The molecular population genetics of HIV-1 group O.
Abstract
HIV-1 group O originated through cross-species transmission of SIV from chimpanzees to humans and has established a relatively low prevalence in Central Africa. Here, we infer the population genetics and epidemic history of HIV-1 group O from viral gene sequence data and evaluate the effect of variable evolutionary rates and recombination on our estimates. First, model selection tools were used to specify suitable evolutionary and coalescent models for HIV group O. Second, divergence times and population genetic parameters were estimated in a Bayesian framework using Markov chain Monte Carlo sampling, under both strict and relaxed molecular clock methods. Our results date the origin of the group O radiation to around 1920 (1890–1940), a time frame similar to that estimated for HIV-1 group M. However, group O infections, which remain almost wholly restricted to Cameroon, show a slower rate of exponential growth during the twentieth century, explaining their lower current prevalence. To explore the effect of recombination, the Bayesian framework is extended to incorporate multiple unlinked loci. Although recombination can bias estimates of the time to the most recent common ancestor, this effect does not appear to be important for HIV-1 group O. In addition, we show that evolutionary rate estimates for different HIV genes accurately reflect differential selective constraints along the HIV genome.
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It is also straightforward to sample the rate from a parametric distribution obtained from a previous (independent) analysis.
“It is also straightforward to sample the rate from a parametric distribution obtained from a previous (independent) analysis [ 68, 69].”
From Relaxed Phylogenetics and Dating with Confidence (2006) · cites this paper as [68]
The passage indexed under Abstract (page unavailable) describes a normally distributed prior for the substitution rate and MCMC sampling of model parameters. It does not say that the rate distribution came from a previous independent analysis; the prior explicitly derived from an earlier analysis was for the TMRCA, not the rate. (LLM, conf=0.78)
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“. The tMRCA of HIV-1 group O was estimated to be 1920 (1890–1940)”
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BackgroundUse of phylogenetics in the molecular epidemiology and evolutionary studies of viral infections
Lam, T. T., Hon, C.-C., & Tang, J. W.-T. (2010) · Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences · doi:10.3109/10408361003633318 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
“A Bayesian multiple-gene coalescent approach was used to analyze the origins of the HIV-1 O group from chimpanzee SIV (as for HIV-1)(171) and its eventual appearance in humans; this was estimated to have occurred around 1920 (range 1890–1940).(78) By applying ML methods with tip-dating(172) and Bayesian(2) approaches…”
Methodde Sousa, J. D., Müller, V., Lemey, P., & Vandamme, A. (2010) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0009936 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
“…closest SIV 1853 (1799–1904) Wertheim & Worobey (2009) [31] Split from closest SIV 1876 (1847–1907) This study HIV-1 group O Group TMRCA 1920 (1890–1940) Lemey et al. (2004) [30] Group TMRCA 1905 (1866–1938) Wertheim & Worobey (2009) [31] Split from closest SIV 1741 (1606–1870) This study HIV-1…”
Self-citationHIV-1 Group P is unable to antagonize human tetherin by Vpu, Env or Nef
Sauter, D., Hué, S., Petit, S. J., et al. (2011) · Retrovirology · doi:10.1186/1742-4690-8-103 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
“thus similar to three zoonotic transmission events that led to the emergence of HIV-1 Groups M, O and N [27-29].”
BackgroundMethodNjouom, R., Nerrienet, E., Dubois, M., Lachenal, G., Rousset, D., Vessière, A., Ayouba, A., Pasquier, C., & Pouillot, R. (2006) · Infection Genetics and Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2006.10.003 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Impact of genetic diversity of HIV-1 on diagnosis, antiretroviral therapy & vaccine development.
Lal, R. B., Chakrabarti, S., & Yang, C. (2005) · PubMed · Cited by 63 · see citing works
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Phylodynamics of the HIV-1 CRF02_AG clade in Cameroon
Faria, N. R., Suchard, M. A., Abecasis, A. B., et al. (2011) · Infection Genetics and Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2011.04.028 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Self-citationMirand, A., Schuffenecker, I., Henquell, C., Billaud, G., Jugie, G., Falcon, D., Mahul, A., Archimbaud, C., Terletskaia‐Ladwig, E., Diedrich, S., et al. (2010) · Journal of General Virology · doi:10.1099/vir.0.021741-0 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“Consistent TMRCA estimates were obtained for EV-71 lineages, as reported earlier in population genetics studies of HIV-1 (Lemey et al., 2004; Tee et al., 2008).”
MethodResultHarrison, A., Lemey, P., Hurles, M. E., et al. (2011) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v3020083 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“[5,53]; the Bayesian model implementation is, however, similar to the ‘unlinked model’ of Lemey et al.”
ResultSelf-citationSimian retroviruses in African apes
Peeters, M., & Delaporte, É. (2012) · Clinical Microbiology and Infection · doi:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2012.03843.x · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“Molecular clock analyses estimated the date of the most recent common ancestor of HIV-1 M to be around 1908 (1884–1924), and the date for the origin of the HIV-1 O radiation to be around 1920 (1890–1940) [39–41].”
BackgroundGenomic Analysis of the Emergence, Evolution, and Spread of Human Respiratory RNA Viruses
Lam, T. T., Zhu, H., Guan, Y., & Holmes, E. C. (2016) · Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics · doi:10.1146/annurev-genom-083115-022628 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Reviewing the History of HIV-1: Spread of Subtype B in the Americas
Junqueira, D. M., de Medeiros, R. M., Matte, M. C. C., Araújo, L. A. L., Chies, J. A. B., Ashton‐Prolla, P., & Almeida, S. E. D. M. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0027489 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Phylogenetic perspectives on the epidemiology and origins of SARS and SARS-like coronaviruses
Yip, C. W., Hon, C.-C., Shī, M., Lam, T. T., Chow, K. Y. C., Zeng, F., & Leung, F. C.-C. (2009) · Infection Genetics and Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2009.09.015 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“Robust estimations on the theoretical onset of a viral epidemic provide evidence to testify the hypotheses on viral origins, e.g. AIDS pandemic (Korber et al., 2000; Lemey et al., 2003 Lemey et al., , 2004 Worobey et al., 2004) .”
BackgroundBailly, J., Mirand, A., Henquell, C., Archimbaud, C., Chambon, M., Regagnon, C., Charbonné, F., & Peigue‐Lafeuille, H. (2010) · Infection Genetics and Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2010.06.019 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Understanding the diversification of HIV-1 groups M and O
Archer, J. P., & Robertson, D. L. (2007) · AIDS · doi:10.1097/qad.0b013e32825eabd0 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“(the 1930s with some considerable error) based on comparable sequence divergence [14] and more detailed dating-analysis [15].”
BackgroundSelf-citationMolecular epidemiology, phylogeny and evolution of the filarial nematode Wuchereria bancrofti
Small, S. T., Tisch, D. J., & Zimmerman, P. A. (2014) · Infection Genetics and Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2014.08.018 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“[PubMed: 19562376] Stadler T, Kühnert D. Birth–death skyline plot reveals temporal changes of epidemic spread in HIV and hepatitis C virus (HCV).”
BackgroundInfluentialGerms, genomes and genealogies
WILSON, D., Falush, D., & McVean, G. (2004) · Trends in Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.tree.2004.10.009 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Poon, A. F. Y., McGovern, R. A., Mo, T., Knapp, D. J. H. F., BRENNER, B. G., Routy, J., Wainberg, M. A., & Harrigan, P. R. (2011) · AIDS · doi:10.1097/qad.0b013e32834b643c · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“[33] determined that”
Disease-causing human viruses: novelty and legacy
Forni, D., Cagliani, R., Clerici, M., & Sironi, M. (2022) · Trends in Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.tim.2022.07.002 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Estimating the Rate of Intersubtype Recombination in Early HIV-1 Group M Strains
Ward, M. J., Lycett, S., Kalish, M. L., et al. (2012) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.02478-12 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Two-Phase Emergence of Non Pandemic HIV-1 Group O in Cameroon
Leoz, M., Feyertag, F., Kfutwah, A. K. W., et al. (2015) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1005029 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Self-citationFirst evidence of transmission of an HIV-1 M/O intergroup recombinant virus
Tagnouokam‐Ngoupo, P. A., Sadeuh‐Mba, S. A., Oliveira, F. D., et al. (2015) · AIDS · doi:10.1097/qad.0000000000000880 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“Considering the stable prevalence of HIV-1/O in Cameroon during the last decade whereas group M has increased exponentially [18,26], recombination between the two virus groups could be a potential evolving mechanism that group O is using to efficiently spread in the population.”
BackgroundTebit, D. M., Lobritz, M. A., Lalonde, M. S., et al. (2010) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.00991-10 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Chronology and evolution of the HIV-1 subtype C epidemic in Ethiopia
Tully, D. C., & Wood, C. A. (2010) · AIDS · doi:10.1097/qad.0b013e32833999e1 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“Although unidentified intrasubtype recombination might increase the variance of dating estimates, it is unlikely to bias the dates in one direction or the other in an exponentially growing population [17].”
BackgroundStructural perspectives on HIV‐1 Vif and APOBEC3 restriction factor interactions
Azimi, F. C., & Lee, J. E. (2019) · Protein Science · doi:10.1002/pro.3729 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
How to Summarize Estimates of Ancestral Divergence Times
Morrison, D. A. (2008) · Evolutionary Bioinformatics · doi:10.4137/ebo.s545 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“…obvious for methods (such as those involving markov chain monte carlo, MCMC) that produce estimates based on probability distributions (see, for example, the distributions illustrated by Ballard and Whitlock, 2004; Lemey et al. 2004; Britton, 2005; Huelsenbeck and Ronquist, 2005; Mu et al. 2005).”
Impact of HIV‐1 genetic diversity in China on the measurement of viral load
Wang, Y., Song, A., Xu, S., et al. (2007) · Journal of Medical Virology · doi:10.1002/jmv.21048 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“Phylogenetic analyses of HIV sequences from around the world have revealed three genetic groups, designated themajor (M), outer (O), and new (N) groups [Sharp et al., 2000; Lemey et al., 2004; Roques et al., 2004].”
Molecular Epidemiology of HIV Type 1 CRF02_AG in Cameroon and African Patients Living in Italy
Véras, N. M. C., Santoro, M. M., Gray, R. R., et al. (2011) · AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses · doi:10.1089/aid.2010.0333 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“The analyses were performed with the same nucleotide substitution model and coalescent prior described in the previous section assuming a strict or a relaxed molecular clock.(42) Separate analyses were performed using either the root height of the tree or uniform root height, setting up the lower and upper values to 1…”
Evolutionary Dynamics of Human Retroviruses Investigated Through Full-Genome Scanning
Lemey, P. (2005) · Molecular Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/molbev/msi078 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“For the partitioned genome, we compared a model that assumes a single phylogeny for each locus (linked) with a recently developed multilocus model that accommodates an independent genealogical history for each locus while sharing the same demographic history (unlinked) (Lemey et al. 2004).”
Self-citationDiagnostic spécifique et prise en charge des infections par un VIH-1 groupe O : données de RES-O
Depatureaux, A., Léoz, M., Oliveira, F. D., et al. (2010) · Médecine et Maladies Infectieuses · doi:10.1016/j.medmal.2010.04.011 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Phylogenetic Analysis of HIV-1 Genomes Based on the Position-Weighted K-mers Method
Ma, Y., Yu, Z., Tang, R., et al. (2020) · Entropy · doi:10.3390/e22020255 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“HIV-1 viruses are known to originate from the Simian Immunodeficiency Viruses (SIVs) found in central and eastern African chimpanzees, which form the most common pathogenic strain of HIV viruses and have a high mortality rate [2].”
BackgroundPeeters, M., Chaix, M., & Delaporte, É. (2008) · médecine/sciences · doi:10.1051/medsci/20082467621 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Zhou, X., Chan, P. K. S., Tam, J. S. L., et al. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0024889 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Petit, S. J., Blondeau, C., & Towers, G. J. (2011) · Journal of General Virology · doi:10.1099/vir.0.035931-0 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“However, the lower number of O group infections cannot be explained by a more recent zoonosis as compared to M group (Lemey et al., 2004).”
ResultMale Circumcision and the Epidemic Emergence of HIV-2 in West Africa
de Sousa, J. D., Temudo, M. P., Hewlett, B. S., et al. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0166805 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citationEnhanced Heterosexual Transmission Hypothesis for the Origin of Pandemic HIV-1
de Sousa, J. D., Álvarez, C., Vandamme, A., & Müller, V. (2012) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v4101950 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“In contrast, the tMRCAs of all four main epidemic HIV groups (HIV-1 groups M and O and HIV-2 groups A and B) appear to be all very recent and nearly simultaneous in the early 20th century [6,25–31].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationRistic, N., Zukurov, J. P. L., Alkmim, W., et al. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0017485 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“. To test the possible effects of recombination on the current analysis, we employed an unlinked multilocus model in BEAST, which allows independent coalescent pathways for different gene loci”
MethodWróbel, B. (2006) · Molecular Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/molbev/msk012 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“…Rambaut 2005), has been applied successfully in the analysis of rapidly evolving populations (sensu Drummond et al. 2003) of different viruses (Pybus et al. 2003; Lemey et al. 2004; Lemey et al. 2005c; Williamson et al. 2005) and metazoans (Ritchie et al. 2004; Shapiro et al. 2004; Ho et al. 2005).”
Wang, T., Yu, Z., & Li, J. (2024) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2024.1339156 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a single-stranded RNA virus that can be divided into two types, HIV-1 and HIV-2.”
BackgroundInfluentialGenetic Diversity and Molecular Epidemiology of HIV Transmission
Castro‐Nallar, E., Crandall, K. A., & Pérez‐Losada, M. (2012) · Future Virology · doi:10.2217/fvl.12.4 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Similarly, HIV-1 TMRCA estimates were as follows: 1894–1931 for group M, 1932–1966 for group N and 1914–1925 for group O [13,76,78].”
BackgroundThe Epidemic Emergence of HIV: What Novel Enabling Factors Were Involved?
de Sousa, J. D., Müller, V., & Vandamme, A. (2017) · Future Virology · doi:10.2217/fvl-2017-0042 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationA rare null allele potentially encoding a dominant-negative TRIM5α protein in Baka pygmies
Torimiro, J. N. E., Javanbakht, H., Diaz‐Griffero, F., Kim, J., Carr, J. K., Carrington, M. N., Sawitzke, J., Burke, D. S., WOLFE, N. D., Dean, M. C., et al. (2009) · Virology · doi:10.1016/j.virol.2009.05.038 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Human immunodeficiency virus vaccines
Girard, M. P., & Koff, W. C. (2008) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4160-3611-1.50054-4 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Yebra, G., Kalish, M. L., & Brown, A. (2016) · Infection Genetics and Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2016.03.038 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Comparative Microbial Genomics and Forensics
Massey, S. E. (2016) · Microbiology Spectrum · doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.emf-0001-2013 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“It is possible to say with reasonable certainty that the zoonosis (host jump) of HIV-1 groups M and O occurred from approximately 1890 to 1941 (41, 42), while HIV-2 emerged from its SIV predecessor in approximately 1940 (43).”
BackgroundBrtolo, I., & Taveira, N. (2012) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/34131 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Elsewhere in the world, group O viruses have been identified mainly from people with epidemiological links to the referred Central African countries (Lemey et al., 2004).”
BackgroundRaghavan, S., Shadabi, E., & Luo, M. (2012) · Advances in Virology · doi:10.1155/2012/508967 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Site-Specific Evolutionary Rate Shifts in HIV-1 and SIV
Gelbart, M., & Stern, A. (2020) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v12111312 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Phylogenetic analyses date the most common recent ancestors of HIV groups M and O to the beginning of the 20th century, making it a relatively new human pathogen [6,7].”
BackgroundAre All HIV Type 1 Strains Created Equal?
Campbell, T. (2006) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/499962 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“This inequality in the global distribution of HIV-1 groups suggests that there are intergroup biological differences [5], a hypothesis that is supported by the observation of differences in group O and M virus replication fitness and inherent drug susceptibility [6].”
ResultTebit, D. M., Nickel, G. C., Gibson, R. M., et al. (2024) · EBioMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104965 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“…in humans following in-troductions from the gorilla and/or chimpanzees; jumps dated to sometime in the 1920s for group O and 1960s for N. 21,37,82 As such, convention for SIV/HIV classi fi cation has been unstable due to continuous transitions between related apes, changing phylogenetic classi…”
Breyta, R. B., Atkinson, S. D., & Bartholomew, J. L. (2019) · Infection Genetics and Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2019.104081 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Origin and Evolution of Human Immunodeficiency Viruses
Joy, J. B., Liang, R. H., Nguyen, T. T., McCloskey, R. M., & Poon, A. F. Y. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-2410-3_23 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Human Immunodeficiency Viruses: Origin☆
Ayouba, A., Heuverswyn, F. V., & Peeters, M. (2014) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-801238-3.02597-6 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Contrasting Patterns in the Early Stage of SARS-CoV-2 Evolution between Humans and Minks
Tai, J., Sun, H.-Y., Tseng, Y.-C., Li, G., Chang, S., Yeh, S., Chen, P., Chaw, S., & Wang, H. (2022) · Molecular Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/molbev/msac156 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“O epidemics occurred at the beginning of the 20th century (Korber et al. 2000; Lemey et al. 2004; Worobey et al. 2004).”
BackgroundShort Communication: HIV-1 Subtype B in the Dominican Republic: Evolution and Molecular Epidemiology
López, P. L., Rivera‐Amill, V., Paulino-Ramírez, R., et al. (2015) · AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses · doi:10.1089/aid.2014.0304 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“the effect of the evolutionary models was limited.(32) Our analysis of phylogeographic data demonstrates that the introduction of HIV-1B into the DR dates back to the early 1960s (Table 2)—only a few years earlier than the mean estimated onset date of the spread of HIV-1B in the United States (1968; CI: 1967–1971)(7).”
Les variants des groupes N, O et P du virus de l’immunodéficience humaine de type 1
Vessière, A., Simon, F., & Plantier, J. (2010) · Virologie · doi:10.1684/vir.2010.0318 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“D’après ces calculs, l’échelle de temps de l’évolution des VIH-O serait similaire à celle des VIH-M, avec cependant un taux de croissance de la population virale plus faible au cours du XX siècle expliquant en partie la moindre diffusion des souches VIH-O [20].”
BackgroundThe Origins and Diversification of HIV
Worobey, M. (2008) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4160-2882-6.50006-x · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationThe origins and diversification of HIV
Worobey, M., & Han, G. (2012) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4557-0695-2.00002-x · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationEvolution, Distribution, and Diversity of Immunodeficiency Viruses
Vemuri, H. S., Challa, S., & Neelapu, N. R. R. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-15-1045-8_13 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Human immunodeficiency virus vaccines
Girard, M. P., & Koff, W. C. (2013) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4557-0090-5.00054-9 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
O’Hara, P. A. (2022) · Springer texts in business and economics · doi:10.1007/978-981-19-4158-0_11 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Ghafari, M., Peter Simmonds, K., & Katzourakis, A. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.06.28.546833 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“…signal present in the data by conducting a genome-wide estimation of the tMRCA for these HIV clades and found that the results were comparable to existing estimates of the origins of HIV-1 groups M and O in the late nineteenth century [29,30] and of HIV-2 groups A and B in the 1940s [22] (see”
Clock rates and Bayesian evaluation of temporal signal
Gharbi, N., Rousseau, E., & Wirth, T. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-99886-4.00009-0 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Fokam, J., Chenwi, C. A., Takou, D., et al. (2025) · Journal of Molecular Diagnostics · doi:10.1016/j.jmoldx.2025.10.008 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Plantier, J., & Simon, F. (2011) · Journal des Anti-infectieux · doi:10.1016/j.antinf.2011.03.009 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Lang, D. M. (2007) · Virus Genes · doi:10.1007/s11262-007-0128-6 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
- Authors
- Lemey, P., Pybus, O. G., Rambaut, A., Drummond, A. J., Robertson, D. L., Roques, P., Worobey, M., & Vandamme, A.-M.
- Affiliations
- Rega Institute for Medical Research (BE)
- University of Oxford (GB)
- University of Manchester (GB)
- Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (FR)
- University of Arizona (US)
- Corresponding author
- Lemey, Philippe
- ORCID
- Venue
- Genetics
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2004-07-01
- Volume
- 167
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 1059-1068
- ISSN
- 0016-6731 (ISSN-L)
- 1943-2631
- OpenAlex
- W2126531452
- Semantic Scholar
- 682fa694800ad452e322005e8e2c4c569b5c151d
- Cited by
- 131
- References
- 59
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 1.96
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model (vor)
- Locations
- Genetics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (publishedVersion)
- ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Virology › HIV Research and Treatment
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Evolution and Genetic Dynamics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › HIV/AIDS Research and Interventions
- Keywords
- HIV-1 group O, chimpanzees, epidemic history, divergence time estimation, molecular clock, relaxed molecular clock, recombination, population genetic parameters, exponential growth, selective constraint, HIV-1 group M, Cameroon
- MeSH terms
- Bayes Theorem, Cameroon, Genetics, Population, Humans, Models, Genetic, Phylogeny, Recombination, Genetic, Species Specificity, Viral Proteins, HIV-1, Likelihood Functions, Genome, Viral, Evolution, Molecular
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