Range-wide Phylogeography of the Little Penguin (Eudyptula minor): Evidence of Long-distance Dispersal
Open accessAbstract
The Little Penguin (Eudyptula minor), a colonial-nesting seabird that is widespread in New Zealand and southern Australia, has high dispersal potential but exhibits regional variation in morphology, coloration, and breeding phenology. We present a distribution-wide survey of mitochondrial DNA variation in the Little Penguin to document phylogeographic relationships and genetic structuring and to test for concordance with intraspecific taxonomy. Phylogeographic structuring was absent among Australian colonies (27 localities, 94 individuals), but the distribution of haplotypes among colonies was significantly nonrandom (φST = 0.110, P < 0.01). The Australian individuals exhibited close phylogenetic relationships with a subset of New Zealand birds (4 localities, 22 individuals), whereas the remaining New Zealand birds (20 localities, 106 individuals) were phylogenetically distinct, with ≥7% sequence divergence, and exhibited greater levels of genetic variation and geographic structuring (φST = 0.774, P < 0.05). These patterns are consistent with earlier suggestions of an origin in New Zealand followed by recent colonization of Australia and back-dispersal to New Zealand. Extinction and re-establishment processes may have been important factors in the development of genetic structuring across a range of spatiotemporal scales. The genetic data are consistent with suggestions that a single subspecies exists in Australia, but not with the subspecies distributions within New Zealand that have been suggested on the basis of morphology and coloration. El pingüino Eudyptula minor es un ave marina que anida en colonias y que se distribuye ampliamente en Nueva Zelanda y en el sur de Australia. Esta especie presenta un alto potencial de dispersión pero presenta variación regional en su morfología, coloración y fenología reproductiva. Presentames un muestreo de la variación del ADN mitocondrial que abarca toda el área de distribución de esta especie para documentar sus relaciones filogeográficas y estructuración genética y también para probar la concordancia con la taxonomía intraespecífica. No existió estructuración filogeográfica entre las colonias australianas (27 localidades, 94 individuos), pero la distribución de los haplotipos entre las colonias fue significativamente diferente a la esperada por azar (φST = 0.110, P < 0.01). Los individuos australianos exhibieron relaciones filogenéticas cercanas con un subgrupo de aves de Nueva Zelanda (4 localidades, 22 individuos). Las demás aves de Nueva Zelanda (20 localidades, 106 individuos) fueron filogenéticamente diferentes (≥7% de divergencia en sus secuencias) y exhibieron un mayor grado de variación genética y estructuración geográfica (φST = 0.774, P < 0.05). Estos patrones son consistentes con estudios anteriores que sugirieron un origen en Nueva Zelanda seguido por una colonización más reciente hacia Australia, con un nuevo evento de dispersión hacia Nueva Zelanda. Los procesos de extinción y restablecimiento pueden haber sido factores importantes en el desarrollo de la estructuración genética a través de un amplio rango de escalas de espacio y tiempo. Los datos genéticos son consistentes con la sugerencia de que existe una única subespecie en Australia, pero no con la distribución de las subespecies que ha sido sugerida en Nueva Zelanda con base en la morfología y la coloración.
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There are two congeneric taxa of little penguins; Eudyptula novaehollandiae occurring in Australia and south east New Zealand (Otago) and Eudyptula minor occurring in all other parts of New Zealand.
“Research has suggested that there are two congeneric taxa of little penguins; Eudyptula novaehollandiae being little penguins occurring in Australia and south east New Zealand (Otago) and Eudyptula minor being little penguins occurring in all other parts of New Zealand (Peucker et al. 2009;Grosser et al. 2015Grosser et al. , 2016Grosser et al. , 2017)).”
From Effects of the presence of zoo visitors on zoo‐housed little penguins ( <i>Eudyptula minor</i> ) (2022) · cites this paper as Peucker et al. 2009
The Results (Auk, vol. 126; page unavailable) identify two deeply divergent clades: one containing all sampled Australian penguins and some from southeast New Zealand, and another found only in New Zealand. The paper calls them ASENZ and NZO clades within Eudyptula minor, not the two named taxa in the claim. It also reports both clades at Oamaru, so the geographic division is not absolute. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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Ratz, H., Shaw, K., Maria, Â. W. S., Smith, K. E. R., & Forrest, J. K. (2025) · Notornis · doi:10.63172/553041vqtaqv
- Authors
- Peucker, A. J., Dann, P., & Burridge, C. P.
- Affiliations
- Deakin University (AU)
- Phillip Island Nature Parks (AU)
- University of Tasmania (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Peucker, Amanda J.
- Venue
- The Auk
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2009-04
- Volume
- 126
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 397-408
- ISSN
- 0004-8038 (ISSN-L)
- 1938-4254
- OpenAlex
- W2011179643
- Cited by
- 45
- References
- 55
- Citations by year
- 2025: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 1.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Auk (publishedVersion)
- eCite Digital Repository (University of Tasmania) (submittedVersion)
- BioOne Complete (BioOne) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Charles Sturt University
- Deakin University
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic diversity and population structure
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Avian ecology and behavior
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Forensic and Genetic Research
- Keywords
- little penguin, Eudyptula minor, phylogeography, long-distance dispersal, mitochondrial DNA, genetic structure, haplotype distribution, infraspecific classification, subspecies, range expansion, New Zealand, southern Australia, population divergence, breeding phenology, coloration variation
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