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Encoding of Sensory Prediction Errors in the Human Cerebellum
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A central tenet of motor neuroscience is that the cerebellum learns from sensory prediction errors. Surprisingly, neuroimaging studies have not revealed definitive signatures of error processing in the cerebellum. Furthermore, neurophysiologic studies suggest an asymmetry, such that the cerebellum may encode errors arising from unexpected sensory events, but not errors reflecting the omission of expected stimuli. We conducted an imaging study to compare the cerebellar response to these two types of errors. Participants made fast out-and-back reaching movements, aiming either for an object that delivered a force pulse if intersected or for a gap between two objects, either of which delivered a force pulse if intersected. Errors (missing the target) could therefore be signaled either through the presence or absence of a force pulse. In an initial analysis, the cerebellar BOLD response was smaller on trials with errors compared with trials without errors. However, we also observed an error-related decrease in heart rate. After correcting for variation in heart rate, increased activation during error trials was observed in the hand area of lobules V and VI. This effect was similar for the two error types. The results provide evidence for the encoding of errors resulting from either the unexpected presence or unexpected absence of sensory stimulation in the human cerebellum.
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“First, activity in the cerebellum is increased during motor errors (Diedrichsen et al., 2005; Schlerf et al., 2012).”
From The Forward Model: A Unifying Theory for the Role of the Cerebellum in Motor Control and Sense of Agency (2021) · cites this paper as Schlerf et al., 2012
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Guediche, S., Reilly, M., Santiago, C., Laurent, P. A., & Blumstein, S. E. (2016) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2016.03.014 · Cited by 18
The Cerebellum Links to Positive Symptoms of Psychosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Pinheiro, A. P., Johnson, J. F., Amorim, M., Roberto, M. S., Schwartze, M., Kotz, S. A., & Shenton, M. E. (2021) · Schizophrenia Bulletin Open · doi:10.1093/schizbullopen/sgab039 · Cited by 17
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Motor Control and Learning Theories
Alessandro, C., Beckers, N., Goebel, P. M., Resquín, F., González, J., & Osu, R. (2015) · Biosystems & biorobotics · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-24901-8_9 · Cited by 16
Cerebellar Degeneration Impairs Strategy Discovery but Not Strategy Recall
Tsay, J. S., Schuck, L., & Ivry, R. B. (2022) · The Cerebellum · doi:10.1007/s12311-022-01500-6 · Cited by 16
Self-citationReliability of Visual and Somatosensory Feedback in Skilled Movement: The Role of the Cerebellum
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Metadata
- Authors
- Schlerf, J., Ivry, R. B., & Diedrichsen, J.
- Affiliations
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- Bangor University (GB)
- Venue
- The Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 2012-04-04
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 14
- Pages
- 4913-4922
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC4332713
- OpenAlex
- W2108397224
- Cited by
- 168
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 6.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Scholarship@Western (Western University) (submittedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (0726685)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS074917)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Motor Control and Adaptation
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- cerebellum, sensory prediction error, error processing, cerebellar lobule VI, heart rate, BOLD signal, reaching movements, error-related brain activity, motor learning
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Brain Mapping, Cerebellum, Female, Forecasting, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Movement, Photic Stimulation, Psychomotor Performance, Young Adult
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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