Dietary pattern and depressive symptoms in middle age
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Studies of diet and depression have focused primarily on individual nutrients. AIMS: To examine the association between dietary patterns and depression using an overall diet approach. METHOD: Analyses were carried on data from 3486 participants (26.2% women, mean age 55.6 years) from the Whitehall II prospective cohort, in which two dietary patterns were identified: 'whole food' (heavily loaded by vegetables, fruits and fish) and 'processed food' (heavily loaded by sweetened desserts, fried food, processed meat, refined grains and high-fat dairy products). Self-reported depression was assessed 5 years later using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies - Depression (CES-D) scale. RESULTS: After adjusting for potential confounders, participants in the highest tertile of the whole food pattern had lower odds of CES-D depression (OR = 0.74, 95% CI 0.56-0.99) than those in the lowest tertile. In contrast, high consumption of processed food was associated with an increased odds of CES-D depression (OR = 1.58, 95% CI 1.11-2.23). CONCLUSIONS: In middle-aged participants, a processed food dietary pattern is a risk factor for CES-D depression 5 years later, whereas a whole food pattern is protective.
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Consumption of sweetened beverages, processed foods, and processed pastries has been shown to be associated with increased risk of depression in longitudinal studies.
“The consumption of sweetened beverages (12), processed foods (defined as including sweetened desserts, refined grains, fried foods, processed meats, and highfat dairy products) (13), and processed pastries (muffins, doughnuts, croissants, and other commercial baked goods) (14) has been shown to be associated with an increased risk of depression in longitudinal studies.”
From High glycemic index diet as a risk factor for depression: analyses from the Women’s Health Initiative (2015) · cites this paper as [13]
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- Authors
- Akbaraly, T. N., Brunner, E. J., Ferrie, J. E., Marmot, M. G., Kivimaki, M., & Singh-Manoux, A.
- Affiliations
- University College London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Akbaraly, Tasnime N.
- Venue
- British Journal of Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Royal College of Psychiatrists
- Published
- 2009-11
- Volume
- 195
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 408-413
- ISSN
- 0007-1250 (ISSN-L)
- 1472-1465
- PMC
- PMC2801825
- OpenAlex
- W2127567591
- Cited by
- 602
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 52 · 2024: 32 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 39 · 2021: 39 · 2020: 44 · 2019: 40 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 49 · 2016: 36 · 2015: 45 · 2014: 42 · 2013: 39 · 2012: 35
- FWCI
- 22.52
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The British Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation (HS06516)
- National Institute for Health and Care Research
- British Heart Foundation (HS06516, RG/07/008/23674)
- European Science Foundation
- Health and Safety Executive
- Academy of Finland (117604, 124322)
- Medical Research Council (HS06516, G8802774)
- National Institute on Aging (AG 13196, R37AG013196, R01AG013196)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL36310, R01HL036310)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Fatty Acid Research and Health
- Keywords
- dietary habits, depression, depressive symptoms, whole food diet, processed foods, middle age (human life stage), Whitehall II cohort, diet and mental health, processed meat, refined grains, high-fat dairy, fried foods
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Depression, Diet, Feeding Behavior, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Food Handling, Fruit, Humans, London, Male, Middle Aged, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Sensitivity and Specificity, Vegetables, Seafood
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