Structural design process for estimating cross-laminated timber use factors for buildings
Open accessAbstract
Cross-laminated timber (CLT) construction has received significant attention for potential North American markets; however, few claims have been substantiated with structural design details that assess the amount of CLT to be used in various classifications of buildings. This article presents a design process used for the development of archetype buildings to estimate the potential CLT demand. Three types of structural systems were identified: platform construction, rocking walls with a separate gravity system, and hybrid construction consisting of reinforced concrete elevator cores and rocking walls. Platform construction was used for buildings 1 to 6 stories in height, the rocking wall system was used for buildings 6 to 12 stories in height, and the hybrid structural system was used for buildings 12 to 18 stories in height. The assumptions and design process for each of these archetypes are presented in this paper. Based on the structural analyses, CLT use factors were developed for predicting market demand as well as cost estimation of CLT building projects.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Wood handbook: wood as an engineering material
Ross, R. (2010) · doi:10.2737/fpl-gtr-190 · Cited by 2,596 · see citing works
Pampanin, S., Priestley, M. J. N., & Sritharan, S. (2001) · Journal of Earthquake Engineering · doi:10.1080/13632460109350397 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
Robertson, A., Lam, F., & Cole, R. (2012) · Buildings · doi:10.3390/buildings2030245 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Experimental Investigation of Self-Centering Cross-Laminated Timber Walls
Ganey, R., Berman, J. W., Akbaş, T., Loftus, S., Dolan, J. D., Sause, R., Ricles, J. M., Pei, S., van de Lindt, J., & Blomgren, H.-E. (2017) · Journal of Structural Engineering · doi:10.1061/(asce)st.1943-541x.0001877 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Self-citationMallo, M. F. L., & Espinoza, O. (2015) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.01.090 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Full-Scale Tests and Numerical Analysis of Low-Rise CLT Structures under Lateral Loading
Yasumura, M., Kobayashi, K., Okabe, M., Miyake, T., & Matsumoto, K. (2015) · Journal of Structural Engineering · doi:10.1061/(asce)st.1943-541x.0001348 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Sarti, F., Palermo, A., & Pampanin, S. (2015) · Journal of Structural Engineering · doi:10.1061/(asce)st.1943-541x.0001291 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Newcombe, M. P., Pampanin, S., Buchanan, A., & Palermo, A. (2008) · Journal of Earthquake Engineering · doi:10.1080/13632460801925632 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Approximate R-Factor for Cross-Laminated Timber Walls in Multistory Buildings
Pei, S., van de Lindt, J. W., & Popovski, M. (2012) · Journal of Architectural Engineering · doi:10.1061/(asce)ae.1943-5568.0000117 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Single precast concrete rocking walls as earthquake force‐resisting elements
Nazari, M., Sritharan, S., & Aaleti, S. R. (2016) · Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics · doi:10.1002/eqe.2829 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Amini, M. O., van de Lindt, J. W., Rammer, D. R., et al. (2018) · Engineering Structures · doi:10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.06.021 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Development of Cross Laminated Timber in the United States of America
Grasser, K. K. (2015) · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Design of Controlled Rocking Heavy Timber Walls for Low-to-Moderate Seismic Hazard Regions
Kovacs, M. (2016) · doi:10.13140/rg.2.2.20165.45283 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Nations, U. (2013) · Geneva timber and forest study papers · doi:10.18356/8265e672-en · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 8
- [11]11. Espinoza, O., Buehlmann, U., Mallo, M., and Trujillo, V. (2016). "Identification of research areas to advance the adoption of cross-laminated timber in North America," BioProducts Business 1(5), 60-72. DOI: 10.22382/bpb-2016-00 · DOI
- [12]12. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) (2009). Quantification of Building Seismic Performance Factors (FEMA P695), Washington D.C. Ganey, R. (2015). Seismic Design and Testing of Rocking Cross Laminated Timber Walls, Master's Thesis, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.
- [15]15. Gu, M., and Pang, W. (2016). "Rolling shear strengths of southern pine cross laminated timber," Wood Design Focus 26(1), 25-34.
- [18]18. Karacabeyli, E. and B. Douglas (eds.). (2013). CLT Handbook: U.S. Edition. Special Publication SP-529E.
- [21]21. Loo, W. Y., Quenneville P., and Chouw, N. (2015). "A low damage and ductile rocking wall with passive energy dissipation devices," Earthquakes and Structures 9(1), 127- 143.
- [29]29. Perez, F., Pessiki, S., and Sause, R. (2004). "Lateral load behavior and seismic design of unbonded post-tensioned precast concrete walls with vertical joint connections," PCI Journal 49(2), 48-63.
- [35]35. Wilson, A. (2018). Numerical Modeling and Seismic Performance of Post-Tensioned Cross-Laminated Timber Rocking Wall Systems, Master's Thesis, Washington State University, Pullman, WA.
- [36]36. Wilson, A., Dolan, J. D., Phillips, A., and Motter, C. (2019). "Modeling techniques for post-tensioned cross-laminated timber rocking wall systems," Engineering Structures (in review).
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Techno-economic analysis for manufacturing cross-laminated timber
Brandt, K., Wilson, A., Bender, D., Dolan, J. D., & Wolcott, M. P. (2019) · BioResources · doi:10.15376/biores.14.4.7790-7804 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Self-citationBose, B., Hendrickson, T. P., Nordahl, S. L., Kane, S., Fan, J., Miller, S. A., & Scown, C. D. (2025) · Environmental Research Letters · doi:10.1088/1748-9326/adf868 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
- Authors
- Dolan, J. D., Wilson, A., Brandt, K., Bender, D. A., & Wolcott, M. P.
- Affiliations
- Washington State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Bender, Donald A.
- Venue
- BioResources
- Publisher
- BioResources
- Published
- 2019-07-29
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 7247-7265
- ISSN
- 1930-2126 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2964631358
- Cited by
- 9
- References
- 14
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2021: 4 · 2019: 2
- FWCI
- 1.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- BioResources (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Forest Service
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Building and Construction › Wood Treatment and Properties
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Civil and Structural Engineering › Civil and Structural Engineering Research
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Bamboo properties and applications
- Keywords
- cross-laminated timber, structural design process, platform construction, rocking walls, hybrid structural systems, high-rise buildings, timber construction
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review