Cited by 149Genetic and Clinical Aspects of Sex Determination and Chromosomal AbnormalitiesSexual Differentiation and DisordersImmunodeficiency and Autoimmune Disorders

The changing face of Turner syndrome

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Gravholt, Claus H, Viuff, Mette, Just, Jesper, Sandahl, Kristian, Brun, Sara, van der Velden, Janielle, Andersen, Niels H, Skakkebaek, Anne·2023·Endocrine Reviews

Abstract

Turner syndrome (TS) is a condition in females missing the second sex chromosome (45,X) or parts thereof. It is considered a rare genetic condition and is associated with a wide range of clinical stigmata, such as short stature, ovarian dysgenesis, delayed puberty and infertility, congenital malformations, endocrine disorders, including a range of autoimmune conditions and type 2 diabetes, and neurocognitive deficits. Morbidity and mortality are clearly increased compared with the general population and the average age at diagnosis is quite delayed. During recent years it has become clear that a multidisciplinary approach is necessary toward the patient with TS. A number of clinical advances has been implemented, and these are reviewed. Our understanding of the genomic architecture of TS is advancing rapidly, and these latest developments are reviewed and discussed. Several candidate genes, genomic pathways and mechanisms, including an altered transcriptome and epigenome, are also presented.

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Authors
Gravholt, C. H., Viuff, M., Just, J., Sandahl, K., Brun, S., van der Velden, J., Andersen, N. H., & Skakkebaek, A.
Affiliations
  • Aarhus University Hospital (DK)
  • Department of Pediatrics, Radboud University Medical Centre, Amalia Children’s Hospital , 6525 Nijmegen , the Netherlands
  • Aalborg University Hospital (DK)
Corresponding author
Gravholt, Claus H
Venue
Endocrine Reviews
Published
2022-06-13
Volume
44
Issue
1
Pages
33-69
ISSN
  • 0163-769X (ISSN-L)
  • 1945-7189
OpenAlex
W4282821954
Cited by
149
References
426
Citations by year
2026: 25 · 2025: 48 · 2024: 41 · 2023: 32 · 2022: 2
FWCI
4.77
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Endocrine Reviews (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
  • VBN Forskningsportal (Aalborg Universitet) (submittedVersion)
Funders
  • Novo Nordisk Foundation (NNF15OC0016474, NNF20OC0060610)
  • Familien Hede Nielsen Foundation
  • Independent Research Fund (0134-00406A, 0134-00130B)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic and Clinical Aspects of Sex Determination and Chromosomal Abnormalities
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Sexual Differentiation and Disorders
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immunodeficiency and Autoimmune Disorders
Keywords
Turner syndrome, 45,X, short stature, ovarian dysgenesis, infertility, delayed puberty, congenital malformations, autoimmune disease, type 2 diabetes, neurocognitive impairment, morbidity and mortality, multidisciplinary care, genome organization, candidate genes, transcriptome, epigenome
MeSH terms
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Endocrine System Diseases, Female, Humans, Infertility, Turner Syndrome

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