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Maps of Visual Space in Human Occipital Cortex Are Retinotopic, Not Spatiotopic
Open accessAbstract
We experience the visual world as phenomenally invariant to eye position, but almost all cortical maps of visual space in monkeys use a retinotopic reference frame, that is, the cortical representation of a point in the visual world is different across eye positions. It was recently reported that human cortical area MT (unlike monkey MT) represents stimuli in a reference frame linked to the position of stimuli in space, a "spatiotopic" reference frame. We used visuotopic mapping with blood oxygen level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging signals to define 12 human visual cortical areas, and then determined whether the reference frame in each area was spatiotopic or retinotopic. We found that all 12 areas, including MT, represented stimuli in a retinotopic reference frame. Although there were patches of cortex in and around these visual areas that were ostensibly spatiotopic, none of these patches exhibited reliable stimulus-evoked responses. We conclude that the early, visuotopically organized visual cortical areas in the human brain (like their counterparts in the monkey brain) represent stimuli in a retinotopic reference frame.
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“Retinotopic visual maps in the medial occipital lobe were indeed observed in sighted subjects using fMRI [15,16].”
From Eye movements and the perceived location of phosphenes generated by intracranial primary visual cortex stimulation in the blind (2021) · cites this paper as [16]
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“This aforementioned work demonstrated that the brain activity in the occipital lobe at different eye positions, as measured by blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) mapping, corresponded to the retinal location.”
From Eye movements and the perceived location of phosphenes generated by intracranial primary visual cortex stimulation in the blind (2021) · cites this paper as [16]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Gardner, J. L., Merriam, E. P., Movshon, J. A., & Heeger, D. J.
- Affiliations
- New York University (US)
- Venue
- The Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 2008-04-09
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 15
- Pages
- 3988-3999
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC2515359
- OpenAlex
- W2023350789
- Cited by
- 192
- References
- 81
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 19
- FWCI
- 8.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Burroughs Wellcome Fund
- York University
- National Institutes of Health (5f32ey016260-03)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01-MH69880, R01MH069880)
- National Eye Institute (F32-EY016260, F32EY016646)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Motor Control and Adaptation
- Keywords
- retinotopic mapping, visual representation of space, reference frames, visual cortex organization
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Brain Mapping, Female, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Oxygen, Photic Stimulation, Retina, Space Perception, Visual Cortex, Visual Pathways
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