Relationships between Dietary Intake and Cognitive Function in Healthy Korean Children and Adolescents
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: It has long been theorized that a relatively robust dietary intake impacts cognitive function. The aim of the study was to explore dietary intake and cognitive function in healthy Korean children and adolescents. METHODS: Three hundred and seventeen healthy children with no previous diagnosis of neurologic or psychiatric disorders were evaluated (167 girls and 150 boys with a mean age of 11.8 ± 3.3 years). Analysis indicators including food frequency questionnaires (FFQs) consisting of 76 items and neurocognitive tests including symbol digit modalities (SDMT), verbal memory, visual memory, shift attention, reasoning, and digit span (forward and backward) tests were observed and recorded. RESULTS: The standard deviation in reaction time was significantly shorter in girls than in boys (p < 0.05). Verbal memory and SDMT percentile results were significantly higher in girls than in boys (p < 0.05). Vitamin C and potassium intake showed positive correlation with SDMT results (p < 0.05). Vitamin B1 intake showed positive correlation with the results of digit span forward tasks and SDMT (p < 0.01). Vitamin B6 intake showed positive correlation with the results of digit span forward tasks (p < 0.01). The consumption of noodles showed negative correlation with verbal memory, SDMT, shift attention, and reasoning test results (p < 0.05). The consumption of fast food showed negative correlation with SDMT and reasoning test results (p < 0.05). The consumption of Coca-Cola showed negative correlation with the results of verbal memory tests (p < 0.05). The consumption of mushrooms showed positive correlation with visual memory and reasoning test results (p < 0.05). The consumption of nuts showed positive correlation with SDMT results (p < 0.01). Omission errors were negatively correlated with the intake of protein, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, niacin, and vitamin B6 (p < 0.05), as well as with vitamin D and zinc intake (p < 0.01). Reaction time showed positive correlation with caffeine intake (p < 0.05). Omission errors were positively correlated with the consumption of rice and ramyeon (p < 0.01). Reaction time showed positive correlation with the consumption of snacks (p < 0.05). Standard deviations in reaction times showed positive correlation with the consumption of rice (p < 0.01), snacks, and chocolate (p < 0.05). Omission errors were negatively correlated with the consumption of rice with mixed grains (p < 0.01) and eggs (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The relationship between dietary intake and cognitive function is generally better observed in girls than in boys. The consumption of healthy foods is correlated with good cognitive function. These results suggest that diet is closely related to cognitive function, even in healthy children and adolescents.
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Positive associations exist between niacin status and risk of Alzheimer disease and cognitive decline, and higher niacin intake is associated with better cognitive test results.
“Positive associations have been found between niacin (vitamin B3) status and the risk of Alzheimer disease and cognitive decline [152].”
From Vitamins and Minerals for Energy, Fatigue and Cognition: A Narrative Review of the Biochemical and Clinical Evidence (2020) · cites this paper as [154]
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- Authors
- Kim, J. Y., & Kang, S. W.
- Affiliations
- Seoul National University (KR)
- Corresponding author
- Kang, Seung Wan
- Venue
- Journal of Lifestyle Medicine
- Publisher
- Institute of Lifestyle Medicine
- Published
- 2017-01-31
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 10-17
- ISSN
- 2234-8549 (ISSN-L)
- 2288-1557
- PMC
- PMC5332116
- OpenAlex
- W2591767672
- Cited by
- 71
- References
- 22
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 4.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- Journal of Lifestyle Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutrition and Health Studies
- Keywords
- dietary intake, cognitive function, children, adolescents, reaction time, omission errors, Symbol Digit Modalities Test, verbal memory, visual memory, reasoning, vitamin intake, vitamin C, vitamin B6, thiamine, potassium, noodles, fast food, Coca-Cola, mushrooms, nuts, caffeine, snacking, sex differences, Korean children, food frequency questionnaire, neuropsychological performance
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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