Cancer occurrence in Turner syndrome and the effect of sex hormone substitution therapy
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Although the overall risk of cancer is not increased in Turner syndrome, the pattern of cancer occurrence differs from the general population. We aim to describe the cancer morbidity pattern in Turner syndrome and evaluate the effect of long-term hormone replacement therapy (HRT). DESIGN: Nationwide epidemiological study. METHODS: 1156 females with Turner syndrome diagnosed during 1960-2014, were linked with data from the Danish National Patient Registry. Statistics Denmark randomly identified 115 578 female controls. Stratified Cox regression was used to analyze cancer morbidity, mortality and effect of HRT. RESULTS: Overall risk of cancer was not elevated (hazard ratio 1.04 (95% CI: 0.80-1.36)). The risk of skin cancer and benign skin neoplasms was two-fold increased, while the risk of breast cancer was decreased (hazard ratio 0.4 (0.2-0.9)). Turner syndrome (45,X) had a two- to five-fold increased risk of benign CNS tumors, colon and rectal cancers, benign skin neoplasms and skin cancer. Turner syndrome women with a 45,X/46,XX karyotype had an increased risk of tongue cancer. HRT had no impact on the risk of any cancer investigated in this study. CONCLUSIONS: The lack of one X chromosome might play a role in skin neoplasms, CNS tumors, colon and rectal cancers. The risk of breast cancer is lower than in the general population. Long-term HRT during the premenopausal age range seems not to exert a cancerous effect in Turner syndrome. Increased vigilance concerning specific types of cancer in Tuner syndrome harboring a 45,X karyotype is needed.
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There is a very low risk of breast cancer in TS patients with no significant increase in those treated with standard doses of HRT.
“There is a very low risk of breast cancer in TS patients with no significant increase in those treated with standard doses of HRT.332,333”
From Clinical practice guidelines for the care of girls and women with Turner syndrome. (2024) · cites this paper as [332]
Large cohort studies disagree on whether there is an increased risk for melanoma in TS.
“Large cohort studies disagree on whether there is an increased risk for melanoma.332,682”
From Clinical practice guidelines for the care of girls and women with Turner syndrome. (2024) · cites this paper as [332]
The 45,X karyotype is associated with increased risk for benign skin neoplasms [HR 2.03 (1.42-2.9)] and non-melanomatous skin cancer [HR 5.38 (2.63-10.98)].
“The 45,X karyotype is associated with increased risk for benign skin neoplasms [HR 2.03 (1.42-2.9)] and non-melanomatous skin cancer [HR 5.38 (2.63-10.98)].332”
From Clinical practice guidelines for the care of girls and women with Turner syndrome. (2024) · cites this paper as [332]
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- Authors
- Viuff, M. H., Stochholm, K., Lin, A., Berglund, A., Juul, S., & Gravholt, C. H.
- Affiliations
- Aarhus University Hospital (DK)
- Massachusetts General Hospital (US)
- Aarhus University (DK)
- Corresponding author
- Viuff, Mette Hansen
- Venue
- European Journal of Endocrinology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2021-01
- Volume
- 184
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 79-88
- ISSN
- 0804-4643 (ISSN-L)
- 1479-683X
- OpenAlex
- W3092995379
- Cited by
- 46
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 4
- FWCI
- 3.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- European Journal of Endocrinology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Novo Nordisk Fonden (NNF20OC0060610)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic and Clinical Aspects of Sex Determination and Chromosomal Abnormalities
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Sexual Differentiation and Disorders
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › BRCA gene mutations in cancer
- Keywords
- Turner syndrome, cancer risk, hormone replacement therapy, skin cancer, benign skin tumor, breast cancer, central nervous system tumors, colon and rectal cancer, tongue cancer, 45,X/46,XX mosaicism, cancer mortality
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Denmark, Female, Humans, Middle Aged, Neoplasms, Registries, Risk, Sex Chromosome Aberrations, Gonadal Steroid Hormones, Turner Syndrome, Incidence, Prevalence, Hormone Replacement Therapy, Young Adult
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