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Infant Methemoglobinemia: The Role of Dietary Nitrate in Food and Water
Abstract
This Clinical Report was retired June 2025.: Infants for whom formula may be prepared with well water remain a high-risk group for nitrate poisoning. This clinical report reinforces the need for testing of well water for nitrate content. There seems to be little or no risk of nitrate poisoning from commercially prepared infant foods in the United States. However, reports of nitrate poisoning from home-prepared vegetable foods for infants continue to occur. Breastfeeding infants are not at risk of methemoglobinemia even when mothers ingest water with very high concentrations of nitrate nitrogen (100 ppm).
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“Risk assessments also identify vulnerable groups, such as infants, who are susceptible to methaemoglobinaemia due to immature haemoglobin metabolism [287].”
From Dietary Nitrate-Rich Vegetables as Natural Modulators of Health: Mechanisms and Benefits in Ageing Populations (2026) · cites this paper as [287]
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- American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Environmental Health. Nitrates and nitrites in water. In: Ezel RA, ed. Pediatric Environmental Health. 2nd ed. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics; 2003:301–309
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Metadata
- Authors
- Greer, F. R., Shannon, M., the Committee on Nutrition, & and the Committee on Environmental Health
- ORCID
- Greer, Frank R.
- Venue
- Pediatrics
- Publisher
- American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)
- Published
- 2005-09-01
- Volume
- 116
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 784-786
- ISSN
- 0031-4005 (ISSN-L)
- 1098-4275
- OpenAlex
- W2146016173
- Cited by
- 326
- References
- 20
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 19
- FWCI
- 4.55
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- PEDIATRICS (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hematology › Methemoglobinemia and Tumor Lysis Syndrome
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Water Treatment and Disinfection
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Neonatal Health and Biochemistry
- Keywords
- nitrate toxicity, dietary nitrate, well water, infant formula, breastfeeding, infant food safety
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Infant, Infant Food, Methemoglobinemia, Nitrates, Vegetables, Water Pollutants, Chemical, Water Supply, Infant Formula
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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