Cancer risks in patients treated with growth hormone in childhood: the SAGhE European cohort study
Open accessAbstract
Context: Growth hormone (GH) is prescribed for an increasing range of indications, but there has been concern that it might raise cancer risk. Published data are limited. Objective: To examine cancer risks in relation to GH treatment. Design: Cohort study. Setting: Population-based. Patients: Cohort of 23,984 patients treated with recombinant human GH (r-hGH) in eight European countries since this treatment was first used in 1984. Cancer expectations from country-specific national population statistics. Main Outcome Measures: Cancer incidence and cancer mortality. Results: Incidence and mortality risks in the cohort were raised for several cancer sites, largely consequent on second primary malignancies in patients given r-hGH after cancer treatment. There was no clear raised risk in patients with growth failure without other major disease. Only for bone and bladder cancers was incidence significantly raised in GH-treated patients without previous cancer. Cancer risk was unrelated to duration or cumulative dose of r-hGH treatment, but for patients treated after previous cancer, cancer mortality risk increased significantly with increasing daily r-hGH dose (P trend < 0.001). Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) incidence increased significantly with longer follow-up (P trend = 0.001 for patients overall and 0.002 for patients without previous cancer). Conclusions: Our results do not generally support a carcinogenic effect of r-hGH, but the unexplained trend in cancer mortality risk in relation to GH dose in patients with previous cancer, and the indication of possible effects on bone cancer, bladder cancer, and HL risks, need further investigation.
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Data from GH registries provide no evidence of an increase in risk of neoplasia with treatment.
“data from GH registries provide no evidence of an increase in risk of neoplasia with treatment.173,208,222-224”
From Clinical practice guidelines for the care of girls and women with Turner syndrome. (2024) · cites this paper as [223]
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“This finding is consistent with the results of a recent large study on CNS tumors among individuals treated with growth hormone during childhood for cancer or other reasons without radiotherapy (22, 23), but follow-up of these populations should be continued.”
ResultApproach to the Patient: Safety of Growth Hormone Replacement in Children and Adolescents
Bamba, V., & Shankar, R. K. (2021) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgab746 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Growth Hormone Deficiency and Treatment in Childhood Cancer Survivors
Pollock, N., & Cohen, L. E. (2021) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2021.745932 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“Swerdlow, 2017 (8) SAGhE cohort (comprehensive) 23,984 23.984 Not mentioned Not mentioned 16.5 for mortality 396,344 for mortality Cancer incidence and cancer mortality Within the SAGhE cohort Cancer risk unrelated to duration or cumulative GH dose 14.8 for cancer incidence 154,371 for cancer…”
BackgroundInfluentialRisk of cancer in patients treated with recombinant human growth hormone in childhood
Cianfarani, S. (2019) · Annals of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.6065/apem.2019.24.2.92 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Boguszewski, M. C. D. S., Boguszewski, C., Chemaitilly, W., Cohen, L. E., Gebauer, J., Higham, C. E., Hoffman, A. R., Polak, M., Yuen, K. C. J., Alos, N., et al. (2022) · Yearbook of pediatric endocrinology · doi:10.1530/ey.19.9.1 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
The Rationale for Growth Hormone Therapy in Children with Short Stature
Deodati, A., & Cianfarani, S. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Research in Pediatric Endocrinology · doi:10.4274/jcrpe.2017.s003 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“Although these data have not been confirmed (99,100,101), continued surveillance of subjects exposed to recombinant human GH is essential both during treatment and in the years after treatment cessation (102,103).”
BackgroundGaddas, M., Périn, L., & Bouc, Y. L. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Research in Pediatric Endocrinology · doi:10.4274/jcrpe.galenos.2019.2018.0277 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“The use of this ratio made it possible to optimize rGH administration so as to minimize the risk of adverse effects, particular those of a metabolic, cardiovascular or neoplastic nature (17,28,37).”
BackgroundEfficacy and safety of growth hormone therapy in children with Noonan syndrome
Sodero, G., Cipolla, C., Pane, L. C., Sessa, L., Malavolta, E., Arzilli, F., Leoni, C., Zampino, G., & Rigante, D. (2023) · Growth Hormone & IGF Research · doi:10.1016/j.ghir.2023.101532 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Pfäffle, R. W., Bidlingmaier, M., Kreitschmann‐Andermahr, I., Land, C., Partsch, C. J., Schwab, K. O., Sommer, H., Backeljauw, P. F., Kanumakala, S., Loche, S., et al. (2020) · Hormone Research in Paediatrics · doi:10.1159/000508190 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Oligo-astrocytoma in LZTR1-related Noonan syndrome
Jacquinet, A., Bonnard, A. A., Capri, Y., Martin, D., Sadzot, B., Bianchi, E., Servais, L., Sacré, J.-P., Cavé, H., & Verloès, A. (2019) · European Journal of Medical Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.ejmg.2019.01.007 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Krzyzanowska-Mittermayer, K., Mattsson, A. F., Maiter, D. M., Feldt‐Rasmussen, U., Camacho‐Hübner, C., Luger, A., & Abs, R. (2017) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2017-01899 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Hong, S. W., Chun, J., Kim, J., Lee, J., Lee, H. J., Chung, H., Cho, S.-J., Im, J., Kim, S. G., & Kim, J. S. (2019) · Gut and Liver · doi:10.5009/gnl19103 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“There is concern that ghrelin agonist may heighten cancer risks due to the carcinogenic effects of growth hormone.(37) Although in vivo study findings indicate that serum ghrelin level has a null or inverse association with cancer risks,(38) the role of ghrelin/ ghrelin agonists in the development and progression of c…”
BackgroundActivating mutations of STAT3: Impact on human growth
Gutiérrez, M. (2020) · Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.mce.2020.110979 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Safety of Pediatric rhGH Therapy: An Overview and the Need for Long-Term Surveillance
Cianfarani, S. (2021) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2021.811846 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
A review of growth hormone deficiency
Dattani, M., & Malhotra, N. (2019) · Paediatrics and Child Health · doi:10.1016/j.paed.2019.04.001 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Childhood growth hormone treatment in women with Turner syndrome - benefits and adverse effects
Irzyniec, T. J., Jeż, W., Lepska, K., Maciejewska-Paszek, I., & Frelich, J. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-52332-0 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Growth Hormone, Not IGF-1 Is the Key Longevity Regulator in Mammals
Brown‐Borg, H. M. (2022) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glac092 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Qiao, Y., Wang, Z., Han, J., & Li, G. (2019) · International Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1155/2019/1438723 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“As for long-term safety, a cohort comprising 23,984 patients treated with rhGH in 8 European countries since introduction in 1989 did not find whether rhGH therapy affects the risk of cancer incidence or mortality [21].”
BackgroundJuul, A., Backeljauw, P. F., Højby, M., Kawai, M., Kildemoes, R. J., Linglart, A., Zuckerman‐Levin, N., & Horikawa, R. (2023) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1093/ejendo/lvac008 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Treatment with growth hormone in the Prader-Willi syndrome
Gil, E. M., Giménez‐Palop, O., & Caixàs, A. (2018) · Endocrinología Diabetes y Nutrición (English ed ) · doi:10.1016/j.endien.2018.01.004 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Miller, B. S., & Yuen, K. C. J. (2022) · Drug Design Development and Therapy · doi:10.2147/dddt.s336285 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Davis, S., Ware, M. A., Zeiger, J., Deardorff, M. A., Grand, K., Grimberg, A., Hsu, S. C., Kelsey, M. M., Majidi, S., Mathew, R. P., et al. (2019) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A · doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.61403 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Wegmann, M. G., Jensen, R. B., Thankamony, A., Frystyk, J., Roche, E. F., Hoey, H., Kirk, J. M. W., Shaikh, M. G., Ivarsson, S. A., Söder, O., et al. (2019) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgz118 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Chiriță-Emandi, A., Andreescu, N. I., Popa, C., Mihailescu, A., Riza, A., Pleşea, I. E., Ioana, M. I., Arghirescu, S. T., & Puiu, M. (2020) · Journal of Medical Genetics · doi:10.1136/jmedgenet-2020-107198 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Deal, C., Kirsch, S. E., Chanoine, J., Lawrence, S. L., Cummings, E. A., Rosolowsky, E. T., Marks, S. D., Jia, N., & Child, C. J. (2018) · CMAJ Open · doi:10.9778/cmajo.20180020 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“…large Safety and Appropriateness of Growth hormone treatments in Europe (SAGhE) cohort showed an increased risk of death from several second malignant disorders in patients whose original diagnosis was cancer, 44 with no clear raised risk in patients with growth failure without other major disease.”
BackgroundPoidvin, A., Carel, J., Écosse, E., Lévy, D., Michon, J. M., & Coste, J. (2018) · Cancer Medicine · doi:10.1002/cam4.1602 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Picariello, S., Cerbone, M., D’Arco, F., Gan, H., O’Hare, P., Aquilina, K., Opocher, E., Hargrave, D. R., & Spoudeas, H. A. (2022) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers14030747 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Gewehr, M. C. F., Silvério, R., Neto, J. C. R., Lira, F. S., Reckziegel, P., & Ferro, E. S. (2020) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules25051093 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Pellikaan, K., Nguyen, N., Rosenberg, A. G. W., Coupaye, M., Goldstone, A. P., Höybye, C., Markovic, T., Grugni, G., Crinò, A., Caixàs, A., et al. (2023) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgad312 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Tratamiento con hormona de crecimiento en el síndrome de Prader-Willi
Gil, E. M., Giménez‐Palop, O., & Caixàs, A. (2018) · Endocrinología Diabetes y Nutrición · doi:10.1016/j.endinu.2018.01.006 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Childhood growth hormone treatment: challenges, opportunities, and considerations
Tidblad, A., & Savendahl, L. S. (2024) · The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/s2352-4642(24)00127-5 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Juul, A., Backeljauw, P. F., Højby, M., Frystyk, J., Kawai, M., Kildemoes, R. J., Lemminger, A. K., Linglart, A., Zuckerman‐Levin, N., & Horikawa, R. (2024) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgae616 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Postnatal management of growth failure in children born small for gestational age
Cardoso-Demartini, A. D. A., Boguszewski, M. C. D. S., & Alves, C. (2018) · Jornal de Pediatria · doi:10.1016/j.jped.2018.10.015 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Murano, M. C. (2017) · Medicine Health Care and Philosophy · doi:10.1007/s11019-017-9798-6 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Wu, G., Dong, Y., Hu, Q., Ma, H., Xu, Q., Xu, K., Chen, H., Yang, Z., & He, M. (2023) · Cell Cycle · doi:10.1080/15384101.2023.2260163 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“These findings suggest a potential association between recombinant hGH treatment and increased cancer incidence and mortality in patients with cancer history, as observed in a European cohort study [31].”
ResultJorge, A. A. L., Grimberg, A., Dattani, M., & Baron, J. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-62520-3.00011-7 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Giacomozzi, C. (2021) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2021.671361 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Beck‐Peccoz, P., Höybye, C., Murray, R. D., Şimşek, S., Zabransky, M., Zouater, H., & Stalla, G. K. (2020) · Therapeutic Advances in Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1177/2042018820943377 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Velazquez, E. P., Miller, B. S., & Yuen, K. C. J. (2023) · Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1080/17446651.2023.2290495 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Beyond postmarketing surveillance registries, a massive retrospective data collection study was performed in patients who received DGH therapy in the 1980s and 1990s, which resulted in the landmark SAGhE study [56–58].”
BackgroundJuriaans, A. F., Trueba-Timmermans, D. J., Kerkhof, G. F., Grootjen, L. N., Walet, S., Sas, T., Rotteveel, J., Zwaveling‐Soonawala, N., Stuart, A. A. V., & Hokken-Koelega, A. (2023) · Hormone Research in Paediatrics · doi:10.1159/000530420 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Loche, S., Kanumakala, S., Backeljauw, P. F., Schwab, K. O., Lechuga-Sancho, A. M., Esmael, A., Urosevic, D., Boldea, A., & Zabransky, M. (2024) · Drug Design Development and Therapy · doi:10.2147/dddt.s440009 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“19 In KIGS, neoplasms of all-causality were reported in 0.7% of patients, and considered treatment related in 0.2% of patients (IR per 1000 PY not reported in publication).”
BackgroundInfluentialResearch on the Effects of Medications in Pregnancy and in Children
Horton, D. B., Hernández–Dı́az, S., Lasky, T., & Huybrechts, K. F. (2019) · Pharmacoepidemiology · doi:10.1002/9781119413431.ch22 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Increased cancer risk in a cohort of patients with acromegaly in Israel
Duskin‐Bitan, H., Perez, A., Netzer, D., Cohen, A. D., Comaneshter, D. S., Beckenstein, T., Yaron, S., Zaina, A., Rudman, Y., Masri‐Iraqi, H., et al. (2025) · Endocrine Related Cancer · doi:10.1530/erc-24-0087 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Increase of serum lipoprotein (a), an adverse effect of growth hormone treatment
Laron, Z. (2022) · Growth Hormone & IGF Research · doi:10.1016/j.ghir.2022.101503 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Co-Occurrence of Acromegaly and Hematological Disorders: A Myth or Common Pathogenic Mechanism
Gupta, P., & Dutta, P. R. (2017) · Integrative Medicine International · doi:10.1159/000478932 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Growth hormone rescue cerebellar degeneration in SCA3 transgenic mice
Wu, S., Liu, K., Cheng, W., Su, S., Lin, Y.-S., Lin, T., Cheng, Y., Chang, J., Wu, Y., & Liu, C. (2020) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.05.116 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Backeljauw, P. F., Kanumakala, S., Loche, S., Schwab, K. O., Miller, B. S., Levy, R. A., McCormick, K. L., Zouater, H., Zabransky, M., & Campbell, K. (2022) · European Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1007/s00431-022-04409-8 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“However, there is still uncertainty and thus requires further investigation [15].”
BackgroundHe, M., Deng, X., Wang, X., Wan, Y., Huang, J., Zhang, Z., & Niu, W. (2022) · Frontiers in Pediatrics · doi:10.3389/fped.2022.866295 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Of the 24 articles included, the outcome measure was all cause SMR in 7 articles (2, 13, 16–20), cancer SIR in 12 articles (1, 2, 5, 17, 19, 21–27), cancer SMR in 4 articles (16, 21, 25, 27), and second neoplasm in 8 articles (9, 10, 28–33).”
BackgroundInfluentialTidblad, A., Bottai, M., Smedby, K. E. E., Albertsson-Wikland, K. G., & Savendahl, L. S. (2024) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2024.1360139 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Pricci, F., Villa, M., Maccari, F., Agazio, E., Rotondi, D., Panei, P., & Roazzi, P. (2018) · Journal of Endocrinological Investigation · doi:10.1007/s40618-018-0980-3 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Growth hormone replacement therapy in childhood-onset craniopharyngioma
van Iersel, L., van Schaik, J., & van Santen, H. M. (2025) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.beem.2025.101998 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Growth hormone and radiation therapy: friend, foe, or both?
Bahamondes, V., & Wu, S. (2024) · Endocrine Related Cancer · doi:10.1530/erc-22-0371 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Kamoun, C., Largent, E. A., & Grimberg, A. (2024) · Current Opinion in Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/mop.0000000000001363 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Thus, the proposed reframing may not only face resistance from, but also counter a focusing illusion.”
BackgroundPalmieri, V. V., Lonero, A., Bocchini, S., Cassano, G., Convertino, A., Corica, D., Crinò, A., Fattorusso, V., Ferraris, S., Fintini, D., et al. (2019) · Growth Hormone & IGF Research · doi:10.1016/j.ghir.2019.08.003 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Update on methods to enhance growth
Hodax, J. K., & DiVall, S. A. (2019) · Current Opinion in Endocrinology Diabetes and Obesity · doi:10.1097/med.0000000000000513 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Although a higher risk of malignancy specifically bone cancer was noted in GH-treated patients without isolated GHD or cancer history, the authors acknowledged that the underlying disorder associated with the GH treatment may account for the malignancy risk [8].”
BackgroundBackeljauw, P. F., Miller, B. S., Levy, R. A., McCormick, K. L., Zouater, H., Zabransky, M., & Campbell, K. (2021) · Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1515/jpem-2020-0360 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Ouyang, R., Gu, H., Yuan, J., Sun, Y., & Zhao, X. (2025) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2025.1577396 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Adverse events with usage of human growth hormone: a review
Branski, L. K., Thanedar, S., Deen, N., Cho, K. W., Liu, G., Hundeshagen, G., Herndon, D. N., & Sousse, L. E. (2025) · Discover Medicine · doi:10.1007/s44337-025-00474-8 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Increased cancer mortality and incidence were observed only in the high-risk group, primarily consisting of patients with prior malignancy and were significantly associated with higher daily rhGH doses risk [113].”
Gawrychowska, A., Iżycka‐Świeszewska, E., Lipska-Ziętkiewicz, B. S., Kuleszo, D., Bautembach-Minkowska, J., Łosin, M., & Stefanowicz, J. (2020) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics10121067 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“risk of bone and bladder cancer in the intermediate risk group including TS patients [17].”
BackgroundSomma, C. D., Scarano, E., Arianna, R., Romano, F., Lavorgna, M., Serpico, D., & Colao, A. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm12020662 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“While there was no statistically significant link found between GH replacement therapy and primary cancer recurrence, studies have found that GH therapy may enhance secondary neoplasia risk in CCS [14,15,23,79,81,82].”
BackgroundHealth behaviour of women with Turner Syndrome
Santi, M., Flück, C. E., Hauschild, M., Kuhlmann, B., Kuehni, C. E., & Sommer, G. (2021) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1111/apa.15814 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
The Proteomic Signature of Recombinant Growth Hormone in Recreational Athletes
Esefeld, M., Pastor, A., de la Torre, R., Barroso, O., Aikin, R. A., Sarwath, H., Engelke, R., Schmidt, F., & Suhre, K. (2021) · Journal of the Endocrine Society · doi:10.1210/jendso/bvab156 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Whether long-term use of hGH may be associated with other adverse events, especially a higher risk of developing primary or secondary cancers, remains controversial [13-15].”
BackgroundO’Neill, C., Gangat, M., & Radovick, S. (2022) · Endocrines · doi:10.3390/endocrines3040060 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Safety of GH after treatment for childhood cancer
van Santen, H. M. (2020) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-20-0965 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Hong, Y. H., Kim, D. G., Lee, J. H., Jung, M. J., & Choi, C. Y. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Research in Pediatric Endocrinology · doi:10.4274/jcrpe.galenos.2020.2019.0223 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Additionally, a recent large cross-European cohort study [14] also showed no clear, raised cancer risk in patients with growth failure without other major disease.”
Background
- Authors
- Swerdlow, A. J., Cooke, R., Beckers, D., Borgström, B., Butler, G., Carel, J.-C., Cianfarani, S., Clayton, P., Coste, J., Deodati, A., Ecosse, E., Gausche, R., Giacomozzi, C., Hokken-Koelega, A. C. S., Khan, A. J., Kiess, W., Kuehni, C. E., Mullis, P.-E., Pfaffle, R., Sävendahl, L., Sommer, G., Thomas, M., Tidblad, A., Tollerfield, S., Van Eycken, L., & Zandwijken, G. R. J.
- Affiliations
- Institute of Cancer Research (GB)
- UCLouvain (BE)
- Karolinska Institutet (SE)
- National Health Service (GB)
- Inserm (FR)
- University of Rome Tor Vergata (IT)
- Leipzig University (DE)
- Azienda Ospedaliera Carlo Poma (IT)
- Erasmus MC (NL)
- University of Bern (CH)
- University Hospital of Bern (CH)
- University College London (GB)
- ORCID
- Venue
- The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
- Publisher
- The Endocrine Society
- Published
- 2017-02-10
- Volume
- 102
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1661-1672
- ISSN
- 0021-972X (ISSN-L)
- 1945-7197
- PMC
- PMC6061931
- OpenAlex
- W2597357044
- Cited by
- 153
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 6
- FWCI
- 14.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- RePub (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Cineca Institutional Research Information System (Tor Vergata University) (submittedVersion)
- Bern Open Repository and Information System (University of Bern) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Digital Access to Libraries (submittedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Open Access CRIS of the University of Bern
- Funders
- Eli Lilly and Company
- Pfizer
- University College London
- European Commission (223497)
- Cancerfonden
- Novo Nordisk
- Vetenskapsrådet
- Barncancerfonden
- Institut National Du Cancer
- Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Produits de Santé
- Ipsen
- Novo Nordisk Pharma
- FP7 Health
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Growth Hormone and Insulin-like Growth Factors
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Pituitary Gland Disorders and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Multiple and Secondary Primary Cancers
- Keywords
- recombinant human growth hormone, cancer risk, second primary malignancy, cancer mortality, cancer incidence, Hodgkin's disease, bone cancer, bladder cancer, growth hormone dose
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Urinary Bladder Neoplasms, Bone Diseases, Developmental, Bone Neoplasms, Child, Child, Preschool, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Europe, Female, Growth Disorders, Hodgkin Disease, Humans, Hypopituitarism, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Male, Neoplasms, Recombinant Proteins, Risk, Turner Syndrome, Cohort Studies, Incidence, Neoplasms, Second Primary, Human Growth Hormone, Renal Insufficiency, Chronic, Young Adult
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