Cited by 102Growth Hormone and Insulin-like Growth FactorsHypothalamic control of reproductive hormonesPituitary Gland Disorders and Treatments

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Gender differences in secretory activity of the human somatotropic (growth hormone) axis

Veldhuis, Johannes D·1996·European Journal of Endocrinology

DOI 10.1530/eje.0.1340287

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Abstract

Major gender differences exist in the prevalence and severity of various disease states, rates of organ-specific aging and drug and hormone metabolism. Increased understanding of the mechanistic bases for these important sex differences is likely to stimulate new prognostic, therapeutic and diagnostic insights over many succeeding decades. I will outline clinical data that bear on regulatory mechanisms that give rise to sex-based differences in the neuroendocrine activity of the human somatotropic (GH) axis. Such studies have important implications in both pubertal and gonadoprival states, such as aging and the menopause, when the sex-steroid milieu changes dramatically.

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Time Mode of Growth Hormone (GH) Entry into the Bloodstream and Steady-State Plasma GH Concentrations, Rather Than Sex, Estradiol, or Menstrual Cycle Stage, Primarily Determine the GH Elimination Rate in Healthy Young Women and Men1
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Background
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Background
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Background
Use of a GH receptor antagonist (GHRA) to explore the relationship between GH and IGF‐I in adults with severe GH deficiency (GHD)
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“42 Biermasz NR, Pereira AM, Frolich M, Romijn JA, Veldhuis JD, Roelfsema F. Octreotide represses secretory-burst mass and nonpulsatile secretion but does not restore event frequency or orderly GH secretion in acromegaly.”
Background
Background Gene Expression in Rat Kidney: Influence of Strain, Gender, and Diet
Seidel, S. D., Hung, S., Kan, H. L., & Gollapudi, B. B. (2006) · Toxicological Sciences · doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfl082 · Cited by 9
“One example is the gender-specific secretion patterns of growth hormone by the pituitary gland which has been demonstrated in both rodents (Jansson et al., 1985) and humans ( Veldhuis, 1996 ).”
Background
Influence of Estrogen Administration on the Growth Response to Growth Hormone (GH) in GH-Deficient Mice
Fintini, D., Alba, M., & Salvatori, R. (2005) · Experimental Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1177/153537020523001004 · Cited by 8
Neuroendocrine facets of human puberty
Veldhuis, J. D. (2003) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/s0197-4580(03)00058-7 · Cited by 8
Self-citation
Influence of Testosterone on the GH—IGF-I Axis in Healthy Elderly Men
Blackman, M. R., Christmas, C., Muüzer, T., O’Connor, K. G., Stevens, T. E., Bellantoni, M. F., Pabst, K. M., Clair, C. S., Carter, H. B., Metter, E. J., et al. (1999) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-1546-2_5 · Cited by 8
Effect of growth hormone on bone status in growth hormone-deficient adults
Kužma, M., Homerova, Z., Dlesk, A., Koller, T., Killinger, Z., Vaňuga, P., Lazúrová, I., Tomková, S., & Payer, J. (2013) · Bratislavské lekárske listy/Bratislava medical journal · doi:10.4149/bll_2013_146 · Cited by 7
“Male and female patients with GHD may display different responses to rhGH in terms of changes in bone turnover and BMD (22, 23, 24).”
Mechanisms of Reduced Body Growth in the Pubertal Feminized Male Rat: Unbalanced Estrogen and Androgen Action on the Somatotropic Axis
Pazos, F., Sánchez‐Franco, F., Balsa, J. A., Escalada, J., Palacios, N., & Cacicedo, L. (2000) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1203/00006450-200007000-00017 · Cited by 7
Tripartite Control of Growth Hormone Secretion in Women during Controlled Estradiol Repletion
Veldhuis, J. D., Cosma, M., Erickson, D. Z., Paulo, R., Mielke, K. L., Farhy, L. S., & Bowers, C. Y. (2007) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2007-0043 · Cited by 6
Self-citation
Pseudoacromegaly and Hyperinsulinemia: A Possibility of Premature Atherosclerosis?1
Fukunaga, Y., Minamikawa, J., Inoue, D., Koshiyama, H., & Fujisawa, I. (1997) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.82.10.4288-4 · Cited by 6
Growth Hormone Action
Waxman, D. J., & Frank, S. J. (2000) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-59259-032-2_4 · Cited by 6
Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 Level and Its Relating Factor in Korean Healthy Adults
Choi, H. K., Kong, M. H., Ahn, B. H., et al. (2009) · Korean Journal of Family Medicine · doi:10.4082/kjfm.2009.30.1.15 · Cited by 5
Effects of Attention and Levels of Processing on Explicit and Implicit Memory Function with Interesting and Uninteresting Tasks in University Students
mahdavian, A., & Kormi‐Nouri, R. (2008) · Journal of Applied Sciences · doi:10.3923/jas.2008.1055.1060 · Cited by 4
Impact of Chronic Training on Pituitary Hormone Secretion in the Human
Veldhuis, J. D., & Yoshida, K. (2013) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-62703-314-5_4 · Cited by 4
Self-citation
Intersubject responsiveness of high-affinity growth hormone (GH)-binding protein (GHBP) to long-term GH replacement therapy
de Vries, W. R., Koppeschaar, H. P. F., Bol, E., et al. (2000) · Journal of Endocrinological Investigation · doi:10.1007/bf03343754 · Cited by 4
GH-Deficient Men Are More Responsive to GH Replacement Therapy Than Women—Author’s Responsec
Burman, P., Johansson, A. G., Engström, B. E., et al. (1997) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.82.10.4288-3 · Cited by 4
Network-Like Facets of Neuroendocrine Aging in the Human: Specific Disruption of Feedback and Feedforward Linkages Within the Aging Somatotropic, Gonadotropic, and Corticotropic Axes in Men and Women
Veldhuis, J. D. (2000) · Rejuvenation Research · doi:10.1089/rej.1.2000.3.269 · Cited by 4
Self-citation
SOCS2 polymorphisms are not associated with clinical and biochemical phenotypes in acromegalic patients
Trarbach, E. B., Jorge, A. A. L., Duarte, F. H. G., et al. (2016) · Pituitary · doi:10.1007/s11102-016-0779-1 · Cited by 3
Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone
Hofman, P. L., & Pescovitz, O. H. (1999) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-59259-697-3_6 · Cited by 3
The gatekeepers of growth: The neural roles and regulation of growth hormone‐releasing hormone neurons
Jamieson, B. B. (2025) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1111/jne.70117 · Cited by 2
“30, 31 This sex difference appears to be mediated by oestrogen, as pulse amplitude rises across the menstrual cycle in parallel with increasing oestrogen levels 30 (Figure 1B).”
Self-Reported Loss of Consciousness After Head Trauma Does Not Predispose to Hypopituitarism in an Older Population
Rabelink, N. M., Peeters, G. M. E. E., van Schoor, N. M., Drent, M. L., & Lips, P. T. A. M. (2011) · Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/htr.0b013e31820367b3 · Cited by 1
“32 Cortisol (nmol/L)b 98 31 (20) 897 32 (23) −1.”
Role of Pulsatility in Hormonal Action
Murray‐McIntosh, R. P. (1998) · Comprehensive physiology · doi:10.1002/cphy.cp070119 · Cited by 1
Sex-Steroid Hormone Modulation of the Tripeptidyl Control of the Human Somatotropic Axis
Veldhuis, J. D., Evans, W. S., Anderson, S. M., & Bowers, C. Y. (2002) · Rejuvenation Research · doi:10.1089/109454502317629327 · Cited by 1
“Consequently, clinical studies of neuroendocrine regulation rely on serial measurements of plasma GH concentrations as a window to hypothal-amo-pituitary control 33–35 (Fig.”
Self-citation
Effects of Aging on Gonadotropin/Ovarian and Growth Hormone/Ovarian Relationships in Normal Women
Evans, W. S., Brill, K. T., & Veldhuis, J. D. (2004) · Principles of Gender-Specific Medicine · doi:10.1016/b978-012440905-7/50386-8
Self-citation
Growth Hormone and Gender Studies in Healthy Adults and in Patients with Growth Hormone Disorders
Engström, B. E. (2001)
Rapporto tra acromegalia e neoplasia: fantasia o realtà?
Terzolo, M., Reimondo, G., Daffara, F., Palmas, E., Zaggia, B., & Angeli, A. (2007) · L Endocrinologo · doi:10.1007/bf03344559
The Growth Hormone IGF-I Axis and Menopause
Rosen, C. J. (2000) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012453790-3/50019-6
Influence of Gonadal Function on GH Secretion
Lago, F., Peñalva, A., Carro, E., Señarís, R. M., POPOVIC, V. M., Pombo, M., Casanueva, F. F., & Diéguez, C. (1999) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-1546-2_24
Impact of Chronic Training on Pituitary Hormone Secretion in Humans
Veldhuis, J. D., & Yoshida, K. (2020) · Contemporary Endocrinology · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-33376-8_4
Self-citation
Impact of Chronic Training on Pituitary Hormone Secretion in the Human
Veldhuis, J. D., & Yoshida, K. (2000) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-59259-016-2_4
Self-citation
Somatotroph Adenomas
QUABBE, H.-J., & Plöckinger, U. (2001) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-59259-217-3_17
Role of Pulsatility in Hormonal Action
Murray‐McIntosh, R. P. (1997) · Comprehensive physiology · doi:10.1002/j.2040-4603.1997.tb01443.x
“…metabolic clearance rate of growth hormone in women; however, without measurements of volume distribution, growth hormone-binding protein (GHBP) concentration, and other potential influences on clearance, the high baseline of growth hormone cannot be attributed to a longer half-life in women (181).”

Authors: Veldhuis, J. D.
Affiliations: University of Virginia (US)
Corresponding author: Veldhuis, Johannes D
ORCID: Veldhuis, Johannes D
Venue: European Journal of Endocrinology
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published: 1996-03
Volume: 134
Issue: 3
Pages: 287-295
ISSN: 0804-4643 (ISSN-L)
1479-683X
DOI: 10.1530/eje.0.1340287
OpenAlex: W2136396730
Cited by: 102
References: 0
Citations by year: 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2020: 3 · 2018: 1 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 1 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 1
FWCI: 6.69
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: European Journal of Endocrinology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: California HIV/AIDS Research Program
National Institutes of Health (5k04hd000634-02, 5p30dk038942-05)
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (DK 38942)
National Center for Research Resources (RR 00847, M01RR000847)
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (1-K04-HD-00634)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Growth Hormone and Insulin-like Growth Factors
Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Pituitary Gland Disorders and Treatments
Keywords: sex differences, growth hormone, somatotropic axis, neuroendocrine regulation, puberty, gonadectomy, aging, menopause, sex steroids, hormone secretion
MeSH terms: Female, Humans, Kinetics, Male, Menstrual Cycle, Neurosecretory Systems, Pulsatile Flow, Sex Characteristics, Growth Hormone, Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone

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Gender differences in secretory activity of the human somatotropic (growth hormone) axis

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