Cited by 254Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology ResearchAmino Acid Enzymes and MetabolismMetabolism, Diabetes, and Cancer

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Glutamate triggers rapid glucose transport stimulation in astrocytes as evidenced by real-time confocal microscopy.

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Loaiza, Anitsi, Porras, Omar H., Barros, Luis Felipe·2003·The Journal of Neuroscience

DOI 10.1523/jneurosci.23-19-07337.2003PMC PMC6740433

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Abstract

Glutamate stimulates glycolysis in astrocytes, a phenomenon that couples astrocytic metabolism with neuronal activity. However, it is not known whether glutamate also affects glucose transporter-1 (GLUT1), the transporter responsible for glucose entry into astrocytes. To address this question, two different real-time single-cell hexose uptake assays were applied to cultured hippocampal astrocytes using confocal epifluorescence microscopy. Glutamate caused a twofold to threefold increase in the zero-trans uptake rates of the fluorescent hexoses 2-[N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)amino]-2-deoxyglucose (2-NBDG) and 6-[N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)amino]-6-deoxyglucose (6-NBDG). Galactose uptake, determined by the calcein volumetric assay, was stimulated to a similar extent, confirming the fluorescent hexose data, and also demonstrating that glutamate stimulation is a Vmax effect. Remarkably, glucose transport stimulation developed fully inside 10 sec, which is 100 times faster than acute stimulations of glucose transport in other cell types. Glutamate did not significantly affect the rate of 6-NBDG uptake by GLUT1-expressing epithelial Clone 9 cells, suggesting that an astrocyte-specific factor is required for transport stimulation. We conclude that glucose transport stimulation occurs early during astrocytic activation by glutamate, which provides a novel regulatory node to current models of brain energy metabolism. This mechanism should also be considered for the interpretation of functional imaging data based on hexoses.

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Glutamate uptake into astrocytes stimulates aerobic glycolysis: a mechanism coupling neuronal activity to glucose utilization.
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HPV 16 E6/E7 Promote the Glucose Uptake of GLUT1 in Lung Cancer Through Downregulation of TXNIP Due to Inhibition of PTEN Phosphorylation
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“The activation of GLUT1 is determined by two factors: one is the translocation of GLUT1 from the cytoplasm to the plasma membrane to participate in the glucose uptake (24, 25); the other is to activate the intrinsic GLUT1 on the plasma membrane to play the role of glucose uptake (26, 27).”
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Kinetic properties of the redox switch/redox coupling mechanism as determined in primary cultures of cortical neurons and astrocytes from rat brain
Ramírez, B. G., Rodrigues, T. B., Violante, I. R., Cruz, F., Fonseca, L. L., Ballesteros, P., Castro, M. M. C. A., García‐Martín, M. L., & Cerdán, S. (2007) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.21386 · Cited by 29
“Increased glutamate concentrations obtained during activation have been shown to increase the uptake of fluorescently labeled glucose by astrocytes and reduce it in neurons (Loaiza et al., 2003; Porras et al., 2004).”
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Ascorbic acid-dependent GLUT3 inhibition is a critical step for switching neuronal metabolism
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Pinocembrin attenuates hemorrhagic transformation after delayed t-PA treatment in thromboembolic stroke rats by regulating endogenous metabolites
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A network of insulin peptides regulate glucose uptake by astrocytes: Potential new druggable targets for brain hypometabolism
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Amyloid-β42 stimulated hippocampal lactate release is coupled to glutamate uptake
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Regulation of neuronal bioenergy homeostasis by glutamate
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“It has been shown that glutamate treatment leads to an increase in glucose uptake in glia (Loaiza et al. 2003), but a decrease in neurons (Porras et al. 2004).”
Background
Bidirectional astrocytic GLUT1 activation by elevated extracellular K+
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“Stimulation of resident surface transporters may be much faster, with time constant of seconds, as reported for glutamate-induced GLUT1 modulation by glutamate in astrocytes (Loaiza et al., 2003) and for synaptic activity-induced GLUT3 modulation in neurons (Baeza-Lehnert et al., 2019).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Increase brain lactate in hepatic encephalopathy: Cause or consequence?
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“Upon glutamate activation, glucose transport and utilization increases in astrocytes ( Loaiza et al., 2003 and Pellerin and Magistretti, 2004) but decreases in neurons (Porras et al., 2004) even though energy demands increase.”
Double transcranial direct current stimulation of the brain increases cerebral energy levels and systemic glucose tolerance in men
Wardzinski, E. K., Friedrichsen, L., Dannenberger, S., Kistenmacher, A., Melchert, U. H., Jauch‐Chara, K., & Oltmanns, K. M. (2019) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1111/jne.12688 · Cited by 22
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“This lactate contribution could be even higher if neuronal glucose uptake were decreased upon activation, as reported in vitro by Porras et al. (2004), and if astrocytic glucose uptake were increased at the same time (Loaiza et al., 2003).”
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“These studies highlight the ﬂ exibility of the astrocytes to adapt their cellular energy state according to energy demand (Loaiza et al, 2003; Hertz et al, 2007).”
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Changes in cytosolic glucose level in ATP stimulated live astrocytes
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“Exposure of rat hippocampal astrocytes to glutamate caused a sharp increase in the rate of 2-[N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)amino]-2-deoxyglucose (2-NBDG) and 6-[N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl) amino]-6-deoxyglucose (6-NBDG) uptake within 10min (Loaiza et al., 2003).”
Lactate-induced metabolic signaling is the potential mechanism for reshaping the brain function - role of physical exercise
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Milestone Review: Excitatory amino acid transporters – Beyond their expected function
Martínez‐Lozada, Z., & Ortega, A. (2023) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/jnc.15809 · Cited by 14
“Further studies demonstrated that the increase in glucose uptake in response to glutamate occurs within seconds (14 seconds delay, in rat astrocytes) (Loaiza et al., 2003).”
Background
Coupling of glutamate and glucose uptake in cultured Bergmann glial cells
Méndez-Flores, O. G., Hernández‐Kelly, L. C., Suárez‐Pozos, E., Najimi, M., & Ortega, A. (2016) · Neurochemistry International · doi:10.1016/j.neuint.2016.05.001 · Cited by 14
Data on possible in vitro anti-diabetic effects of verticinone on β-TC6 pancreatic and C2C12 skeletal muscle cells
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Activation of Basal Forebrain Astrocytes Induces Wakefulness without Compensatory Changes in Sleep Drive
Ingiosi, A. M., Hayworth, C. R., & Frank, M. G. (2023) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0163-23.2023 · Cited by 15
PET is better than perfusion SPECT for early diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease
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Glucose metabolism down‐regulates the uptake of 6‐(N‐(7‐nitrobenz‐2‐oxa‐1,3‐diazol‐4‐yl)amino)‐2‐deoxyglucose (6‐ NBDG ) mediated by glucose transporter 1 isoform ( GLUT 1): theory and simulations using the symmetric four‐state carrier model
DiNuzzo, M., Giove, F., Maraviglia, B., & Mangia, S. (2013) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/jnc.12164 · Cited by 12
“Glutamate-induced changes in uptake of NBDG were then investigated in hippocampal astrocyte-enriched cultures (Loaiza et al. 2003) as well as neuron–astrocyte cocultures (Porras et al. 2004).”
Background
A system identification approach for developing model predictive controllers of antibody quality attributes in cell culture processes
Downey, B. J., Schmitt, J., Beller, J. A., Russell, B., Quach, A., Hermann, E., Lyon, D., & Breit, J. F. (2017) · Biotechnology Progress · doi:10.1002/btpr.2537 · Cited by 12
“The effect of hexose transporter expression on galactose uptake was demonstrated through the stimulation of GLUT1 expression by glutamate treatment and the concomitant increase in galactose uptake, suggesting that GLUT expression is a major modulator of galactose uptake.(25) These observations reinforced choise of gal…”
Background
Glutamate reduces glucose utilization while concomitantly enhancing AQP9 and MCT2 expression in cultured rat hippocampal neurons
Tescarollo, F. C., Covolan, L., & Pellerin, L. (2014) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2014.00246 · Cited by 11
“ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE published: 12 August 2014 doi: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00246 Glutamate reduces glucose utilization while concomitantly enhancing AQP9 and MCT2 expression in cultured rat hippocampal neurons”
BackgroundInfluential
Effects of Oleracein E and Oleracein L from Portulaca oleracea on Cell Survival, Antioxidant and Antidiabetic Efficacy on beta-TC-6 Pancreatic Cell Line
roozi, H., Bojar, M. N. A., Eidi, V., & Ali, K. N. R. (2019) · Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.36468/pharmaceutical-sciences.559 · Cited by 10
Modeling Neurodevelopmental and Neuropsychiatric Diseases with Astrocytes Derived from Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
Ren, B., & Dunaevsky, A. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22041692 · Cited by 12
“These include regulation of cerebral blood flow via induction of astrocytic release of arachidonic acid-derived messengers [54], insertion of glucose transporters into the astrocytic cell membrane [55], and regulation of breathing [56].”
Background
Glutamate increases glucose uptake in L6 myotubes in a concentration- and time-dependent manner that is mediated by AMPK
Barnes, T., Sebastiano, K. M. D., Vlavcheski, F., Quadrilatero, J., Tsiani, E., & Mourtzakis, M. (2018) · Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/apnm-2018-0174 · Cited by 10
“Even in the central nervous system, glutamate is shown to stimulate sharp and rapid increase in glucose uptake (Loaiza et al., 2003),”
Background
Live Cell Imaging of ATP Levels Reveals Metabolic Compartmentalization within Motoneurons and Early Metabolic Changes in FUS ALS Motoneurons
Zimyanin, V. L., Pielka, A.-M., Glaß, H., Japtok, J., Großmann, D., Martin, M., Deußen, A., Szewczyk, B., Deppmann, C. D., Zunder, E. R., et al. (2023) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells12101352 · Cited by 8
“For this, we did the same tests together with either a block of glycolysis using 2-deoxy-d-glucose (2DG) or by inducing a shift of metabolism to glycolysis using glutamate [89-91].”
Method
Neurometabolic substrate transport across brain barriers in diabetes mellitus: Implications for cognitive function and neurovascular health
Mondal, R., Deb, S., Chowdhury, D., Sarkar, S., Roy, A. G., Shome, G., Sarkar, V., Lahiri, D., & Benito‐León, J. (2024) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2024.138028 · Cited by 10
Prior metabolite extraction fully preserves RNAseq quality and enables integrative multi-‘omics analysis of the liver metabolic response to viral infection
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The Role of Glucose Transporter-1 (GLUT-1) in Malignant Gliomas
Jensen, R. L., & Chkheidze, R. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-0344-5_11 · Cited by 9
“due to activation of the glucose transporter rather than to translocation (Loaiza et al., 2003).”
Background
Lactate and Glucose as Energy Substrates and their Role in Traumatic Brain inJury and Therapy
Alessandri, B., Gugliotta, M., Levasseur, J. E., & Bullock, M. R. (2009) · Future Neurology · doi:10.2217/14796708.4.2.209 · Cited by 8
“The stimulating effect of glutamate on astrocytic glycolysis has recently extended the finding that glutamate immediately maximizes glucose uptake via the GLUT1 transporter [66].”
Background
Extracellular levels of glucose in the hippocampus and striatum during maze training for food or water reward in male rats
Scavuzzo, C. J., Newman, L. A., Gold, P. E., & Korol, D. L. (2020) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113385 · Cited by 7
Effect of RONS-Induced Intracellular Redox Homeostasis in 6-NBDG/Glucose Uptake in C2C12 Myotubes and Single Isolated Skeletal Muscle Fibres
Fernández-Puente, E., Martín-Prieto, E., Márquez, C. M., & Palomero, J. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24098082 · Cited by 7
“Protocols based on 2-NBDG have been developed to determine glucose uptake in different cell types, such as astrocytes [20], endothelial cells [23], and skeletal muscle cells—both myotubes [14,24–31] and mature fibres isolated from FDB mouse muscle [15–17].”
Method
Mapping of odor-related neuronal activity using a fluorescent derivative of glucose
Ito, I., Watanabe, S., & Kirino, Y. (2006) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2005.12.084 · Cited by 7

Authors: Loaiza, A., Porras, O. H., & Barros, L. F.
Affiliations: Centro de Estudios Científicos (CL)
ORCID: Porras, Omar H.
Barros, Luis Felipe
Venue: The Journal of Neuroscience
Publisher: Society for Neuroscience
Published: 2003-08-13
Volume: 23
Issue: 19
Pages: 7337-7342
ISSN: 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
1529-2401
DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.23-19-07337.2003
PMC: PMC6740433
OpenAlex: W2119476349
Cited by: 254
References: 34
Citations by year: 2026: 3 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 9
FWCI: 3.24
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Locations: Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Tinker Foundation
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biochemistry › Amino Acid Enzymes and Metabolism
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Metabolism, Diabetes, and Cancer
Keywords: glutamate, glucose transport, GLUT1, astrocytes, astrocyte-neuron interaction, glycolysis, hippocampal astrocytes, 2-NBDG, galactose uptake, brain energy metabolism, astrocyte activation
MeSH terms: Animals, Astrocytes, Biological Transport, Deoxyglucose, Fluorescent Dyes, Glucosamine, Glucose, Hippocampus, Kinetics, 4-Chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan, Neurons, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Microscopy, Confocal, Glutamic Acid, Coculture Techniques, Rats

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Glutamate triggers rapid glucose transport stimulation in astrocytes as evidenced by real-time confocal microscopy.

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