before (Reiländer et al., 1992; Tsoi et al., 1998).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialMorris, V. B. (1970) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.901400308 · Cited by 115 · cited 3× · see citing works
“Rods are found at considerably lower density: one rod/three cones in the peripheral retina and one rod/five cones in central retina (Morris, 1970).”
BackgroundInfluentialLight-dependent Changes in Outer Segment Free-Ca2+ Concentration in Salamander Cone Photoreceptors
Sampath, A. P., Matthews, H. R., Cornwall, M. C., Bandarchi, J., & Fain, G. (1999) · The Journal of General Physiology · doi:10.1085/jgp.113.2.267 · Cited by 110 · cited 4× · see citing works
“…revealed that the calcium concentration in the cone outer segment varies over a 75-fold dynamic range in red-sensitive cones, a value more than three times greater than in rods of the same species, with time constants three to six times faster than in rods (Sampath et al., 1998, 1999).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialLu, M., Farrell, P. J., Johnson, R. R., & Iatrou, K. (1997) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.272.49.30724 · Cited by 104 · cited 2× · see citing works
“We inserted the cDNAs of the various chicken and human NCKX cDNAs into a novel insect cell expression vector (Lu et al., 1997; Farrell et al., 1998) and generated clonal cell lines after stable transfection.”
MethodIon transport by the Na-Ca exchange in isolated rod outer segments.
Lagnado, L., Cervetto, L., & McNaughton, P. A. (1988) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.85.12.4548 · Cited by 104 · cited 2× · see citing works
“The outer segments of both retinal rod and cone photoreceptors have been shown to contain an electrogenic Na–Ca exchanger (Yau and Nakatani, 1984; Lagnado et al., 1988; Nakatani and Yau, 1989).”
BackgroundBleached Pigment Produces a Maintained Decrease in Outer Segment Ca2+ in Salamander Rods
Sampath, A. P., Matthews, H. R., Cornwall, M. C., & Fain, G. (1998) · The Journal of General Physiology · doi:10.1085/jgp.111.1.53 · Cited by 101 · cited 3× · see citing works
“…revealed that the calcium concentration in the cone outer segment varies over a 75-fold dynamic range in red-sensitive cones, a value more than three times greater than in rods of the same species, with time constants three to six times faster than in rods (Sampath et al., 1998, 1999).”
BackgroundResultFarrell, P. J., Lu, M., Prevost, J. M., Brown, C. S. B., Behie, L. A., & Iatrou, K. (1998) · Biotechnology and Bioengineering · doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0290(19981220)60:6 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Schnetkamp, P. P. M., Li, X., Basu, D. K., & Szerencsei, R. T. (1991) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(18)54450-1 · Cited by 85 · cited 2× · see citing works
“…experiments were performed in the indicated media, and external 45Ca 21 was removed by a rapid filtration over borosilicate glass fiber filters as described previously (Schnetkamp et al., 1991b); the washing medium contained (in mM): 140 KCl, 80 sucrose, 20 HEPES, pH 7.4, 5 MgCl2, and 1 EGTA.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationPicones, A., & Korenbrot, J. I. (1995) · Biophysical Journal · doi:10.1016/s0006-3495(95)79881-2 · Cited by 84 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…in rod and cone photoreceptors, respectively; the fraction of the dark current that is carried by calcium ions is much greater in cone cGMP-gated channels compared with rod cGMP-gated channels (Perry and McNaughton, 1991; Frings et al., 1995; Picones and Korenbrot, 1995; Dzeja et al., 1999).”
BackgroundRebrik, T. I., & Korenbrot, J. I. (1998) · The Journal of General Physiology · doi:10.1085/jgp.112.5.537 · Cited by 74 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…cones during exposure to steady light than in rods and therefore may reflect a more powerful modulation of calcium-sensitive processes in cones than in rods (Yau, 1994), as has been established for the ligand sensitivity of cGMP-gated ion channels (Miller et al., 1994; Rebrik and Korenbrot, 1998).”
BackgroundSodium‐dependent calcium extrusion and sensitivity regulation in retinal cones of the salamander.
Nakatani, K., & Yau, K. (1989) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1989.sp017511 · Cited by 73 · cited 3× · see citing works
“The outer segments of both retinal rod and cone photoreceptors have been shown to contain an electrogenic Na–Ca exchanger (Yau and Nakatani, 1984; Lagnado et al., 1988; Nakatani and Yau, 1989).”
BackgroundReid, D. M., Friedel, U., Molday, R. S., & Cook, N. J. (1990) · Biochemistry · doi:10.1021/bi00458a035 · Cited by 68 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Immunohistochemistry on the bovine retina was use to locate bovine rod NCKX1 exclusively to the outer segment plasma membrane, whereas no significant amounts of NCKX1 were detected in rod disk membranes, in rod inner segments, or in cone photoreceptors (Haase et al., 1990; Reid et al., 1990; Kim et al., 1998).”
BackgroundActivation kinetics of retinal cones and rods: response to intense flashes of light
Hestrin, S., & Korenbrot, J. (1990) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.10-06-01967.1990 · Cited by 66 · cited 2× · see citing works
“…and the time-constant of the light-induced decline of the exchanger current and changes in the intracellular free calcium concentration were shown to be much faster in cones when compared with rods (Nakatani and Yau, 1988, Nakatani and Yau, 1989; Hestrin and Korenbrot, 1990; Sampath et al., 1999).”
BackgroundAMPA Receptor Activates a G-Protein that Suppresses a cGMP-Gated Current
Kawai, F., & Sterling, P. (1999) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.19-08-02954.1999 · Cited by 65 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Nonsensory cGMP-gated channels have been identified in retinal ganglion cells by whole-cell patch-clamp studies (Ahmad et al., 1994; Thompson, 1997; Kawai and Sterling, 1999).”
BackgroundBauer, P. J., & Drechsler, M. (1992) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1992.sp019156 · Cited by 61 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Rod NCKX1 and the rod cGMP-gated channels are found to be associated in bovine rod outer segments (Bauer and Drechsler, 1992).”
BackgroundMiller, J. L., Arturo Picones, M., & Korenbrot, J. I. (1994) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/0959-4388(94)90048-5 · Cited by 56 · cited 2× · see citing works
“The calcium-sensitive sites within the phototransduction cascade are likely to be influenced more profoundly in cones during exposure to steady light than in rods and therefore may reflect a more powerful modulation of calcium-sensitive processes in cones than in rods (Yau, 1994), as has been established for the ligan…”
BackgroundNeuronal and synaptic organization of the outer plexiform layer of the pigeon retina
Mariani, A. P. (1987) · American Journal of Anatomy · doi:10.1002/aja.1001790105 · Cited by 54 · cited 6× · see citing works
“In further agreement with the correct identification of rod and cone NCKX within the chicken retina, we observed that the rod NCKX transcripts were found internal to the plane of the OLM of the retina, toward the OPL, which corresponds in shape and location to the rod photoreceptor inner segments.”
BackgroundInfluentialMinimal Domain Requirement for Cation Transport by the Potassium-dependent Na/Ca-K Exchanger
Szerencsei, R. T., Tucker, J. E., Cooper, C. B., Winkfein, R. J., Farrell, P. J., Iatrou, K., & Schnetkamp, P. P. M. (2000) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.275.1.669 · Cited by 48 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Net potassium-dependent calcium uptake was lowest for chicken rod NCKX (0.3 nmol calcium/mg protein), comparable to values between 0.4 and 0.6 nmol calcium/mg protein observed in another study for full-length dolphin rod NCKX1 and a deletion mutant of bovine NCKX1 (Szerencsei et al., 2000).”
ResultInfluentialSelf-citationUnidirectional Na+, Ca2+, and K+ fluxes through the bovine rod outer segment Na-Ca-K exchanger.
Schnetkamp, P. P. M., Szerencsei, R. T., & Basu, D. K. (1991) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(18)52421-2 · Cited by 47 · cited 2× · see citing works
“…experiments were performed in the indicated media, and external 45Ca 21 was removed by a rapid filtration over borosilicate glass fiber filters as described previously (Schnetkamp et al., 1991b); the washing medium contained (in mM): 140 KCl, 80 sucrose, 20 HEPES, pH 7.4, 5 MgCl2, and 1 EGTA.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationSchnetkamp, P. P. M., & Szerencsei, R. T. (1991) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(18)52420-0 · Cited by 41 · cited 3× · see citing works
“…not supported when the external medium contains lithium without any potassium present; in contrast, reverse Na–Ca exchange via the heart NCX1 operates independent of the presence of potassium in the external medium (Schnet- kamp and Szerencsei 1991; Schnetkamp et al., 1991a; Cooper et al., 1999).”
BackgroundSelf-citationKorenbrot, J. I. (1995) · Cell Calcium · doi:10.1016/0143-4160(95)90025-x · Cited by 35 · cited 2× · see citing works
“…(Sampath et al., 1998, 1999), in agreement with earlier, more indirect measurements which suggested that for similar changes in outer segment Na–Ca exchange current, changes in outer segment calcium concentration are larger and faster in cones than in rods (for review, see Korenbrot, 1995).”
BackgroundResultStructure-Function Relationships and Localization of the Na/Ca-K Exchanger in Rod Photoreceptors
Kim, T. S. Y., Reid, D. M., & Molday, R. S. (1998) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.273.26.16561 · Cited by 33 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Immunohistochemistry on the bovine retina was use to locate bovine rod NCKX1 exclusively to the outer segment plasma membrane, whereas no significant amounts of NCKX1 were detected in rod disk membranes, in rod inner segments, or in cone photoreceptors (Haase et al., 1990; Reid et al., 1990; Kim et al., 1998).”
BackgroundCooper, C. B., Winkfein, R. J., Szerencsei, R. T., & Schnetkamp, P. P. M. (1999) · Biochemistry · doi:10.1021/bi983068o · Cited by 30 · cited 8× · see citing works
“When sequence comparison is limited to the proposed transmembrane spanning segments for all the vertebrate NCKX clones described to date, NCKX proteins fall clearly into two groups: the rod NCKX on the one hand and the cone and brain NCKX on the other hand (Fig.”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationCa2+ influx into bovine retinal rod outer segments mediated by Na+/Ca2+/K+ exchange
Schnetkamp, P. P. M., Tucker, J. E., & Szerencsei, R. T. (1995) · American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpcell.1995.269.5.c1153 · Cited by 30 · cited 7× · see citing works
“Properties of the potassium binding site of different NCKX proteins The external potassium dependence of reverse Na–Ca1K exchange in isolated retinal rod outer segments varies markedly with the presence of other alkali cations in the medium (Schnetkamp and Szerencsei, 1991; Schnetkamp et al., 1995).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationCyclic GMP–gated Channels in a Sympathetic Neuron Cell Line
Thompson, S. H. (1997) · The Journal of General Physiology · doi:10.1085/jgp.110.2.155 · Cited by 29 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Nonsensory cGMP-gated channels have been identified in retinal ganglion cells by whole-cell patch-clamp studies (Ahmad et al., 1994; Thompson, 1997; Kawai and Sterling, 1999).”
BackgroundImmunological characterization and localization of the Na+/Ca2(+)- exchanger in bovine retina
Haase, W., Friese, W., Gordon, R. D., Muller, H., & Cook, N. (1990) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.10-05-01486.1990 · Cited by 26 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…on the bovine retina was use to locate bovine rod NCKX1 exclusively to the outer segment plasma membrane, whereas no significant amounts of NCKX1 were detected in rod disk membranes, in rod inner segments, or in cone photoreceptors (Haase et al., 1990; Reid et al., 1990; Kim et al., 1998).”
BackgroundTucker, J. E., Winkfein, R. J., Cooper, C. B., & Schnetkamp, P. P. M. (1998) · PubMed · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citationNavanglone, A., Rispoli, G., Gabellini, N., & Carafoli, E. (1997) · Biophysical Journal · doi:10.1016/s0006-3495(97)78046-9 · Cited by 14 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In contrast, Navangione et al. (1997) used transient transfection of HEK293 cells with full-length bovine NCKX1 and observed Na–Ca exchange currents that did not depend on potassium; these authors suggest that potassium dependence may be conferred on the NCKX1 protein by a yet to be identified accessory component/ pro…”
BackgroundChromosomal localization and genomic organization of the human retinal rod Na-Ca+K exchanger
Tucker, J. E., Winkfein, R. J., Murthy, S. K., Friedman, J. S., Walter, M. A., Demetrick, D. J., & Schnetkamp, P. P. M. (1998) · Human Genetics · doi:10.1007/s004390050842 · Cited by 12 · cited 6× · see citing works
“3A), similar in size to those reported before for bovine (Reiländer et al., 1992) and human (Tucker et al., 1998b) rod NCKX1 poly(A1)-mRNA.”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citation
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“Another isoform was recently isolated from cones (43).”
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Corbo, J. C., Myers, C. A., Lawrence, K. A., Jadhav, A. P., & Cepko, C. L. (2007) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0705465104 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
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Li, X.-F., Kiedrowski, L., Tremblay, F., Fernandez, F. R., Perizzolo, M., Winkfein, R. J., Turner, R. W., Bains, J. S., Rancourt, D. E., & Lytton, J. (2006) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m512137200 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
A flagellar K + -dependent Na + /Ca 2+ exchanger keeps Ca 2+ low in sea urchin spermatozoa
Su, Y., & Vacquier, V. D. (2002) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.102186699 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Lee, S., Kim, M., Park, K. H., Earm, Y. E., & Ho, W. (2002) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.22-16-06891.2002 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
“Furthermore, the Km value is known to be affected by other cations present on the side of K -binding site (Prinsen et al., 2000; Dong et al., 2001).”
BackgroundRegulation of calcium homeostasis in the outer segments of rod and cone photoreceptors
Vinberg, F., Chen, J., & Kefalov, V. J. (2018) · Progress in Retinal and Eye Research · doi:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2018.06.001 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Schnetkamp, P. P. M. (2013) · Molecular Aspects of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.mam.2012.07.008 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Self-citationKiedrowski, L., Czyż, A., Baranauskas, G., Li, X., & Lytton, J. (2004) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2004.02462.x · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Dong, H. F., Light, P. E., French, R. J., & Lytton, J. (2001) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m103401200 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Molecular evolution of proteins involved in vertebrate phototransduction
Hisatomi, O., & Tokunaga, F. (2002) · Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/s1096-4959(02)00127-6 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Kim, M., Lee, S., Park, K. H., Ho, W., & Lee, S. (2003) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.23-37-11673.2003 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“photoreceptor (Prinsen et al., 2000), transcripts for the other”
BackgroundAnalysis of Ion Interactions with the K+ -dependent Na+/Ca+ Exchangers NCKX2, NCKX3, and NCKX4
Visser, F., Valsecchi, V., Annunziato, L., & Lytton, J. (2007) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m610582200 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
The Na+/Ca2+, K+ exchanger NCKX4 is required for efficient cone-mediated vision
Vinberg, F., Wang, T., Maria, A. D., Zhao, H., Bassnett, S., Chen, J., & Kefalov, V. J. (2017) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.24550 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“This exchanger is expressed in chicken, human and mouse cones, where it has been shown to regulate cone phototransduction (Prinsen et al., 2000; Sakurai et al., 2016).”
BackgroundBiochemistry and physiology of zebrafish photoreceptors
Zang, J., & Neuhauss, S. C. F. (2021) · Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00424-021-02528-z · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Residues Contributing to the Ca2+ and K+ Binding Pocket of the NCKX2 Na+/Ca2+-K+ Exchanger
Kang, K.-J., Kinjo, T. G., Szerencsei, R. T., & Schnetkamp, P. P. M. (2005) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m407933200 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Self-citationKang, K., Shibukawa, Y., Szerencsei, R. T., & Schnetkamp, P. P. M. (2004) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m412933200 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Self-citationPhototransduction in Rods and Cones
Luo, D.-G., Kefalov, V. J., & Yau, K. (2008) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012370880-9.00258-9 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Cuomo, O., Gala, R., Pignataro, G., Boscia, F., Secondo, A., Scorziello, A., Pannaccione, A., Viggiano, D., Adornetto, A., Molinaro, P., et al. (2008) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4912-07.2008 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Sodium/calcium exchanger expression in the mouse and rat olfactory systems
Pyrski, M. M., Koo, J. H., Polumuri, S. K., RUKNUDIN, A. M., Margolis, J. W., Schulze, D. H., & Margolis, F. L. (2007) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.21290 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“For example, the two K -dependent Na / Ca2 exchangers in eye: NCKX1, which is confined to retinal rods (Reilander et al., 1992), and NCKX2, which is expressed in cone photoreceptor cells (Prinsen et al., 2000), and also in brain (Tsoi et al., 1998).”
BackgroundThe SLC24 Family of K+-Dependent Na+–Ca2+ Exchangers
Schnetkamp, P. P. M., Jalloul, A. H., Liu, G., & Szerencsei, R. T. (2014) · Current topics in membranes · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-800223-0.00007-4 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“…external Km for K þ of NCKX2 show a significant range with some studies reporting a value 40 mM (in LiCl medium) (Dong et al., 2001; Visser et al., 2007), while other studies report lower values between 2 and 10 mM (Kang, Kinjo, Szerencsei, & Schnetkamp, 2005; Prinsen et al., 2000) (see also Fig.”
ResultInfluentialSelf-citationPotassium-dependent sodium-calcium exchanger (NCKX) isoforms and neuronal function
Hassan, M. T., & Lytton, J. (2019) · Cell Calcium · doi:10.1016/j.ceca.2019.102135 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
K+-Dependent Na+/Ca2+Exchangers: Key Contributors to Ca2+Signaling
Visser, F., & Lytton, J. (2007) · Physiology · doi:10.1152/physiol.00001.2007 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“The cloning of NCKX2 from chicken retina, which is abundant in cone photoreceptors, suggested a role for this exchanger in cone physiology that was analogous to that of NCKX1 in rod photoreceptors (47).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialJalloul, A. H., Szerencsei, R. T., & Schnetkamp, P. P. M. (2015) · Cell Calcium · doi:10.1016/j.ceca.2015.11.001 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Self-citationA Novel Topology and Redox Regulation of the Rat Brain K+-dependent Na+/Ca2+ Exchanger, NCKX2
Cai, X., Zhang, K., & Lytton, J. (2002) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m208818200 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Sheng, J.-Z., Prinsen, C. F. M., Clark, R. B., Giles, W. R., & Schnetkamp, P. P. M. (2000) · Biophysical Journal · doi:10.1016/s0006-3495(00)76443-5 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Self-citationMutated alleles of the rod and cone Na-Ca+K-exchanger genes in patients with retinal diseases.
Sharon, D., Yamamoto, H., McGee, T. L., Rabe, V. W., Szerencsei, R. T., Winkfein, R. J., Prinsen, C., Barnes, C. S., Andréasson, S., Fishman, G. A., et al. (2002) · PubMed · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Self-citationSzerencsei, R. T., Kinjo, T. G., & Schnetkamp, P. P. M. (2013) · Channels · doi:10.4161/chan.23898 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“Cell culture (we used a lepidopteron insect cell expression system, BTI-TN-5B1-4 High Five TM cells, Invitrogen), transfection protocols, SDS-PAGE, (45)Ca uptake protocols and mutagenesis were all performed as described in detail before.(14,19) All chemicals were purchased from Sigma unless stated otherwise.”
MethodSelf-citationThe Na+/Ca2+, K+ exchanger 2 modulates mammalian cone phototransduction
Sakurai, K., Vinberg, F., Wang, T., Chen, J., & Kefalov, V. J. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep32521 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Ketterer, C., Zeiger, U., Budak, M. T., Rubinstein, N. A., & Khurana, T. S. (2010) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.09-4893 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Structure-function relationships of K+-dependent Na+/Ca2+ exchangers (NCKX)
Jalloul, A. H., Szerencsei, R. T., Rogasevskaia, T. P., & Schnetkamp, P. P. M. (2019) · Cell Calcium · doi:10.1016/j.ceca.2019.102153 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citationSerca isoform expression in the mammalian retina
Križaj, D. (2005) · Experimental Eye Research · doi:10.1016/j.exer.2005.04.007 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“, 1997), there is at present no physiological evidence that ATP-driven Ca2+ pumps contribute to Ca2+ extrusion within the cone outer segment; the Na+-K+, Ca2+ exchangers are thought to act as the sole Ca2+ extruders at the cone OS plasma membrane (Nakatani and Yau, 1985; Prinsen et al., 2000; reviewed in Fain et al. 2…”
BackgroundEarly embryonic expression of ion channels and pumps in chick and Xenopus development
Rutenberg, J. B., Cheng, S., & Levin, M. G. (2002) · Developmental Dynamics · doi:10.1002/dvdy.10180 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“The Ca pumps SERCA1 and SERCA2 and the and subunits of the Na /K ATPase were weakly but ubiquitously expressed in embryos at these stages (data not shown; Table 1 summarizes the in situ findings because they are not discussed further in the text).”
BackgroundNa+-dependent Inactivation of the Retinal Cone/Brain Na+/Ca2+-K+ Exchanger NCKX2
Altimimi, H. F., & Schnetkamp, P. P. M. (2006) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m609285200 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citationSearching for a Role of NCX/NCKX Exchangers in Neurodegeneration
Gómez‐Villafuertes, R., Mellström, B., & Naranjo, J. R. (2007) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-007-0007-0 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“Scanning mutagenesis of the α-repeats of human NCKX2 show that mutation of about 25% of these residues leads to impaired NCKX2 proteins, identifying six residues that contribute to the major cation-binding site of the exchanger [4].”
InfluentialRegulation of K+-Dependent Na+/Ca2+-Exchangers (NCKX)
Al-Khannaq, M., & Lytton, J. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24010598 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“NCKX2 is widely expressed in neurons throughout the brain [21] in addition to cone photoreceptors [28] and is thought to be a key component of neuronal Ca2+ efflux when intracellular Ca2+ levels rise above baseline [29].”
BackgroundResidues Contributing to the Na+-binding Pocket of the SLC24 Na+/Ca2+-K+ Exchanger NCKX2
Altimimi, H. F., Fung, E. H., Winkfein, R. J., & Schnetkamp, P. P. M. (2010) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m109.090738 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-citationBlaustein, M. P., Lariccia, V., Khananshvili, D., Annunziato, L., & Verkhratsky, A. (2020) · Cell Calcium · doi:10.1016/j.ceca.2020.102166 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Paillart, C., Winkfein, R. J., Schnetkamp, P. P. M., & Korenbrot, J. I. (2006) · The Journal of General Physiology · doi:10.1085/jgp.200609652 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Currents were measured commencing 3.5–4 min after fi rst attaining whole-cell mode, time suffi cient for cell cytoplasm and electrode fi lling solution to come to equilibrium (Holcman and Korenbrot, 2004).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationWinkfein, R. J., Pearson, B. J., Ward, R. M., Szerencsei, R. T., Colley, N. J., & Schnetkamp, P. P. M. (2004) · Cell Calcium · doi:10.1016/j.ceca.2004.01.021 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“These results are very similar to those previously described for a number of other heterologously expressed NCKX proteins [ 6 ,21,22].”
BackgroundResultSelf-citationAltimimi, H. F., Szerencsei, R. T., & Schnetkamp, P. P. M. (2012) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-4756-6_8 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationHryshko, L. V. (2002) · Comprehensive physiology · doi:10.1002/cphy.cp020110 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
The Retinal Rod and Cone Na+/Ca2+-K+Exchangers
Prinsen, C., Cooper, C. B., Szerencsei, R. T., Murthy, S. K., Demetrick, D. J., & Schnetkamp, P. P. M. (2002) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-0121-3_14 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationA functional approach to understanding the role of NCKX5 in Xenopus pigmentation
Williams, R. M., Winkfein, R. J., Ginger, R. S., Green, M. R., Schnetkamp, P. P. M., & Wheeler, G. N. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0180465 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citationInvestigating the Ca2+-dependent and Ca2+-independent mechanisms for mammalian cone light adaptation
Vinberg, F., & Kefalov, V. J. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-34073-8 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
The Na/Ca‐K Exchanger Gene Family
Szerencsei, R. T., Winkfein, R. J., Cooper, C. B., Prinsen, C., Kinjo, T. G., Kang, K., & Schnetkamp, P. P. M. (2002) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2002.tb04712.x · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citationPotassium‐Dependent Sodium‐Calcium Exchange through the Eye of the Fly
Webel, R., Haug-Collet, K., PEARSON, B., Szerencsei, R. T., Winkfein, R. J., Schnetkamp, P. P. M., & Colley, N. J. (2002) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2002.tb04753.x · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationBAUER, P. J. (2002) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2002.tb04755.x · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Islam, M. S., Kawase, O., Hase, S., Minakata, H., Hoshi, M., & Matsumoto, M. (2006) · Zygote · doi:10.1017/s0967199406003698 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“with them – a cytoplasmic amino-terminus, conserved N-linked glycosylation sites, a long cytoplasmic loop between TM6 and TM7, and a short cytoplasmic carboxyl-terminus (Tsoi et al., 1998; Prinsen et al., 2000; Kraev et al., 2001; Su & Vacquier 2002) – suggesting further similarities to other NCKXs.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSLC24A5 plays fundamental roles in regulating melanophore development in Cyprinidae fish
Yu, L., Chen, H., Hu, X., Chen, X., Liu, Z., Wang, J., & Wang, C.-H. (2021) · Reproduction and Breeding · doi:10.1016/j.repbre.2021.11.001 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Araujo, A. C., Araújo, R. D. S., Dourado, L. R. B., Machado, J. S., Bayão, G. F. V., Amoroso, L., Artoni, S. M. B., Shimano, A. C., & Sousa, K. R. S. (2021) · British Poultry Science · doi:10.1080/00071668.2021.1966754 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Residues important for K+ ion transport in the K+-dependent Na+-Ca2+ exchanger (NCKX2)
Jalloul, A. H., Cai, S., Szerencsei, R. T., & Schnetkamp, P. P. M. (2018) · Cell Calcium · doi:10.1016/j.ceca.2018.06.005 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationStructure–Function Relationships of the NCKX2 Na+/Ca2+‐K+ Exchanger
SHIBUKAWA, Y., Kang, K., Kinjo, T. G., Szerencsei, R. T., Altimimi, H. F., Pratikhya, P., Winkfein, R. J., & Schnetkamp, P. P. M. (2007) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1387.054 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationZhang, Y. (2003) · Cell Calcium · doi:10.1016/s0143-4160(02)00181-1 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Sodium‐Calcium Exchangers in Olfactory Tissue
Schulze, D. H., Pyrski, M. M., RUKNUDIN, A. M., Margolis, J. W., Polumuri, S. K., & Margolis, F. L. (2002) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2002.tb04716.x · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Examining Ca2+ Extrusion of Na+/Ca2+‐K+ Exchangers
Altimimi, H. F., & Schnetkamp, P. P. M. (2007) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1387.056 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationNa+/Ca2+ Exchangers and Ca2+ Transport in Neurons
Lytton, J. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-30380-2_11 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Different cation sensitivities and binding site domains of Na+–Ca2+–K+ and Na+–Ca2+ exchangers
Uehara, A., Iwamoto, T., Kita, S., Shioya, T., Yasukochi, M., Nakamura, Y., & Imanaga, I. (2004) · Journal of Cellular Physiology · doi:10.1002/jcp.20231 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Ca2+ Chemistry, Storage and Transport in Biologic Systems: An Overview
Kinjo, T. G., & Schnetkamp, P. P. M. (2013) · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationCa2+ Chemistry, Storage and Transport in Biologic Systems
Kinjo, T. G., & Schnetkamp, P. P. M. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/0-387-27526-6_1 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationPhotoresponses of Rods and Cones
MacLeish, P. R., & Makino, C. L. (2011) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-05714-1.00019-4 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
SLC24A Family (K+-Dependent Na+-Ca2+ Exchanger, NCKX)
Jalloul, A. H., Szerencsei, R. T., Rogasevskaia, T. P., & Schnetkamp, P. P. M. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-67199-4_101860 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationToward Comparative Genomics of Calcium Transporters
Kraev, A. S., & MacLennan, D. H. (2002) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2002.tb04713.x · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Behrens, K. A., Danley, A. H., Jailwala, S., & Kocher, T. D. (2025) · Aquaculture · doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2025.742411 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Szerencsei, R. T., Cai, S., Zhekova, H. R., Jalloul, A. H., Tieleman, D. P., & Schnetkamp, P. P. M. (2025) · Channels · doi:10.1080/19336950.2025.2513268 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Single residue cysteine substitutions were prepared in the short splice variant of human NCKX2 cDNA (AAF25811) with the c-myc tag (EQKLISEEDL) inserted between His83 and Gln84, as described previously [14,18].”
Self-citationQiu, L., Wei, S., Guo, M., Wang, Y., Hao, L., Li, X., Ru, S., & Zhang, X. (2026) · Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology · doi:10.1016/j.enceco.2026.01.014 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The Retinal Rod NCKX1 and Cone/Ganglion Cell NCKX2 Na+/Ca2+-K+ Exchangers
Schnetkamp, P. P. M., Shibukawa, Y., Altimimi, H. F., Kinjo, T. G., Pratikhya, P., Kang, K., & Szerencsei, R. T. (2008) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-59745-375-2_14
Self-citationGlutamate-Induced Neuronal Death and Na+/Ca2+ Exchange
Kiedrowski, L. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-30380-2_12
Krebs, J. J. R. (2007) · New comprehensive biochemistry · doi:10.1016/s0167-7306(06)41006-1
Na+-affinity and relation to transport kinetics of Na+/Ca2+-K+ exchanger NCKX2
Altimimi, H. F. (2008) · Libraries and Cultural Resources (University of Calgary) · doi:10.11575/prism/16144
ISOFORM 2 (NCKX2) IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF FOCAL CEREBRAL ISCHEMIA
Ciclo, X. (2008)
MOLECULAR MECHANISMS FOR PHOSPHOINOSITIDE REGULATION OF CONE PHOTORECEPTOR CNG CHANNEL GATING
Dai, G. (2014) · Research Exchange (Washington State University)
11 Na þ /Ca 2þ Exchangers and Ca 2þ Transport in Neurons
Lytton, J. (2007)
da Silva, A. B. C. (2019) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/d.59.2019.tde-09102019-153110
SLC24A Family (K+-Dependent Na+-Ca2+ Exchanger, NCKX)
Jalloul, A. H., Szerencsei, R. T., Rogasevskaia, T. P., & Schnetkamp, P. P. M. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-6438-9_101860-1
Self-citationThe Cardiac Na + ‐Ca 2+ Exchanger
Hryshko, L. V. (2002) · Comprehensive physiology · doi:10.1002/j.2040-4603.2002.tb00946.x
Investigating the role of SLC24A5 in Xenopus laevis pigmentation development
Williams, R. M. (2011)
- Authors
- Prinsen, C. F. M., Szerencsei, R. T., & Schnetkamp, P. P. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Calgary (CA)
- Venue
- The Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 2000-02-15
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1424-1434
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC6772386
- OpenAlex
- W1605764426
- Cited by
- 87
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 2.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale
- Alberta Heritage Foundation for Medical Research
- Medical Research Council Canada
- Medical Research Council
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Ion channel regulation and function
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Retinal Development and Disorders
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Ion Transport and Channel Regulation
- Keywords
- Na+/Ca2+ exchanger, cone photoreceptors, rod photoreceptors, light adaptation, calcium efflux, retinal outer segments, retinal ganglion cells, chicken retina, human retina, cDNA cloning, heterologous expression, in situ hybridization
- MeSH terms
- Amino Acid Sequence, Animals, Brain, Calcium, Carrier Proteins, Cattle, Chickens, Cloning, Molecular, Humans, Kinetics, Male, Molecular Sequence Data, Recombinant Proteins, Retina, RNA, Messenger, Rod Cell Outer Segment, Transcription, Genetic, Transfection, Sequence Alignment, Sequence Homology, Amino Acid, Retinal Cone Photoreceptor Cells, Sodium-Calcium Exchanger, Protein Isoforms, Rats
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