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The economic costs of mental disorders: Do our societies react appropriately to the burden of mental disorders?
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“which lead to further health burdens, reduced global functioning and greater expenses.12–14”
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“More than half of the general population in middle- and high-income countries will be diagnosed with at least one mental disorder at some point in their lives (Trautmann et al., 2016).”
BackgroundLoneliness-based impaired reward system pathway: Theoretical and clinical analysis and application
Wilkialis, L., Rodrigues, N. B., Majeed, A., Lee, Y. L., Lipsitz, O., Gill, H., Tamura, J. K., Nasri, F., Lui, L. M. W., Siegel, A. N., et al. (2021) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2021.113800 · Cited by 24
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“As the costs borne are not limited to the individual, neither are they limited to the healthcare sector; other sectors may also account for a large part of the burden (1).”
Ashcroft, R., Menear, M., Silveira, J., Dahrouge, S., Emode, M., Booton, J., & McKenzie, K. J. (2021) · International Journal for Equity in Health · doi:10.1186/s12939-021-01492-5 · Cited by 19
“mental health care across the globe [10, 27, 28].”
Why mental health service delivery needs to align alongside mainstream medical services
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“Within the restriction that cost estimates depend on the analytic approach, mental disorders can be assumed to account for more costs than chronic somatic diseases such as cancer and diabetes, comparable to cardiovascular diseases [20].”
BackgroundAI-Enhanced Virtual Reality Self-Talk for Psychological Counseling: Formative Qualitative Study
Zisquit, ., Shoa, A., Oliva, R., Perry, S., Spanlang, B., Klomek, A. B., Slater, M., & Friedman, D. A. (2025) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/67782 · Cited by 23
“Furthermore, research indicates that >20% of people will experience mental illness in their lifetime [2].”
ChatGPT Clinical Use in Mental Health Care: Scoping Review of Empirical Evidence
Balan, R., & Gumpel, T. P. (2025) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/81204 · Cited by 22
Delirium in COVID-19 patients: a multicentric observational study in Italy
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“Our Welch ANOVA test yielded no statistically significant differences in transaction frequency [F(1, 362) = 0.”
InfluentialLiu, X., Lin, W., Huang, J., Cao, Z., Wu, M., Chen, Z., Zhu, W., Tan, Z., Yu, P., Ma, J., et al. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.02.150 · Cited by 20
“The prevalence of psychological disorders is increasing worldwide and has become a global health concern (Berto et al., 2000; Trautmann et al., 2016).”
BackgroundIdentifying emotional causes of mental disorders from social media for effective intervention
Liang, Y., Liu, L., Ji, Y., Huangfu, L., & Zeng, D. D. (2023) · Information Processing & Management · doi:10.1016/j.ipm.2023.103407 · Cited by 19
Optimism and mental health in college students: the mediating role of sleep quality and stress
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“We included undergraduate students who were: Blanco et al. (2021) aged 18 years or older; Trautmann et al. (2016) currently enrolled full-time; and Patel et al. (2018) having access to the internet and capacity in computer typing.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSpronken, M., Brouwers, E. P. M., Vermunt, J. K., Arends, I., Oerlemans, W. G. M., van der Klink, J. J. L., & Joosen, M. C. W. (2020) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-032016 · Cited by 18
“The pattern of MHPs with relatively low direct costs and relatively high indirect costs is different from physical diseases (Trautmann et al., 2016).”
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Mental health at work: a practical framework for employers
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Associations between indoor thermal environment assessment, mental health, and insomnia in winter
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Burden and Indirect Costs of Mental Disorders
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“As disorders, they cause substantial individual impairment, are associated with increased direct and indirect healthcare costs, and reduced productivity (Trautmann et al., 2016).”
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Hodge, D. R. (2018) · Social Work Education · doi:10.1080/02615479.2018.1557630 · Cited by 16
“The global economic costs of untreated mental health problems is estimated to be approximately $1 trillion USD per year (Chisholm et al., 2016).”
BackgroundInfluentialDo exercise trials for adults with depression account for comorbid anxiety? A systematic review
Bond, G., Stanton, R., Wintour, S.-A., Rosenbaum, S., & Rebar, A. L. (2020) · Mental health and physical activity · doi:10.1016/j.mhpa.2020.100320 · Cited by 16
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“Given the important human and economic cost of mental health issues (Trautmann et al., 2016) and the global prevalence of police violence, clinical research investigating the psychological effects of violent”
BackgroundAssessment of Population Well-being With the Mental Health Quotient: Validation Study
Newson, J. J., Pastukh, V., & Thiagarajan, T. C. (2022) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/34105 · Cited by 19
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Common Occupational Trauma: Is There a Relationship with Workers’ Mental Health?
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“Overall, more than 50% of the general population in middle- and high-income countries will suffer from at least one mental disorder at some point in their lives [3].”
BackgroundVázquez, A. L., Culianos, D., Flores, C. M. N., Alvarez, M. D. L. C., Barrett, T. S., & Domenech Rodríguez, M. M. (2022) · Child & Youth Care Forum · doi:10.1007/s10566-021-09656-8 · Cited by 15
The Potential of Video Game Streaming as Exposure Therapy for Social Anxiety
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“Further, the secondary effects of social anxiety can be problematic for society at large, by affecting the work life of individuals through unemployment [7, 80] and absenteeism [34, 121] and an increased need for social support [26, 76].”
BackgroundChristensen, M. K., McGrath, J. J., Momen, N. C., Weye, N., Agerbo, E., Pedersen, C. B., Plana‐Ripoll, O., & Iburg, K. M. (2022) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/00048674221129184 · Cited by 16
“An assessment of the economic impact of comorbidity on the national health care cost and on the individual-level in persons with mental disorders can provide useful information for health planners and policymakers (Trautmann et al., 2016).”
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“This unmet need has negative implications on the individual and the society in-terms of the direct and indirect costs associated with mental illness such as loss of productivity and the effect on economic growth [6].”
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Social media big data analysis for mental health research
Wongkoblap, A., Vadillo, M. A., & Ćurčin, V. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-822201-0.00018-6 · Cited by 16
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“The estimated economic consequences of mental disorders in terms of lost economic output amounts to US$ 16.3 million between 2011 and 2030 [18].”
BackgroundInfluentialHealth Literacy: An Intervention to Improve Health Outcomes
Lynch, M., & Franklin, G. V. (2019) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.86269 · Cited by 14
Georgiev, D., Akram, H., & Jahanshahi, M. (2021) · Psychoradiology · doi:10.1093/psyrad/kkab012 · Cited by 14
Brinsley, J., Smout, M., Girard, D., & Davison, K. (2022) · Mental health and physical activity · doi:10.1016/j.mhpa.2022.100450 · Cited by 18
Considerations for Designing Context-Aware Mobile Apps for Mental Health Interventions
Miralles, I., & Granell, C. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16071197 · Cited by 18
Finley, B. A., Shea, K., Maixner, R., & Slebodnik, M. (2020) · Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association · doi:10.1177/1078390320939159 · Cited by 14
“…insufficient availability of care, lack of insurance parity for mental health coverage, significant provider shortages, and lack of political prioritization (Beronio et al., 2014; Corrigan et al., 2014; Rural Health Information [RHI] Hub, 2019; SAMHSA, 2013; Trautmann et al., 2016).”
BackgroundSupporting Student’s Mental Health: A Cross-Sectional Survey for School Nurses
Markkanen, P., Anttila, M., & Valimaki, M. A. (2021) · Children · doi:10.3390/children8020129 · Cited by 13
“(2015) pointed out in their overview of 102 countries that school health service is one of the only services that reaches the majority of adolescents on an almost daily basis and is particularly well placed to reach adolescents with preventive interventions [6].”
BackgroundKondapura, M. B., Manjunatha, N., Nagaraj, A. K. M., Praharaj, S. K., Kumar, C. N., Math, S. B., & Rao, G. N. (2022) · Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1177/02537176221108867 · Cited by 14
Comprehensive Prevention: An Evaluation of Peripheral Outcomes of a School-based Prevention Program
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“Depression is one of the most prevalent mental disorders contributing largely to the world’s burden of disease through missed work, impaired academic and work performance, and the cost of mental health care (Andrews et al., 2004; Kessler et al., 2012a, b, c; Trautmann et al., 2016).”
BackgroundAn investigation of treatment return after psychological therapy for depression and anxiety
Lorimer, B., Kellett, S., Giesemann, J., Lutz, W., & Delgadillo, J. (2023) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465823000322 · Cited by 13
“Healthcare systems were estimated to spend a global total of US$0.8 trillion on the treatment of mental health problems in 2010, with this amount projected to more than double to US$2 trillion by 2030 (Trautmann et al. , 2016).”
BackgroundInfluentialMental illness and marketing: A 50‐year scoping review and future research framework
Farrell, J. R., Machin, J. E., Mirabito, A. M., Drenten, J. M., Chan-Park, C. Y., Crosby, E., & Adkins, N. R. (2024) · Psychology and Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.22070 · Cited by 13
Mental health among B2B salespeople: A morphological analysis
Baliga, A. J., Goel, A., Fletcher-Chen, C. C.-Y., Guda, S., & Kumar, R. (2024) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2024.115093 · Cited by 13
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“Mental health refers not just to mental illness, mental problems and mental disorders but also includes states of mental wellness, emotional resilience and psychological well-being (NHS Digital, 2017; Trautmann et al., 2016).”
Khazaie, H., Najafi, F., Hamzeh, B., Chehri, A., Rahimi‐Movaghar, A., Amin‐Esmaeili, M., Moradinazar, M., Zakiei, A., Komasi, S., & Pasdar, Y. (2018) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-018-1580-4 · Cited by 13
Equine-Assisted Therapy for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Among First Responders
Nelson, C. G., Dossett, K. W., & Walker, D. L. (2022) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/00332941221146707 · Cited by 15
“Long-term disabilities such as PTSD can be costly to both the individuals and their organizations in several dimensions due to healthcare costs, loss of productivity, loss of income and loss of economic growth due to capital and labour depletion (Trautmann et al., 2016).”
BackgroundWhole Person Modeling: a transdisciplinary approach to mental health research
Felsky, D., Cannitelli, A., & Pipitone, J. (2023) · Discover Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s44192-023-00041-6 · Cited by 16
“Mental Illnesses such as these not only impact the quality of life and well-being of those affected and their families, friends, and caregivers, but also have significant economic implications, as they result in lost productivity, increased healthcare costs, and reduced workforce participation [14].”
BackgroundStone, K. D., Dimitropoulos, G., & MacMaster, F. P. (2021) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/w7v2f · Cited by 14
“and decreased productivity in the workplace in those suffering in silence (Trautmann et al., 2016).”
BackgroundAttitudes towards people with mental illness among medical students: A qualitative research
Rodríguez-Rivas, M. E. (2021) · Psychology, Society & Education · doi:10.25115/psye.v13i2.3663 · Cited by 12
The effect of alexithymia on depression: evidence from meta-analysis
Liu, Z., He, S., & Hou, C. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1465286 · Cited by 14
“In addition to severe social impairments, depression imposes a significant economic burden (Trautmann and Wittchen, 2016; Tran et al., 2018).”
What twitter can tell us about user experiences of crisis text lines: A qualitative study
Coady, A., Lainchbury, K., Godard, R., & Holtzman, S. (2022) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2022.100526 · Cited by 13
“Mental illness and lack of appropriate support results in significant economic costs for society (Trautmann et al., 2016).”
BackgroundHumphrey, N. (2023) · Issues in clinical child psychology · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-20006-9_2 · Cited by 14
Rabbani, F., Nafis, J., Akhtar, S., Khan, M. S., Sayani, S., Siddiqui, A., Siddiqi, S., & Merali, Z. (2024) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/54272 · Cited by 11
“Pakistan has the highest depression rates in contrast to other transitional countries which can be attributed to several factors such as poverty, political turmoil, gender inequality, and natural disasters, to mention a few [1,5,7,8].”
BackgroundSoomro, S., Zhou, D., & Charan, I. A. (2024) · Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness · doi:10.1017/dmp.2024.267 · Cited by 12
Stress, microbiota, and the gut–brain axis in mental and digestive health
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“Because such psychological problems result in considerable social and individual cost (Trautmann et al., 2016), much effort has been dedicated to the identification of potential predictive factors of PTSD following natural disasters (Ozer et al., 2003).”
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Murillo‐Rodríguez, E., Alcaraz-Silva, J., Feingold, D., Viana-Torre, G., Budde, H., Imperatori, C., & Machado, S. E. D. C. (2022) · CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets · doi:10.2174/1871527321666220405114402 · Cited by 14
Sadeh‐Sharvit, S., Rego, S. A., Jefroykin, S., Peretz, G., & Kupershmidt, T. (2022) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/39846 · Cited by 12
Min, J., Kwon, D., Lee, W., Kang, C., Park, C., Heo, S., Bell, M. L., & Kim, H. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-18493-1 · Cited by 11
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Fikretoglu, D., Easterbrook, B., & Nazarov, A. (2021) · Work & Stress · doi:10.1080/02678373.2021.1936286 · Cited by 13
“workplace (Trautmann et al., 2016), primary and secondary workplace mental health programs aimed at improving individual-level psychological functioning and mental health outcomes have become increasingly popular.”
BackgroundInfluentialde Vries, Y. A., Bos, E. H., Roest, A. M., & de Jonge, P. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-42825-9_89-1 · Cited by 12
Yu, W., Bo, T., Zhu, F., Gao, Z., Xiao, Y., Gong, Q., & Lui, S. (2025) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-025-03424-1 · Cited by 11
“Affective disorders, such as major depressive disorder (MDD) and anxiety disorders (ANX), are also major contributors to the overall burden of disability [3, 4].”
Social anxiety in modern societies from an evolutionary perspective
Haugan, T. (2023) · Discover Psychology · doi:10.1007/s44202-023-00074-6 · Cited by 12
“Among all disease groups worldwide, mental disorders are the leading cause of years lived with disability [1], and this results in tremendous economic costs [2].”
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Susanti, H., Brooks, H. L., Yulia, I., Windarwati, H. D., Yuliastuti, E., Hasniah, H., & Keliat, B. A. (2024) · International Journal of Mental Health Systems · doi:10.1186/s13033-024-00622-0 · Cited by 11
“The consequences of mental illness are not only limited to patients but also have a profound impact on the community through economic costs and lost human capital potential [7, 8].”
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Langhammer, T., Hilbert, K., Praxl, B., Kirschbaum, C., Ertle, A., Asbrand, J., & Lueken, U. (2021) · Mental Health & Prevention · doi:10.1016/j.mhp.2021.200221 · Cited by 12
Association between race and socioeconomic factors and suicide-related 911 call rate
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“Long-term mental illness not only affects the quality of life and physical health of survivors but also may impose significant economic and social burdens in the post-pandemic world [49].”
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“1 And, as explained by Mullins and White (2019), the economic burden of mental illness is large – both directly, given the spending required to manage mental-disorders (Roehrig 2016) and indirectly, through distress-driven lower productivity (Trautmann, Rehm, and Wittchen 2016).”
Biomolekulare Vulnerabilitätsfaktoren psychischer Erkrankungen
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Pastor, N., Khalilian, E., Caballería, E., Morrison, D., Luque, U. S., Matrai, S., Gual, A., & López‐Pelayo, H. (2020) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/16964 · Cited by 11
“…in both direct and indirect global economic costs estimated at US $2.5 trillion in 2010, with the indirect costs (US $1.7 trillion) being significantly higher than the direct costs (US $0.8 trillion), contrasting the trends of other key diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and cancer [1].”
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“The added societal burdens of mental illness include productivity losses, absenteeism, and reduced economic growth [25].”
The gut microbiome of youth who have behavioral and mental health problems: A scoping review
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Datta, S., Saleem, T. J., Barati, M., López, M. V., Furgala, M., Vanegas, D. C., Santucci, G., Khargonekar, P. P., & McLamore, E. S. (2021) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119740780.ch2 · Cited by 11
Jayawardana, D., Gannon, B., Doust, J. A., & Mishra, G. D. (2022) · Health Economics · doi:10.1002/hec.4641 · Cited by 10
“Yet, the healthcare costs associated with the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders are the most significant direct economic cost (Trautmann et al., 2016).”
Kraiss, J. T., Vaessen, T., & ten Klooster, P. M. (2024) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.3433 · Cited by 11
The light of life: The effects of sunlight on suicide
Tanaka, S., & Matsubayashi, T. (2024) · Journal of Health Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2024.102947 · Cited by 10
Nammas, M. (2025) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.85563 · Cited by 15
Jafree, S. R. (2020) · Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcop.22399 · Cited by 10
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Mediterranean diet and mental distress: “10,001 Dalmatians” study
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Metadata
- Authors
- Trautmann, S., Rehm, J., & Wittchen, H.
- Affiliations
- Technische Universität Dresden (DE)
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CA)
- Venue
- The EMBO Reports
- Published
- 2016-08-04
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 1245-1249
- ISSN
- 1469-221X (ISSN-L)
- 1469-3178
- PMC
- PMC5007565
- OpenAlex
- W2502966081
- Cited by
- 798
- References
- 10
- Citations by year
- 2026: 72 · 2025: 89 · 2024: 106 · 2023: 110 · 2022: 103 · 2021: 119 · 2020: 101 · 2019: 64 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 8
- FWCI
- 50.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- EMBO Reports (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Health Systems, Economic Evaluations, Quality of Life
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychiatric care and mental health services
- Keywords
- mental illness, economic costs, treatment costs, productivity loss, health care costs, mental health policy
- MeSH terms
- Mental Disorders, Humans, Societies, Statistics as Topic, United States, Cost of Illness
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