CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 130Pituitary Gland Disorders and TreatmentsAdrenal and Paraganglionic TumorsAdrenal Hormones and Disorders

Bilateral inferior petrosal sinus sampling

Open access
Zampetti, Benedetta, Grossrubatscher, Erika, Dalino Ciaramella, Paolo, Boccardi, Edoardo, Loli, Paola·2016·Endocrine Connections
DOI 10.1530/ec-16-0029PMC PMC5002953
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

Simultaneous bilateral inferior petrosal sinus sampling (BIPSS) plays a crucial role in the diagnostic work-up of Cushing’s syndrome. It is the most accurate procedure in the differential diagnosis of hypercortisolism of pituitary or ectopic origin, as compared with clinical, biochemical and imaging analyses, with a sensitivity and specificity of 88–100% and 67–100%, respectively. In the setting of hypercortisolemia, ACTH levels obtained from venous drainage of the pituitary are expected to be higher than the levels of peripheral blood, thus suggesting pituitary ACTH excess as the cause of hypercortisolism. Direct stimulation of the pituitary corticotroph with corticotrophin-releasing hormone enhances the sensitivity of the procedure. The procedure must be undertaken in the presence of hypercortisolemia, which suppresses both the basal and stimulated secretory activity of normal corticotrophic cells: ACTH measured in the sinus is, therefore, the result of the secretory activity of the tumor tissue. The poor accuracy in lateralization of BIPSS (positive predictive value of 50–70%) makes interpetrosal ACTH gradient alone not sufficient for the localization of the tumor. An accurate exploration of the gland is recommended if a tumor is not found in the predicted area. Despite the fact that BIPSS is an invasive procedure, the occurrence of adverse events is extremely rare, particularly if it is performed by experienced operators in referral centres.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1530/ec-16-0029

Cites

0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Sensitivity of BIPSS can be increased by obtaining ACTH levels under CRH stimulation.

    “Sensitivity can be increased by obtaining ACTH levels under CRH stimulation (1, 76, 78).”

    From Approach to the Patient: Diagnosis of Cushing Syndrome (2022) · cites this paper as [78]

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 118

  1. [2]Hermus AR Pieters GF Pesman GJ Smals AG Benraad TJ Kloppenborg PW. The corticotropin-releasing-hormone test vs. the high-dose dexamethasone test in the differential diagnosis of Cushing’s syndrome. Lancet 1986 2 540– 544. (10.1016/s0140-6736(86)90113-3) 2875282 · DOI
  2. [3]Howlett TA Drury PL Perry L Doniach I Rees LH Besser GM. Diagnosis and management of ACTH-dependent Cushing’s syndrome: comparison of the features in ectopic and pituitary ACTH production. Clinical Endocrinology 1986 24 699– 713. (10.1111/j.1365-2265.1986.tb01667.x) 3024870 · DOI
  3. [4]Grossman AB Howlett TA Perry L Coy DH Savage MO Lavender P Rees LH Besser GM. CRF in the differential diagnosis of Cushing’s syndrome: a comparison with the dexamethasone suppression test. Clinical Endocrinology 1988 29 167– 178. (10.1111/j.1365-2265.1988.tb00258.x) 2854761 · DOI
  4. [5]Flack MR Oldfield EH Cutler GB Jr Zweig MH Malley JD Chrousos GP Loriaux DL Nieman LK. Urine-free cortisol in the high-dose dexamethasone suppression test for the differential diagnosis of Cushing’s syndrome. Annals of Internal Medicine 1992 116 211– 217. (10.7326/0003-4819-116-3-211) 1728204 · DOI
  5. [6]Dichek HL Nieman LK Oldfield EH Pass HI Malley JD Cutler GB Jr A comparison of the standard high dose dexamethasone suppression test and the overnight 8-mg dexamethasone suppression test for the differential diagnosis of adrenocorticotopin-dependent Cushing’s syndrome. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 1994 78 418– 422. (10.1210/jc.78.2.418) 8106630 · DOI
  6. [7]Kaye TB Crapo L. The Cushing syndrome: an update on diagnostic tests. Annals of Internal Medicine 1990 112 434– 44. (10.7326/0003-4819-76-3-112-6-434) 2178536 · DOI
  7. [8]Nieman LK Oldfield EH Wesley R Chrousos GP Loriaux DL Cutler GB Jr A simplified morning ovine corticotropin-releasing hormone stimulation test for the differential diagnosis of adrenocorticotropin-dependent Cushing’s syndrome. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 1993 77 1308– 1312. (10.1210/jc.77.5.1308) 8077325 · DOI
  8. [9]Newell-Price J Trainer P Besser M Grossman A. The diagnosis and differential diagnosis of Cushing’s syndrome and pseudo-Cushing’s states. Endocrine Reviews 1998 19 647– 672. (10.1210/er.19.5.647) 9793762 · DOI
  9. [10]Malchoff CD Orth DN Abboud C Carney JA Pairolero PC Carey RM. Ectopic ACTH syndrome caused by a bronchial carcinoid tumor responsive to dexamethasone, metyrapone, and corticotropin-releasing factor. American Journal of Medicine 1988 84 760– 764. (10.1016/0002-9343(88)90116-7) 2840823 · DOI
  10. [11]Aron DC Raff H Findling JW. Effectiveness versus efficacy: the limited value in clinical practice of high dose dexamethasone suppression testing in the differential diagnosis of adrenocorticotropin-dependent Cushing’s syndrome. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 1997 82 1780– 1785. (10.1210/jc.82.6.1780) 9177382 · DOI
  11. [12]Hermus AR Pieters GF Pesman GJ Smals AG Benraad TJ Kloppenborg PW. The corticotropin-releasing-hormone test vs. the high-dose dexamethasone test in the differential diagnosis of Cushing’s syndrome. Lancet 1986 2 540– 544. (10.1016/s0140-6736(86)90113-3) 2875282 · DOI
  12. [13]Nieman LK Chrousos GP Oldfield EH Avgerinos PC Cutler GB Jr Loriaux DL. The ovine corticotropin-releasing hormone stimulation test and the dexamethasone suppression test in the differential diagnosis of Cushing’s syndrome. Annals of Internal Medicine 1986 105 862– 867. (10.7326/0003-4819-105-6-862) 3022629 · DOI
  13. [14]Tabarin A Laurent F Catargi B Olivier-Puel F Lescene R Berge J Galli FS Drouillard J Roger P Guerin J. Comparative evaluation of conventional and dynamic magnetic resonance imaging of the pituitary gland for the diagnosis of Cushing’s disease. Clinical Endocrinology 1998 49 293– 300. (10.1046/j.1365-2265.1998.00541.x) 9861318 · DOI
  14. [15]Patronas N Bulakbasi N Stratakis CA Lafferty A Oldfield EH Doppman J Nieman LK. Spoiled gradient recalled acquisition in the steady state technique is superior to conventional post-contrast spin echo technique for magnetic resonance imaging detection of adrenocorticotropin-secreting pituitary tumors. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2003 88 1565– 1569. (10.1210/jc.2002-021438) 12679440 · DOI
  15. [16]Buurman H Saeger W. Subclinical adenomas in postmortem pituitaries: classification and correlations to clinical data. European Journal of Endocrinology 2006 154 753– 758. (10.1530/eje.1.02107) 16645024 · DOI
  16. [17]Mehta GU Montgomery BK Raghavan P Sharma S Nieman LK Patronas N Oldfield EH Chittiboina P. Different imaging characteristics of concurrent pituitary adenomas in a patient with Cushing’s disease. Journal of Clinical Neuroscience 2015 22 891– 894. (10.1016/j.jocn.2015.01.001) 25827866 PMC4397140 · DOI
  17. [18]Arnaldi G Angeli A Atkinson AB Bertagna X Cavagnini F Chrousos GP Fava GA Findling JW Gaillard RC Grossman AB, Diagnosis and complications of Cushing’s syndrome: a consensus statement. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2003 88 5593– 5602. (10.1210/jc.2003-030871) 14671138 · DOI · Paper page
  18. [19]Kaltsas GA Giannulis MG Newell-Price JD Dacie JE Thakkar C Afshar F Monson JP Grossman AB Besser GM Trainer PJ. A critical analysis of the value of simultaneous inferior petrosal sinus sampling in Cushing’s disease and the occult ectopic adrenocorticotropin syndrome. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 1999 84 487– 492. (10.1210/jc.84.2.487) 10022405 · DOI
  19. [20]Meier CA Biller BM. Clinical and biochemical evaluation of Cushing’s syndrome. Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America 1997 26 741– 762. (10.1016/S0889-8529(05)70280-2) 9429858 · DOI
  20. [21]Sheth SA Mian MK Neal J Tritos NA Nachtigall L Klibanski A Biller BM Sweringen B. Transphenoidal surgery for cushing disease after nondiagnostic inferior petrosal sinus sampling. Neurosurgery 2012 71 14– 22. (10.1227/NEU.0b013e31824f8e2e) 22353796 · DOI
  21. [22]Yogi-Morren D Habra MA Faiman C Bena J Hatipoglu B Kennedy L Weil RJ Hamrahian AH. Pituitary MRI findings in patients with pituitary and ectopic ACTH-dependent Cushing syndrome: does a 6-mm pituitary tumor size cut-off value exclude ectopic ACTH syndrome? Endocrine Practice 2015 21 1098– 1103. (10.4158/EP15662.OR) 26121435 · DOI
  22. [23]Gold EM. The Cushing syndromes: changing views of diagnosis and treatment. Annals of Internal Medicine 1979 90 829– 844. (10.7326/0003-4819-90-5-829) 219743 · DOI
  23. [24]Boggan JE Tyrrell JB Wilson CB. Transsphenoidal microsurgical management of Cushing’s disease. Report of 100 cases. Journal of Neurosurgery 1983 59 195– 200. (10.3171/jns.1983.59.2.0195) 6306181 · DOI
  24. [25]McCance DR McIlrath E McNeill A Gordon DS Hadden DR Kennedy L Sheridan B Atkinson AB. Bilateral inferior petrosal sinus sampling as a routine procedure in ACTH-dependent Cushing’s syndrome. Clinical Endocrinology 1989 30 157– 166. (10.1111/j.1365-2265.1989.tb03737.x) 2558816 · DOI
  25. [26]Scriba PC von Werder K Richter J Schwarz K. A contribution to the clinical diagnosis of the ectopic ACTH syndrome. Klinische Wochenschrift 1968 46 49– 51. 4299578
  26. [27]Gorden P Becker CE Levey GS Roth J. Efficacy of amino-glutethimide in the ectopic ACTH syndrome. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 1968 28 921– 923. (10.1210/jcem-28-6-921) 4172920 · DOI
  27. [28]Brown RD Van Loon GR Orth DN Liddle GW. Cushing’s disease with periodic hormonogenesis: one explanation for paradoxical response to dexamethasone. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 1973 36 445– 451. (10.1210/jcem-36-3-445) 4346603 · DOI
  28. [29]Corrigan DF Schaaf M Whaley RA Czerwinski CL Earll JM. Selective venous sampling to differentiate ectopic ACTH secretion from pituitary Cushing’s syndrome. New England Journal of Medicine 1977 296 861– 862. (10.1056/NEJM197704142961508) 191749 · DOI
  29. [30]Kley HK Stolze T Kruskemper HL Jugular vein sampling of ACTH. New England Journal of Medicine 1977 297 730– 731. (10.1056/nejm197709292971319) 197409 · DOI
  30. [31]Wahl TO Kyner JL. Source of ACTH in Cushing’s disease. New England Journal of Medicine 1979 300 679 (10.1056/nejm197903223001218) 216916 · DOI
  31. [32]Findling JW Aron DC Tyrrell JB Shinsako JH Fitzgerald PA Norman D Wilson CB Forsham PH. Selective venous sampling for ACTH in Cushing’s syndrome: differentiation between Cushing disease and the ectopic ACTH syndrome. Annals of Internal Medicine 1981 94 647– 652. (10.7326/0003-4819-94-5-647) 6263140 · DOI
  32. [33]Grant SJ Stiel JN Sorby WA Henniker AJ. Venous ACTH sampling in Cushing’s syndrome. Medical Journal of Australia 1983 7 336– 337. 6300623
  33. [34]Manni A Latshaw RF Page R Santen RJ. Simultaneous bilateral venous sampling for adrenocorticotropin in pituitary-dependent Cushing’s disease: evidence for lateralization of pituitary venous drainage. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 1983 57 1070– 1073. (10.1210/jcem-57-5-1070) 6311861 · DOI
  34. [35]Oldfield EH Chrousos GP Schulte HM Schaaf M McKeever PE Krudy AG Cutler GB Jr Loriaux DL Doppman JL. Preoperative lateralization of ACTH-secreting pituitary microadenomas by bilateral and simultaneous inferior petrosal venous sinus sampling. New England Journal of Medicine 1985 312 100– 103. (10.1056/NEJM198501103120207) 2981108 · DOI
  35. [36]Landolt AM Valavanis A Girard J Eberle AN. Corticotrophin-releasing factor-test used with bilateral, simultaneous inferior petrosal sinus blood-sampling for the diagnosis of pituitary-dependent Cushing’s disease. Clinical Endocrinology 1986 25 687– 696. (10.1111/j.1365-2265.1986.tb03624.x) 2820618 · DOI
  36. [37]Hauffa BP Stolecke H Schulte HM. Cushing disease: successful preoperative lateralization of an ACTH-producing pituitary microadenoma by simultaneous bilateral inferior petrosal venous sinus sampling with corticotropin-releasing hormone stimulation. European Journal of Pediatrics 1986 145 559– 562. (10.1007/BF02429066) 3028809 · DOI
  37. [38]Schulte HM Allolio B Gunther RW Benker G Winkelmann W Hollmann JP Windeck R Reinwein D. Simultaneous bilateral catheterization of the inferior petrosal sinus in Cushing’s syndrome. ACTH determination for the diagnosis and location of the side of a hypophyseal microadenoma before and after administration of corticotropin-releasing hormone. Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift 1987 112 1767– 1771. (10.1055/s-2008-1068326) 2824162 · DOI
  38. [39]Oldfield EH Doppman JL Nieman LK Chrousos GP Miller DL Katz DA Cutler GB Jr Loriaux DL. Petrosal sinus sampling with and without corticotropin-releasing hormone for the differential diagnosis of Cushing’s syndrome. New England Journal of Medicine 1991 325 897– 905. (10.1056/NEJM199109263251301) 1652686 · DOI
  39. [40]Page RB. Directional pituitary blood flow: a microcinephotographic study. Endocrinology 1983 112 157– 165. (10.1210/endo-112-1-157) 6847813 · DOI
  40. [41]Yanovski JA Cutler Jr GB Doppman JL Miller DL Chrousos GP Oldfield EH Nieman LK. The limited ability of inferior petrosal sinus sampling with corticotrophin-releasing hormone to distinguish Cushing’s disease from pseudo Cushing’s states or normal physiology. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 1993 77 503– 509. (10.1210/jc.77.2.503) 8393887 PMC5705014 · DOI
  41. [42]Mamelak AN Dowd CF Tyrrell JB Mcdonald JF Wilson CB. Venous angiography is needed to interpret inferior petrosal sinus and cavernous sinus sampling data for lateralizing adrenocorticotropin-secreting adenomas. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 1996 81 475– 481. (10.1210/jc.81.2.475) 8636253 · DOI
  42. [43]Utz A Biller BM. The role of bilateral inferior petrosal sinus sampling in the diagnosis of Cushing’s syndrome. Arquivos Brasileiros de Endocrinologia e Metabologia 2007 51 1329– 1338. (10.1590/s0004-27302007000800019) 18209871 · DOI
  43. [44]Javorsky BR Findling JW Contemporary Endocrinology: Cushing’s Syndrome: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Treatment, pp 105– 121. New York, NY, USA: Springer, 2010 (10.1007/978-1-60327-449-4) · DOI
  44. [45]Findling JW Raff H. Cushing’s syndrome: important issues in diagnosis and management. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2006 91 3746– 3753. (10.1210/jc.2006-0997) 16868050 · DOI · Paper page
  45. [46]Findling JW Kehoe ME Shaker JL Raff H. Routine inferior petrosal sinus sampling in the differential diagnosis of adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)-dependent Cushing’s syndrome: early recognition of the occult ectopic ACTH syndrome. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 1991 73 408– 413. (10.1210/jcem-73-2-408) 1649842 · DOI
  46. [47]Ikeda H Abe T Watanabe K. Usefulness of composite methionine-positron emission tomography/3.0-tesla magnetic resonance imaging to detect the localization and extent of early-stage Cushing adenoma. Journal of Neurosurgery 2010 112 750– 755. (10.3171/2009.7.JNS09285) 19698042 · DOI
  47. [48]Reimondo G Paccotti P Minetto M Termine A Stura G Bergui M Angeli A Terzolo M. The corticotrophin-releasing hormone test is the most reliable noninvasive method to differentiate pituitary from ectopic ACTH secretion in Cushing’s syndrome. Clinical Endocrinology 2003 58 718– 724. (10.1046/j.1365-2265.2003.01776.x) 12780748 · DOI
  48. [49]Yamamoto Y Davis DH Nippoldt TB Young WF Jr Huston J 3rd Parisi JE False-positive inferior petrosal sinus sampling in the diagnosis of Cushing’s disease. Report of two cases. Journal of Neurosurgery 1995 83 1087– 1091. (10.3171/jns.1995.83.6.1087) 7490627 · DOI
  49. [50]Karageorgiadis AS Papadakis GZ Biro J Keil MF Lyssikatos C Quezado MM Merino M Schrump DS Kebebew E Patronas NJ, Ectopic adrenocorticotropic hormone and corticotropin-releasing hormone co-secreting tumors in children and adolescents causing Cushing syndrome: a diagnostic dilemma and how to solve it. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2015 100 141– 148. (10.1210/jc.2014-2945) 25291050 PMC4283025 · DOI
  50. [51]Martin NM Dhillo WS Banerjee A Abdulali A Jayasena CN Donaldson M Todd JF Meeran K Comparison of the dexamethasone-suppressed corticotropin-releasing hormone test and low-dose dexamethasone suppression test in the diagnosis of Cushing’s syndrome. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2006 91 2582– 2586. (10.1210/jc.2005-2143) 16670165 · DOI
  51. [52]Shi X Sun Q Bian L Zhao W Shen J Wang W Ning G. Assessment of bilateral inferior petrosal sinus sampling in the diagnosis and surgical treatment of the ACTH-dependent Cushing’s syndrome: a comparison with other tests. Neuro Endocrinology Letters 2011 32 865– 873. 22286783
  52. [53]Jeffcoate W. Probability in practice in the diagnosis of Cushing’s syndrome. Clinical Endocrinology 1997 47 271– 272. (10.1046/j.1365-2265.1997.2671072.x) 9373446 · DOI
  53. [54]Invitti C Pecori Giraldi F Cavagnini F. Inferior petrosal sinus sampling in patients with Cushing’s syndrome and contradictory responses to dynamic testing. Clinical Endocrinology 1999 51 255– 257. (10.1046/j.1365-2265.1999.00817.x) 10468999 · DOI
  54. [55]Miller DL Doppman JL Chang R. Anatomy of the junction of the inferior petrosal sinus and the internal jugular vein. American Journal of Neuroradiology 1993 14 1075– 1083. 8237683 PMC8332769
  55. [56]Doppman JL Chang R Oldfield EH Chrousos G Stratakis CA Nieman LK. The hypoplastic inferior petrosal sinus: a potential source of false-negative results in petrosal sampling for Cushing’s disease. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 1999 84 533– 540. (10.1210/jc.84.2.533) 10022412 · DOI
  56. [57]Andereggen L Schroth G Gralla J Seiler R Mariani L Beck J Widmer HR Andres RH Christ E Ozdoba C. Selective inferior petrosal sinus sampling without venous outflow diversion in the detection of a pituitary adenoma in Cushing’s syndrome. Neuroradiology 2012 54 495– 503. (10.1007/s00234-011-0915-6) 21808987 · DOI
  57. [58]Colao A Faggiano A Pivonello R Pecori Giraldi F Cavagnini F Lombardi G. Inferior petrosal sinus sampling in the differential diagnosis of Cushing’s syndrome: results of an Italian multicenter study. European Journal of Endocrinology 2001 144 499– 507. (10.1530/eje.0.1440499) 11331216 · DOI
  58. [59]Tabarin A Greselle JF San-Galli F Leprat F Caille JM Latapie JL Guerin J Roger P. Usefulness of the corticotropin-releasing hormone test during bilateral inferior petrosal sinus sampling for the diagnosis of Cushing’s disease. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 1991 73 53– 59. (10.1210/jcem-73-1-53) 1646218 · DOI
  59. [60]Lopez J Barcelò B Lucas T Salame F Alameda C Boronat M Salto L Estrada J. Petrosal sinus sampling for diagnosis of Cushing’s disease: evidence of false negative results. Clinical Endocrinology 1996 45 147– 156. (10.1046/j.1365-2265.1996.d01-1550.x) 8881446 · DOI
  60. [61]Heppner C Becker K Saeger W Gunther RW Allolio B Krone W Winkelmann W. Occult eutopic Cushing’s syndrome-failure of simultaneous bilateral petrosal sinus sampling to diagnose pituitary-dependent Cushing’s syndrome. European Journal of Endocrinology 1997 137 74– 78. (10.1530/eje.0.1370074) 9242205 · DOI
  61. [62]Bonelli FS Huston J Carpenter PC Erickson D Young WFJ Meyer FB. Adrenocorticotropic hormone-dependent Cushing’s syndrome: sensitivity and specificity of inferior petrosal sinus sampling. American Journal of Neuroradiology 2000 21 690– 696. 10782779 PMC7976629
  62. [63]Swearingen B Katznelson L Miller K Grinspoon S Waltman A Dorer DJ Klibanski A Biller BM. Diagnostic errors after inferior petrosal sinus sampling. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2004 89 3752– 3763. (10.1210/jc.2003-032249) 15292301 · DOI
  63. [64]Zarrilli L Colao A Merola B La Tessa G Spaziante R Tripodi FS Di Sarno A Marzano LA Lombardi G. Corticotropin-releasing hormone test: improvement of the diagnostic accuracy of simultaneous and bilateral inferior petrosal sinus sampling in patients with Cushing syndrome. World Journal of Surgery 1995 19 150– 153. (10.1007/BF00317003) 7740803 · DOI
  64. [65]Jehle S Walsh JE Freda PU Post KD. Selective use of bilateral inferior petrosal sinus sampling in patients with adrenocorticotropin-dependent Cushing’s syndrome prior to transsphenoidal surgery. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2008 93 4624– 4632. (10.1210/jc.2008-0979) 18796519 PMC2626443 · DOI
  65. [66]Grant P Dworakowska D Carroll P. Maximizing the accuracy of Inferior petrosal sinus sampling: validation of the use of Prolactin as a marker of pituitary venous effluent in the diagnosis of Cushing’s disease. Clinical Endocrinology 2012 76 555– 559. (10.1111/j.1365-2265.2011.04257.x) 22017348 · DOI
  66. [67]Deipolyi A Bailin A Joshua A Hirsch Walker TG Oklu R. Bilateral inferior petrosal sinus sampling: experience in 327 patients. Journal of Neurointerventional Surgery 2016 15 neurintsurg-2015-012164. (10.1136/neurointsurg-2015-012164) 26880723 · DOI
  67. [68]Young J Deneux C Grino M Oliver C Chanson P Schaison G. Pitfall of petrosal sinus sampling in a Cushing’s syndrome secondary to ectopic adrenocorticotropin-corticotropin releasing hormone (ACTH-CRH) secretion. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 1998 83 305– 308. (10.1210/jc.83.2.305) 9467532 · DOI
  68. [69]Ilias I Torpy DJ Pacak K Mullen N Wesley RA Nieman LK. Cushing’s syndrome due to ectopic corticotropin secretion: twenty years’ experience at the National Institutes of Health. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2005 90 4955– 4962. (10.1210/jc.2004-2527) 15914534 · DOI
  69. [70]Burman P Lethagen A Ivancev K Johansson L Sundin A. Dual bronchial carcinoids and Cushing’s syndrome with a paradoxical response to dexamethasone and a false positive outcome of inferior petrosal sinus sampling. European Journal of Endocrinology 2008 159 483– 488. (10.1530/EJE-08-0385) 18625689 · DOI
  70. [71]Al-Gahtany M Bilbao J Kovacs K Horvath E Smyth HS. Juxtaposition of an ectopic corticotroph adenoma of the sphenoid sinus with orthotopic intrasellar corticotroph hyperplasia in a patient with Cushing disease. Case report. Journal of Neurosurgery 2003 98 891– 896. (10.3171/jns.2003.98.4.0891) 12691418 · DOI
  71. [72]McNally PG Bolia A Absalom SR Falconer-Smith J Howlett TA. Preliminary observations using endocrine markers of pituitary venous dilution during bilateral simultaneous inferior petrosal sinus catheterization in Cushing’s syndrome: is combined CRF and TRH stimulation of value? Clinical Endocrinology 1993 39 681– 686. (10.1111/j.1365-2265.1993.tb02427.x) 8287587 · DOI
  72. [73]Findling JW Kehoe ME Raff H. Identification of patients with Cushing’s disease with negative pituitary adrenocorticotropin gradients during inferior petrosal sinus sampling: prolactin as an index of pituitary venous effluent. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2004 89 6005– 6009. (10.1210/jc.2004-1378) 15579751 · DOI
  73. [74]Sharma ST Raff H Nieman LK. Prolactin as a marker of successful catheterization during IPSS in patients with ACTH-dependent Cushing’s syndrome. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2011 96 3687– 3694. (10.1210/jc.2011-2149) 22031511 PMC3232627 · DOI
  74. [75]Mulligan GB Eray E Faiman C Gupta M Pineyro MM Makdissi A Suh JH Masaryk TJ Prayson R Weil RJ, Reduction of false-negative results in inferior petrosal sinus sampling with simultaneous prolactin and corticotropin measurement. Endocrine Practice 2011 17 33– 40. (10.4158/EP10067.OR) 20713347 · DOI
  75. [76]Qiao X Ye H Zhang X Zhao W Zhang S Lu B Wang X Zhang Z Wu X He M, The value of prolactin in inferior petrosal sinus sampling with desmopressin stimulation in Cushing’s disease. Endocrine 2015 48 644– 652. (10.1007/s12020-014-0338-3) 25030549 · DOI
  76. [77]Arlt W Dahia PLM Callies F Nordmeyer JP Allolio B Grossman AB Reincke M. Ectopic ACTH production by a bronchial carcinoid tumour to desmopressin in vivo and in vitro. Clinical Endocrinology 1997 47 623– 627. (10.1046/j.1365-2265.1997.3091129.x) 9425403 · DOI
  77. [78]Tsagarakis S Tsigos C Vasiliou V Tsiotra P Kaskarelis J Sotiropoulou C Raptis SA Thalassinos N. The desmopressin and combined CRH-desmopressin tests in the differential diagnosis of ACTH-dependent Cushing’s syndrome: constraints imposed by the expression of V2 vasopressin receptors in tumors with ectopic ACTH secretion. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2002 87 1646– 1653. (10.1210/jc.87.4.1646) 11932296 · DOI
  78. [79]Tsagarakis S Vassiliadi D Kaskarelis IS Komninos J Souvatzoglou E Thalassinos N. The application of the combined corticotropin-releasing hormone plus desmopressin stimulation during petrosal sinus sampling is both sensitive and specific in differentiating patients with Cushing’s disease from patients with the occult ectopic adrenocorticotropin syndrome. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2007 92 2080– 2086. (10.1210/jc.2006-2691) 17356045 · DOI
  79. [80]Castinetti F Morange I Dufour H Jaquet P Conte-Devolx B Girard N Brue T. Desmopressin test during petrosal sinus sampling: a valuable tool to discriminate pituitary or ectopic ACTH-dependent Cushing’s syndrome. European Journal of Endocrinology 2007 157 271– 277. (10.1530/EJE-07-0215) 17766708 · DOI
  80. [81]Machado MC de Sa SV Domenice S Fragoso MC Puglia P Jr Pereira MA de Mendonca BB Salgado LR. The role of desmopressin in bilateral and simultaneous inferior petrosal sinus sampling for differential diagnosis of ACTH-dependent Cushing’s syndrome. Clinical Endocrinology 2007 66 136– 142. (10.1111/j.1365-2265.2006.02700.x) 17201813 · DOI
  81. [82]Deipolyi AR Hirsch JA Oklu R. Bilateral inferior petrosal sinus sampling with desmopressin. Journal of Neurointerventional Surgery 2013 5 487– 488. (10.1136/neurintsurg-2012-010437) 22735860 · DOI
  82. [83]Vignati F Berselli ME Scialfa G Boccardi E Loli P. Bilateral and simultaneous venous sampling of inferior petrosal sinuses for ACTH and PRL determination: preoperative localization of ACTH-secreting microadenomas. Journal of Endocrinological Investigation 1989 12 235– 238. (10.1007/BF03349972) 2545768 · DOI
  83. [84]Landolt AM Schubiger O Maurer R Girard J. The value of inferior petrosal sinus sampling in diagnosis and treatment of Cushing’s disease. Clinical Endocrinology 1994 40 485– 492. (10.1111/j.1365-2265.1994.tb02487.x) 8187314 · DOI
  84. [85]Snow RB Patterson RH Jr Horwith M Saint Louis L Fraser RA. Usefulness of preoperative inferior petrosal vein sampling in Cushing’s disease. Surgical Neurology 1988 29 17– 21. (10.1016/0090-3019(88)90117-6) 2827330 · DOI
  85. [86]Lin LY Teng MM Huang CI Ma WY Lin LY Teng MM Huang CI Ma WY Wang KL Lin HD Won JG Assessment of bilateral inferior petrosal sinus sampling (BIPSS) in the diagnosis of Cushing’s disease. Journal of the Chinese Medical Association 2007 70 4– 10. (10.1016/S1726-4901(09)70293-X) 17276926 · DOI
  86. [87]Booth Gl Redelmeier DA Grosman H Kovacs K Smyth HS Ezzat S. Improved diagnostic accuracy of inferior petrosal sinus sampling over imaging for localizing pituitary pathology in patients with Cushing’s disease. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 1998 83 2291– 2295. (10.1210/jc.83.7.2291) 9661597 · DOI
  87. [88]Shi X Sun Q Bian L Zhao W Shen J Wang W Ning G Assessment of bilateral inferior petrosal sinus sampling in the diagnosis and surgical treatment of the ACTH-dependent Cushing’s syndrome: a comparison with other tests. Neuro Endocrinology Letters 2011 32 865– 873. 22286783
  88. [89]Potts MB Shah JK Molinaro AM Blevins LS Tyrrell JB Kunwar S Dowd CF Hetts SW Aghi MK. Cavernous and inferior petrosal sinus sampling and dynamic magnetic resonance imaging in the preoperative evaluation of Cushing’s disease. Journal of Neurooncology 2014 116 593– 600. (10.1007/s11060-013-1342-9) 24398617 · DOI
  89. [90]Miller DL Doppman JL Nieman LK Cutler Jr GB Chrousos G Loriaux DL Oldfield EH. Petrosal sinus sampling: discordant lateralization of ACTH- secreting pituitary microadenomas before and after stimulation with corticotropin-releasing hormone. Radiology 1990 176 429– 431. (10.1148/radiology.176.2.2164235) 2164235 · DOI
  90. [91]de Herder WW Uitterlinden P Pieterman H Tanghe HL Kwekkeboom DJ Pols HA Singh R van de Berge JH Lamberts SW. Pituitary tumor localization in patients with Cushing’s disease by magnetic resonance imaging. Is there a place for petrosal sinus sampling? Clinical Endocrinology 1994 40 87– 92. (10.1111/j.1365-2265.1994.tb02448.x) 8306486 · DOI
  91. [92]Liu C Lo JC Dowd CF Wilson CB Kunwar S Aron DC Tyrrell JB. Cavernous and inferior petrosal sinus sampling in the evaluation of ACTH-dependent Cushing’s syndrome. Clinical Endocrinology 2004 61 478– 486. (10.1111/j.1365-2265.2004.02115.x) 15473881 · DOI
  92. [93]Zovickian J Oldfield EH Doppman JL Cutler GR Loriaux DL. Usefulness of inferior petrosal sinus venous endocrine markers for Cushing’s disease. Journal of Neurosurgery 1988 68 205– 210. (10.3171/jns.1988.68.2.0205) 2828570 · DOI
  93. [94]Crock PA Pestell RG Calenti AJ Gilford EJ Henderson JK Best JD Alford FP. Multiple pituitary hormone gradients from inferior petrosal sinus sampling in Cushing’s disease. Acta Endocrinologica 1988 119 75– 80. (10.1530/acta.0.1190075) 2842995 · DOI
  94. [95]Colao A Merola B Tripodi FS Di Sarno A Esposito V Marzullo P La Tessa G Spaziante R Lombardi G. Simultaneous and bilateral inferior petrosal sinus sampling for the diagnosis of Cushing’s syndrome: comparison of multihormonal assay, baseline multiple sampling and ACTH-releasing hormone test. Hormone Research 1993 40 209– 16. (10.1159/000183797) 8112722 · DOI
  95. [96]Schulte HM Allolio B Gunther RW Benker G Winkelmann W Ohnhaus EE Reinwein D. Selective bilateral and simultaneous catheterization of the inferior petrosal sinus: CRF stimulates prolactin secretion from ACTH-producing microadenomas in Cushing’s disease. Clinical Endocrinology 1988 28 289– 295. (10.1111/j.1365-2265.1988.tb01215.x) 2844450 · DOI
  96. [97]Allolio B Guhnther RW Benker G Reinwein D Winkelmann W Schulte HM. A multihormonal response to corticotrophin-releasing hormone in inferior petrosal sinus blood of patients with Cushing’s disease. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 1990 71 1195– 1201. (10.1210/jcem-71-5-1195) 1699962 · DOI
  97. [98]Colao A Merola B Spaziante R La Tessa G Boudouresque F Oliver C Lombardi G. Adrenocorticotropic hormone and endorphin concentrations in the inferior petrosal sinuses in Cushing’s disease and other pituitary diseases. Journal of Endocrinological Investigation 1992 15 807– 813. (10.1007/BF03348809) 1337906 · DOI
  98. [99]Loli P Boccardi E Branca V Bramerio M Barberis M Losa M Terreni MT Lodrini S Pollo B Vignati F. Growth hormone and prolactin responses to corticotrophin-releasing-hormone in patients with Cushing’s disease: a paracrine action of the adenomatous corticotroph cells? Clinical Endocrinology 1998 49 433– 439. (10.1046/j.1365-2265.1998.00531.x) 9876339 · DOI
  99. [100]Daousi C Nixon T Javadpour M Hayden K MacFarlane IA. Inferior petrosal sinus ACTH and prolactin responses to CRH in ACTH-dependent Cushing’s syndrome: a single centre experience from the United Kingdom. Pituitary 2010 13 95– 104. (10.1007/s11102-009-0200-4) 19768550 · DOI
  100. [101]Mulligan GB Faiman C Gupta M Kennedy L Hatipoglu B Hui F Weil RJ Hamrahian AH. Prolactin measurement during inferior petrosal sinus sampling improves the localization of pituitary adenomas in Cushing’s disease. Clinical Endocrinology 2012 77 268– 274. (10.1111/j.1365-2265.2012.04339.x) 22243215 · DOI
  101. [102]Wind JJ Lonser RR Nieman LK DeVroom HL Chang R Oldfiel EH. The lateralization accuracy of inferior petrosal sinus sampling in 501 patients with Cushing’s disease. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2013 98 2285– 2293. (10.1210/jc.2012-3943) 23553862 PMC3667263 · DOI
  102. [103]Lienhardt A Grossman AB Dacie JE Evanson J Huebner A Afshar F Plowman PN Besser GM Savage MO. Relative contributions of inferior petrosal sinus sampling and pituitary imaging in the investigation of children and adolescents with ACTH-dependent Cushing’s syndrome. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2001 86 5711– 5714. (10.1210/jc.86.12.5711) 11739426 · DOI
  103. [105]Batista D Gennari M Riar J Chang R Keil MF Oldfield EH Stratakis CA. An assessment of petrosal sinus sampling for localization of pituitary microadenomas in children with Cushing disease. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2006 91 221– 224. (10.1210/jc.2005-1096) 16219718 · DOI
  104. [106]Miller DL Doppman JL Peterman SB Nieman LK Oldfield EH Chang R. Neurologic complications of petrosal sinus sampling. Radiology 1992 185 143– 147. (10.1148/radiology.185.1.1523298) 1523298 · DOI
  105. [107]Sturrock N Jeffcoate W. A neurological complication of inferior petrosal sinus sampling during investigation for Cushing’s disease: a case report. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 1997 62 527– 528. (10.1136/jnnp.62.5.527) PMC486877 9153615 · DOI
  106. [108]Gandhi CD Meyer SA Patel AB Johnson DM Post KD. Neurologic complications of inferior petrosal sinus sampling. American Journal of Neuroradiology 2008 29 760– 765. (10.3174/ajnr.A0930) 18238844 PMC7978193 · DOI
  107. [109]Bonelli FS Huston J Meyer FB Carpenter PC. Venous subarachnoid hemorrhage after inferior petrosal sinus sampling for adrenocorticotropic hormone. American Journal of Neuroradiology 1999 20 306– 307. 10094360 PMC7056127
  108. [110]Diez J Iglesias P. Pulmonary thromboembolism after inferior petrosal sinus sampling in Cushing’s syndrome. Clinical Endocrinology 1997 46 777. 9274712
  109. [111]Lefournier V Gatta B Martinie M Vasdev A Tabarin A Bessou P Berge J Bachelot I Chabre O. One transient neurological complication (sixth nerve palsy) in 166 consecutive inferior petrosal sinus samplings for the etiological diagnosis of Cushing’s syndrome. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 1999 84 3401– 3402. (10.1210/jc.84.9.3401) 10487721 · DOI
  110. [112]Doppman JL Oldfield EH Nieman LK. Bilateral sampling of the internal jugular vein to distinguish between mechanisms of adrenocorticotropic hormone-dependent Cushing syndrome. Annals of Internal Medicine 1998 128 33– 36. (10.7326/0003-4819-128-1-199801010-00006) 9424979 · DOI
  111. [113]Erickson D Huston J 3rd Young WF Jr Carpenter PC Wermers RA Bonelli FS Powell CC Internal jugular vein sampling in adrenocorticotropic hormone-dependent Cushing’s syndrome: a comparison with inferior petrosal sinus sampling. Clinical Endocrinology 2004 60 413– 419. (10.1111/j.1365-2265.2004.01990.x) 15049954 · DOI
  112. [114]Ilias I Chang R Pacak K Oldfield EH Wesley R Doppman J Nieman LK. Jugular venous sampling: an alternative to petrosal sinus sampling for the diagnostic evaluation of adrenocorticotropic hormone-dependent Cushing’s syndrome. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2004 89 3795– 3800. (10.1210/jc.2003-032014) 15292307 · DOI
  113. [115]Teramoto A Nemoto S Takakura K Sasaki Y Machida T. Selective venous sampling directly from cavernous sinus in Cushing’s syndrome. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 1993 76 637– 641. (10.1210/jc.76.3.637) 8383143 · DOI
  114. [116]Flitsch J Lüdecke DK Knappe UJ Grzyska U. Cavernous sinus sampling in selected cases of Cushing’s disease. Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes 2002 110 329– 335. (10.1055/s-2002-34989) 12397531 · DOI
  115. [117]Gazioglu N Ulu MO Ozlen F Albayram S Islak C Kocer N Oz B Tanriover N Yetkin DO Gundogdu S, Management of Cushing’s disease using cavernous sinus sampling: effectiveness in tumor lateralization. Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery 2008 110 333– 338. (10.1016/j.clineuro.2007.11.008) 18314256 · DOI
  116. [118]Burkhardt T Flitsch J van Leyen P Sauer N Aberle J Grzyska U Lüdecke DK. Cavernous sinus sampling in patients with Cushing’s disease. Neurosurgical Focus 2015 38 E6 (10.3171/2014.10.FOCUS14687) 25639324 · DOI
  117. [119]Doppman JL Nieman LK Chang R Yanovski J Cutler GB Jr Chrousos GP Oldfield EH. Selective venous sampling from the cavernous sinuses is not a more reliable technique than sampling from the inferior petrosal sinuses in Cushing’s disease. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 1995 80 2485– 2489. (10.1210/jc.80.8.2485) 7629247 · DOI
  118. [120]Lefournier V Martinie M Vasdev A Bessou P Passagia JG Labat-Moleur F Sturm N Bosson JL Bachelot I Chabre O. Accuracy of bilateral inferior petrosal or cavernous sinuses sampling in predicting the lateralization of Cushing’s disease pituitary microadenoma: influence of catheter position and anatomy of venous drainage. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2003 88 196– 203. (10.1210/jc.2002-020374) 12519852 · DOI

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Zampetti, B., Grossrubatscher, E., Dalino Ciaramella, P., Boccardi, E., & Loli, P.
Affiliations
  • Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda (IT)
  • 1Department of EndocrinologyOspedale Niguarda, Milano, Italy
Corresponding author
  • Zampetti, Benedetta
  • Loli, Paola
ORCID
Venue
Endocrine Connections
Publisher
Bioscientifica
Published
2016-07
Volume
5
Issue
4
Pages
R12-R25
ISSN
2049-3614 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1530/ec-16-0029
PMC
PMC5002953
OpenAlex
W2474530751
Cited by
130
References
140
Citations by year
2026: 10 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 1
FWCI
1.42
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Endocrine Connections (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Pituitary Gland Disorders and Treatments
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Adrenal and Paraganglionic Tumors
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adrenal Hormones and Disorders
Keywords
bilateral inferior petrosal sinus sampling, Cushing's syndrome, hypercortisolism, ACTH, Cushing's disease, ectopic ACTH syndrome, tumor localization, diagnostic accuracy, adverse events

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review