The DOI matches its Crossref record; 49 of the 51 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Multiple Views of Participatory Design
Open accessAbstract
Professor Henry Sanoff is an internationally respected scholar who has been studying, publishing, and working with participatory design for more than forty years.His books and articles appear in several languages, and he has taught and served as a consultant all over the world.This article discusses the historical background of participatory design, its role in a democracy and in building community, and the different types of participation.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Traditionally, supporting mutual understanding between different stakeholders has been one of the key missions of participatory processes (Sanoff, 2011).”
From Designing learning technology collaboratively: analysis of a chatbot co-design (2023) · cites this paper as Sanoff, 2011
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
de Tocqueville, A., Mansfield, H. C., & Winthrop, D. (2000) · Princeton University Press eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118011690.ch12 · Cited by 6,287
(2008) · Sage eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781412953948.n339 · Cited by 3,237
Terms of empowerment/exemplars of prevention: Toward a theory for community psychology
Rappaport, J. (1987) · American Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1007/bf00919275 · Cited by 2,679
Building Communities from the Inside Out: A Path Toward Finding and Mobilizing a Community's Assets
Kretzman, J. P., & McKnight, J. (1993) · Cited by 2,146
Theory Z: How American Business Can Meet the Japanese Challenge
Chung, K. H., & Ouchi, W. G. (1982) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.2307/257316 · Cited by 1,696
Public deliberation: pluralism, complexity, and democracy
(1997) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.34-5341 · Cited by 1,544
ADVOCACY AND PLURALISM IN PLANNING
Davidoff, P. (1965) · Journal of the American Institute of Planners · doi:10.1080/01944366508978187 · Cited by 1,471
Finding Common Ground: The Importance of Place Attachment to Community Participation and Planning
Manzo, L. C., & Perkins, D. D. (2006) · Journal of Planning Literature · doi:10.1177/0885412205286160 · Cited by 1,354
Theory Z: How American business can meet the Japanese challenge
Ouchi, W. G. (1981) · Business Horizons · doi:10.1016/0007-6813(81)90031-8 · Cited by 1,216
(2005) · Texas ScholarWorks (Texas Digital Library) · Cited by 1,064
Flagged first, then by citations
2 of the 51 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Casrson, L. 2003. Building Sustainable Democracies. Paper presented at "Now We Are People Conference", University of Technology, Sydney, Australia.
- Rosener, J. 1978. Matching Method to Purpose: The Challenges of Planning Citizen Participation Activities. In S. Langton (ed.) Citizen Participation in America. New York: Lexington Books, New York.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The Impact of Green Space on Violent Crime in Urban Environments: An Evidence Synthesis
Shepley, M. M., Sachs, N. A., Sadatsafavi, H., Fournier, C., & Peditto, K. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16245119 · Cited by 205
Stakeholders’ Expectations in Urban Renewal Projects in China: A Key Step towards Sustainability
Zhuang, T., Qian, Q. K., Visscher, H. J., & Elsinga, M. G. (2017) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su9091640 · Cited by 103
An introduction to radical participatory design: decolonising participatory design processes
Udoewa, V. (2022) · Design Science · doi:10.1017/dsj.2022.24 · Cited by 77
“Specifically, in western design practices of design, technology, and innovation companies, PD processes have increasingly become popular in the late twentieth century to today (Sanoff 2011; Hartson & Pyla 2012; Hess & Pipek 2012).”
BackgroundHow Do I matter? A Review of the Participatory Design Practice with Less Privileged Participants
Galleguillos, M. L. R., & Coşkun, A. (2020) · Participatory Design Conference · doi:10.1145/3385010.3385018 · Cited by 53
Designing learning technology collaboratively: analysis of a chatbot co-design
Durall Gazulla, E., Martins, L., & Fernández-Ferrer, M. (2023) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-022-11162-w · Cited by 46
Social Innovation in the Built Environment: The Challenges Presented by the Politics of Space
Horgan, D., & Dimitrijević, B. (2020) · Urban Science · doi:10.3390/urbansci5010001 · Cited by 42
Haraldseid-Driftland, C., Friberg, F., & Aase, K. (2016) · BMC Nursing · doi:10.1186/s12912-016-0125-y · Cited by 44
Unearthing the political: differences, conflicts and power in participatory urban design
Calderón, C. (2019) · Journal of Urban Design · doi:10.1080/13574809.2019.1677146 · Cited by 35
Construção de capital social através do placemaking
Kelkar, N. P., & Spinelli, G. (2016) · Strategic Design Research Journal · doi:10.4013/sdrj.2016.92.01 · Cited by 35
Design multiple: How different configurations of participation matter in design practice
Fischer, B., Östlund, B., & Peine, A. (2021) · Design Studies · doi:10.1016/j.destud.2021.101016 · Cited by 31
Circular and Flexible Infill Concepts: Integration of the Residential User Perspective
Geldermans, B., Tenpierik, M., & Luscuere, P. G. (2019) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su11010261 · Cited by 32
Developmental needs of workplace design practices
Lahtinen, M., Ruohomäki, V., Haapakangas, A., & Reijula, K. E. (2015) · Intelligent Buildings International · doi:10.1080/17508975.2014.1001315 · Cited by 34
Processes for Just Products: The Capability Space of Participatory Design
Frediani, A. A., & Boano, C. (2012) · Philosophy of engineering and technology · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-3879-9_12 · Cited by 30
Towards a Revised Framework for Participatory Planning in the Context of Risk
Rizzi, P., & Porębska, A. (2020) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su12145539 · Cited by 29
Lean design improves both health-care facilities and processes: a literature review
Reijula, J., Nevala, N., Lahtinen, M., Ruohomäki, V., & Reijula, K. E. (2014) · Intelligent Buildings International · doi:10.1080/17508975.2014.901904 · Cited by 29
Ryu, H., Lee, J. S., & Lee, S.-Y. (2017) · Journal of Urban Planning and Development · doi:10.1061/(asce)up.1943-5444.0000416 · Cited by 28
Kantsperger, M., Thees, H., & Eckert, C. (2019) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su11246947 · Cited by 26
MacKrill, J. B., Marshall, P., Payne, S. R., Dimitrokali, E., & Cain, R. L. (2016) · Applied Ergonomics · doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2016.08.005 · Cited by 24
Le design au service de l’expérience patient
Côté, V., Bélanger, L., & Gagnon, C. (2017) · Sciences du Design · doi:10.3917/sdd.006.0054 · Cited by 24
Designing Media Provenance Indicators to Combat Fake Media
Sherman, I. N., Stokes, J., & Redmiles, E. M. (2021) · International Symposium on Recent Advances in Intrusion Detection · doi:10.1145/3471621.3471860 · Cited by 23
Laugaland, K. A., Gonzalez, M. T., McCormack, B. G., Skovdahl, K., Slettebø, Å., Billett, S. R., & Akerjordet, K. (2020) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-040491 · Cited by 20
Changing the Focus: Viewing Design-Led Events within Collaborative Planning
AlWaer, H., & Cooper, I. (2020) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su12083365 · Cited by 20
Participatory Stakeholder Engagement in Design Studio Education
Dhadphale, T., & Wicks, B. (2022) · International Journal of Art & Design Education · doi:10.1111/jade.12427 · Cited by 19
Participatory Design revisited: framings, key features, and its boundary with co-design
Yu, J. (2025) · CoDesign · doi:10.1080/15710882.2025.2573020 · Cited by 18
Hadlos, A. (2021) · International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction · doi:10.1016/j.ijdrr.2021.102490 · Cited by 18
Community Engagement in Crime Reduction Strategies: A Tale of Three Cities
Nubani, L., Fierke-Gmazel, H., Madill, H., & Biasi, A. D. (2023) · Journal of Participatory Research Methods · doi:10.35844/001c.57526 · Cited by 18
Current management of odontoid fractures
Jaiswal, A. K., Sharma, M. S., Behari, S., Lyngdoh, B. T., Jain, S., & Jain, V. K. (2005) · Indian Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1016/s0973-0508(05)80003-6 · Cited by 18
Knowledge spaces in architecture and urbanism – a preliminary five-year chronicle
Salama, A. M. (2022) · International Journal of Architectural Research Archnet-IJAR · doi:10.1108/arch-12-2021-0360 · Cited by 17
Young carers as co-designers of a web-based support system – the views of two publics
Elf, M., Rystedt, H., Lundin, J., & Krevers, B. (2012) · Informatics for Health and Social Care · doi:10.3109/17538157.2012.678450 · Cited by 16
Coding Engines in Participatory Social Housing Design—A Case to Revisit Pattern Languages
Bukovszki, V., Dóci, G., & Reith, A. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su13063367 · Cited by 14
Design-led events in collaborative planning: improving post-event planning and delivery
AlWaer, H., Rintoul, S., & Cooper, I. (2021) · International Journal of Architectural Research Archnet-IJAR · doi:10.1108/arch-03-2021-0057 · Cited by 14
AlWaer, H., Rintoul, S., & Cooper, I. (2021) · International Journal of Architectural Research Archnet-IJAR · doi:10.1108/arch-10-2020-0246 · Cited by 14
Cohousing design guidelines for better social integration in the United Arab Emirates
Yahia, M. W., Mushtaha, E. S. N., Yassin, S. A., AlFoudari, K. A., Atoum, Y. A., Opoku, A., Dirar, S., & Maksoud, A. M. (2023) · Frontiers in Built Environment · doi:10.3389/fbuil.2023.1155179 · Cited by 8
Salvem el Cabanyal: Urban movements and their claim for the “Right to the City”
Eslava, L. N. (2014) · VLC arquitectura Research Journal · doi:10.4995/vlc.2014.2813 · Cited by 8
Materials sovereignty: Pathways for shaping nanotechnology design
Kokai, A., & Iles, A. (2020) · Elementa Science of the Anthropocene · doi:10.1525/elementa.410 · Cited by 8
Grosjean, S. (2022) · Approches Théoriques en Information-Communication (ATIC) · doi:10.3917/atic.004.0103 · Cited by 9
Tavy, Z. K. C. T., van Bochove, M. E., Dikken, J., von Faber, M., Rusinovic, K. M., van der Pas, S., & van Hoof, J. (2022) · Buildings · doi:10.3390/buildings12030367 · Cited by 8
Future newspapers as a participatory design tool for Chinese rural service innovation
Lin, Z., & Wu, Y. (2024) · The Design Journal · doi:10.1080/14606925.2023.2292903 · Cited by 7
Citizen science projects in the context of participatory approaches: The case of Izmir
Özden, P., & Velibeyoğlu, K. (2023) · Journal of Design for Resilience in Architecture and Planning · doi:10.47818/drarch.2023.v4i1081 · Cited by 7
Costanza‐Chock, S. (2023) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192889898.003.0021 · Cited by 6
Collaboration in architectural design studio pedagogy: a literature review
Joseph, A. E., Kroll, D., Srivastava, A., Sharifi, E., & Datey, A. (2025) · CoDesign · doi:10.1080/15710882.2025.2546426 · Cited by 6
Connecting citizens through participatory design activities: Lessons from Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Mariotti, J., McGrath, T., Kwasny, J., Cox, S. F., Alengaram, U. J., Darvish, P. H., & Soutsos, M. N. (2023) · The Design Journal · doi:10.1080/14606925.2023.2201490 · Cited by 6
Facetas de la co-creación urbana
Sève, B., Domínguez, E. R., & Sega, R. (2023) · ACE Arquitectura Ciudad y Entorno · doi:10.5821/ace.17.51.11694 · Cited by 6
Land, Letṧema and Leola: Digital Transformation on a Rural Community’s Own Terms
Magoro, K. D., & Bidwell, N. J. (2022) · IFIP advances in information and communication technology · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-12825-7_4 · Cited by 6
Designing Multigenerational Dwelling: A Workshop with Four Flemish Architecture Firms
Gerards, S., Ridder, R. D., & BLEECKERE, S. D. (2015) · International Journal of Architectural Research Archnet-IJAR · doi:10.26687/archnet-ijar.v9i2.658 · Cited by 6
Al-Harithy, H., & Yassine, B. (2023) · Land · doi:10.3390/land12071400 · Cited by 5
Raposo, I., Crespo, J. L., & Lages, J. P. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-53477-0_11 · Cited by 5
GENDER MAINSTREAMING AS A KNOWLEDGE COMPONENT OF URBAN PROJECT MANAGEMENT
Fesenko, T. (2017) · Bulletin of NTU KhPI Series Strategic Management Portfolio Program and Project Management · doi:10.20998/2413-3000.2017.1225.4 · Cited by 5
Design for Resilience: Mapping the needs of Brazilian communities to tackle COVID-19 challenges
Braga, M. F., Filho, E. R., Mendonça, R. M. L. O., de Oliveira, L. G. R., & Pereira, H. G. G. (2020) · Strategic Design Research Journal · doi:10.4013/sdrj.2020.133.07 · Cited by 5
Aspects of Designing Inclusively from Practitioner Perspectives
Lamirande, M. (2022) · Architecture · doi:10.3390/architecture2030028 · Cited by 5
Toward an Architecture of Dissensus: Participatory Urbanism in South-East Asia
Boano, C., & Kelling, E. (2013) · FOOTPRINT · doi:10.59490/footprint.7.2.769 · Cited by 5
New Zealand learning environments: The role of design and the design process
Alsaif, F. (2014) · doi:10.26686/wgtn.17009513.v1 · Cited by 5
Caruso, C. (2011) · Carleton University's Institutional Repository (MacOdrum Library, Carleton University) · doi:10.22215/etd/2011-07276 · Cited by 5
Candeloro, G., Mastrolonardo, L., Angrilli, M., Crociata, A., & Sacco, P. L. (2024) · Frontiers in Built Environment · doi:10.3389/fbuil.2024.1446919 · Cited by 4
Co-design for staff professional learning within universities: a case study
Kelly, N., Brophy, C., Scharoun, L., Finger, M., & Meth, D. (2023) · Journal of Applied Research in Higher Education · doi:10.1108/jarhe-12-2022-0381 · Cited by 4
Co-Learning Scenarios with the Community: Democratic Practices In and Out of the Design Studio
Merter, S. (2024) · Temes de disseny · doi:10.46467/tdd40.2024.74-91 · Cited by 4
Jhun, N. K., Shari, Z., & Hassan, M. M. (2025) · International Journal of Urban Sustainable Development · doi:10.1080/19463138.2025.2455618 · Cited by 4
Design Probes in a Pandemic: Two Tales of Hybrid Radical Placemaking from Ireland and Australia
Slingerland, G., Gonsalves, K., & Murray, M. (2022) · Australian Conference on Human-Computer Interaction (OzCHI) · doi:10.1145/3572921.3572931 · Cited by 4
Housing customization: envisioning an interface to support co-design processes
Raposo, M., Eloy, S., & Dias, M. S. (2024) · International Journal of Architectural Research Archnet-IJAR · doi:10.1108/arch-04-2024-0144 · Cited by 4
Melichová, K., & Hrivnák, M. (2025) · Urban Planning · doi:10.17645/up.9133 · Cited by 4
Planning Connected: Using Online Social Networks to Improve Knowledge about Places and Communities
Ray, A. P. (2011) · doi:10.15368/theses.2011.136 · Cited by 4
Knecht, K., Stefanescu, D. A., & Koenig, R. (2019) · eCAADe proceedings · doi:10.52842/conf.ecaade.2019.1.785 · Cited by 3
Unlocking design potential: Design with people diagnosed with schizophrenia
Lindberg, S., Jormfeldt, H., & Bergquist, M. (2017) · Informatics for Health and Social Care · doi:10.1080/17538157.2017.1363762 · Cited by 3
Eloy, S., Raposo, M., Costa, F., & Vermaas, P. E. (2021) · Advances in Science, Technology & Innovation/Advances in science, technology & innovation · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-57509-0_9 · Cited by 3
(Re)viver as roças: reabilitação participada das roças de São Tomé e Príncipe
Vicente, M. A. G. (2016) · Seminario Internacional de Investigación en Urbanismo (SIIU) · doi:10.5821/siiu.6290 · Cited by 2
TERLEMEZ, A. K. (2017) · The Turkish Online Journal of Design Art and Communication · doi:10.7456/10801100/014 · Cited by 2
Ruiqi, D. (2019) · Athens Journal of Architecture · doi:10.30958/aja.6-1-4 · Cited by 2
Evaluation of Variables Constituting Urban Consciousness in Ankara by Factor Analysis
Alkan, L. (2020) · Journal of Planning · doi:10.14744/planlama.2020.88942 · Cited by 2
Securing Healthy Circular Material Flows In The Built Environment
Geldermans, B. (2020) · Architecture and the Built Environment · doi:10.59490/abe.2020.06.5038 · Cited by 3
Rethinking Design Through (Re)Investigating Participatory Design
Alkhalaf, M. N. A. (2022) · Advances in media, entertainment and the arts (AMEA) book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-6684-6376-5.ch010 · Cited by 2
Challenges And Opportunities In Participatory Urban Design: Highlights From The Turkish Cases
ARSLAN, Ö., & Erol, N. K. (2023) · METU Journal of the Faculty of Architecture · doi:10.4305/metu.jfa.2023.2.8 · Cited by 2
Enhancing Participatory Design Through Blockchain
Whelan, B. (2024) · Preservation Digital Technology & Culture · doi:10.1515/pdtc-2024-0005 · Cited by 2
Cui, Y., Gjerde, M., & Marques, B. (2024) · Land · doi:10.3390/land13091412 · Cited by 2
An investigation of user participation in the architectural design process in Palestine
Saleh, A., Rafi, A., Woods, P., Senan, Z. B., & Marei, K. (2011) · IEEE Student Conference on Research and Development (SCOReD) · doi:10.1109/scored.2011.6148787 · Cited by 2
Social Climate and Classroom Adaptations for Blended Learning Practices
Sarmento, T. S., Gomes, A. S., & Moreira, F. (2020) · Journal of Information Technology Research · doi:10.4018/jitr.2020070101 · Cited by 3
Ang, S., Ramadevi, N., & Nawawi, N. M. (2021) · Environmental science and engineering · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-61891-9_2 · Cited by 2
Vermaas, P. E., & Eloy, S. (2021) · Philosophy of engineering and technology · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-52313-8_12 · Cited by 2
Towards a More Inclusive and Engaging Virtual Reality Framework for Social Learning Spaces
Scavarelli, A. (2023) · doi:10.22215/etd/2023-15708 · Cited by 2
Thinking tools for moving across boundaries
Perrault, S. T., Verba, S., Ahmed, S., Dudani, P., & Kato, Y. (2015) · ACM International Conference on Design of Communication (SIGDOC) · doi:10.1145/2775441.2775485 · Cited by 1
Karimi, H., Adibhesami, M. A., Ghasemi, M., Doost, P. B., Pajani, F., & Riahi, M. (2024) · Urban sustainability · doi:10.1007/978-981-96-1116-4_8 · Cited by 1
Designing to elicit future affective potential: Café 2057
Makinde, O., Spackman, C., Rodriguez, A. R., Kuznetsov, S., & Wharton, C. M. (2025) · Futures · doi:10.1016/j.futures.2025.103684 · Cited by 1
Co-designing wearables: The importance of enabling a lack of consensus within the design process
Ankeny, U. (2026) · The Design Journal · doi:10.1080/14606925.2026.2684710 · Cited by 1
Watchorn, V., Frawley, P., Tucker, R., & Hitch, D. (2026) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09638288.2026.2723366 · Cited by 1
ANALYSIS BASED EVOLUTIONARY DESIGN: SURFACE CLEANING DEVICE EXAMPLE
Keçel, S., & Toğay, A. (2017) · The Turkish Online Journal of Design Art and Communication · doi:10.7456/10702100/002 · Cited by 1
Teach Design to Surgical Trainees: One Small Step for Surgeons, One Giant Leap for Surgery
Sathe, T. S., Relles, D. M., Ho, D., & Lee, H. (2023) · Journal of surgical education · doi:10.1016/j.jsurg.2023.09.012 · Cited by 1
Integrating Service-Learning Earlier in Architectural Curriculums through Engaged Design
Newton, D. (2022) · Association of Collegiate Schools of Architecture Annual Meeting (ACSA) · doi:10.35483/acsa.am.110.64 · Cited by 1
Reflection and Practice of Design in Sustainable Community Building
Meng, Y., & Huang, L. (2024) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-76803-3_8 · Cited by 1
Scott, J., Magan, I. M., & Benson, O. G. (2025) · Journal of Community Practice · doi:10.1080/10705422.2025.2606179 · Cited by 1
Empowering design practices: exploring relations between architecture, faith, society and community
Alexiou, K., Zamenopoulos, T., Hale, V., West, S., & de Sousa, S. (2020) · Open Arts Journal · doi:10.5456/issn.2050-3679/2020w05 · Cited by 1
Design Thinking for Computer-Aided Co-Design in Architecture and Urban Design
Chowdhury, S. (2021) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.98938 · Cited by 1
Grigoriev, M. (2013) · doi:10.22215/etd/2013-10043 · Cited by 1
Algoritimos participativos: uma ferramenta computacional de produtividade
Backheuser, L. A. F. (2020) · doi:10.11606/t.16.2020.tde-29032021-011814 · Cited by 1
Development of the User Interface
(2019) · Advances in civil and industrial engineering book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-8958-7.ch006 · Cited by 1
O usuário e o processo de projeto: co-design em edifícios de saúde
Caixeta, M. C. B. F. (2016) · doi:10.11606/t.102.2016.tde-23032016-121907
Karslı, U. T. (2020) · Advances in human resources management and organizational development book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-4159-3.ch007
Community Participation in Self-Developed Areas and Development ProjectsPreprint
Amer, N. (2017) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3163303
Karslı, U. T. (2022) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-6684-4503-7.ch007
Metadata
- Authors
- Sanoff, H.
- Affiliations
- North Carolina State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Sanoff, Henry
- ORCID
- Sanoff, Henry
- Venue
- Focus
- Publisher
- Robert E. Kennedy Library, Cal Poly
- Published
- 2011-04-01
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 1
- ISSN
- 1549-3776 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2096124464
- Cited by
- 122
- References
- 51
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 8 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 9.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Focus The Journal of Planning Practice and Education (publishedVersion)
- DigitalCommons - CalPoly (California State Polytechnic University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Management of Technology and Innovation › Innovative Approaches in Technology and Social Development
- Social Sciences › Geography, Planning and Development › Local Governance and Planning
- Social Sciences › Urban Studies › Collaborative and Sustainable Housing Initiatives
- Keywords
- participatory design, democracy, community building, types of participation, community planning
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review