The DOI matches its Crossref record; 20 of the 20 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Infant Methemoglobinemia: The Role of Dietary Nitrate in Food and Water
Abstract
This Clinical Report was retired June 2025.: Infants for whom formula may be prepared with well water remain a high-risk group for nitrate poisoning. This clinical report reinforces the need for testing of well water for nitrate content. There seems to be little or no risk of nitrate poisoning from commercially prepared infant foods in the United States. However, reports of nitrate poisoning from home-prepared vegetable foods for infants continue to occur. Breastfeeding infants are not at risk of methemoglobinemia even when mothers ingest water with very high concentrations of nitrate nitrogen (100 ppm).
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Risk assessments also identify vulnerable groups, such as infants, who are susceptible to methaemoglobinaemia due to immature haemoglobin metabolism [287].”
From Dietary Nitrate-Rich Vegetables as Natural Modulators of Health: Mechanisms and Benefits in Ageing Populations (2026) · cites this paper as [287]
Citations
Cites
US Environmental Protection Agency
Liu, X. (1998) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.35-4455 · Cited by 5,887
Casarett and Doull's Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons
(1992) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-117-5-448_2 · Cited by 3,304
Methemoglobinemia: Etiology, Pharmacology, and Clinical Management
Wright, R. O., Lewander, W. J., & Woolf, A. D. (1999) · Annals of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0196-0644(99)70167-8 · Cited by 858
Kleinman, R. E. (2003) · Cited by 656
Dietary nitrate in man: friend or foe?
McKnight, G. M., Duncan, C. W., Leifert, C., & Golden, M. H. (1999) · British Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s000711459900063x · Cited by 300
Methemoglobinemia and Consumption of Vegetables in Infants
Echàniz, J. S., Benito, J., & Mintegi, S. (2001) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.107.5.1024 · Cited by 150
Continuing importance of nitrate contamination of groundwater and wells in rural areas
Johnson, C. J., & Kross, B. C. (1990) · American Journal of Industrial Medicine · doi:10.1002/ajim.4700180416 · Cited by 134
A national look at nitrate contamination of ground water
Nolan, B. T., Ruddy, B. C., Hitt, K. J., & Helsel, D. R. (1998) · Cited by 85
Naturally occurring nitrate and nitrite in foods in relation to infant methaemoglobinaemia
Phillips, W. E. J. (1971) · Food and Cosmetics Toxicology · doi:10.1016/0015-6264(71)90307-5 · Cited by 80
Infantile Methemoglobinemia Caused by Carrot Juice
Keating, J. P., Lell, M. E., Strauss, A. W., Zarkowsky, H. S., & Smith, G. (1973) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm197304192881606 · Cited by 77
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Environmental Health. Nitrates and nitrites in water. In: Ezel RA, ed. Pediatric Environmental Health. 2nd ed. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics; 2003:301–309
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 301–327 of 327
Modeling of nitrate leaching kinetics during Spinach Leaf Midribs blanching
Aoun, O., Benamara, S., Dahmoune, F., Remini, H., Dairi, S., Belbahi, A., Bousalhih, B., & Madani, K. (2018) · The North African Journal of Food and Nutrition Research · doi:10.51745/najfnr.2.4.112-120
HOW TO OPTIMIZE INFANT FEEDING PRACTICES
Kotova, N. V., Starets, O. O., Starets, O. O., Khimenko, T. M., Khimenko, T. M., Herashchenko, Y., Herashchenko, Y., Fedorenko, O. V., & Fedorenko, O. V. (2020) · Neonatology surgery and perinatal medicine · doi:10.24061/2413-4260.x.2.36.2020.3
Eskandarani, R., & Alghamdi, F. (2020) · Journal of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2020.06.009
Phân lập và nhận diện vi khuẩn phân giải nitrat trong dưa cải muối chua (Brassica juncea Coss)
Hương, V. T. X., Hoàng, T. P. T., Châu, N. N. B., & Quốc, N. B. (2020) · TẠP CHÍ KHOA HỌC ĐẠI HỌC MỞ THÀNH PHỐ HỒ CHÍ MINH - KỸ THUẬT VÀ CÔNG NGHỆ · doi:10.46223/hcmcoujs.tech.vi.13.1.450.2018
Improving the efficiency of wood chip bioreactors for removing nitrate from drainage water
Whyte, K. A. (2017) · Mspace (University of Manitoba)
Balejčíková, L., Tall, A., Kandra, B., & Pavelková, D. (2021) · Acta hydrologica Slovaca · doi:10.31577/ahs-2021-0022.01.0014
Balejčíková, L. (2021) · Acta hydrologica Slovaca · doi:10.31577/ahs-2021-0022.01.0017
Pergialiotis, V., & Loutradis, D. (2020) · Hellenic Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.33574/hjog.1930
Response to Comments from Reviewer #3
Sheikholeslami, R. (2022) · doi:10.5194/hess-2021-618-ac3
Plasma Nitrate and Nitrite as Biological Indicators of Health and Disease in Nutritional Studies
Martin, K. R., & Bloomer, R. J. (2022) · Biomarkers in disease · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-81304-8_5-1
Bakterien im Mund–Freund oder Feind?
Schlafer, S. (2019) · Oralprophylaxe & Kinderzahnheilkunde · doi:10.3238/opkzh.2019.0169-0174
High Levels of Nitrate in Well Waters of Saipem Ward, Candolim, Goa
Naik, R. R., & Phadke, M. R. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-05984-1_17
Roles of dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium in biological nitrogen removal system
Chutivisut, P. (2017) · Chula Digiverse · doi:10.58837/chula.the.2017.225
Surface activation of rice husk-derived hydrochar as an adsorbent for atrazine and ammonium
Phan, K. A. (2021) · Chula Digiverse · doi:10.58837/chula.the.2021.192
Méthémoglobinémie majeure chez un nourrisson : une possible intoxication d’origine alimentaire
Pouget, A.-M., Pélissier, F., Fournier, P., & Delcourt, N. (2024) · Annales de Toxicologie Analytique · doi:10.1016/j.toxac.2024.08.010
Synenko, V. A., Yeroshenko, G. А., Шевченко, К. В., Klepets, O. V., Григоренко, А. С., Соколенко, В. М., & Шарлай, Н. М. (2024) · World of Medicine and Biology · doi:10.26724/2079-8334-2024-3-89-258-262
Grout, L., Chambers, T., Hales, S., Prickett, M., Baker, M. G., & Wilson, N. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26562931
Grout, L., Chambers, T., Hales, S., Prickett, M., Baker, M. G., & Wilson, N. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26562937
Grout, L., Chambers, T., Hales, S., Prickett, M., Baker, M. G., & Wilson, N. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26562934
Zheng, C., Wang, S., Wang, Q., Qinmeng, W. A. N. G., & Guo, X. (2026) · Nanoscale · doi:10.1039/d5nr04847h
Gützlaff, J., Kutschin, T., Braeutigam, P., & Schacher, F. H. (2026) · PLOS Water · doi:10.1371/journal.pwat.0000586
Ghasemzadeh‐Mohammadi, V., Moslemi, M., Behbahan, S. E. B., Vahidinia, A., Sharifi, A., & Abedi, A. (2026) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-026-38283-w
Sepat, M. K., & Singh, H. (2026) · Journal for Research in Applied Sciences and Biotechnology · doi:10.55544/jrasb.5.3.19
Metadata
- Authors
- Greer, F. R., Shannon, M., the Committee on Nutrition, & and the Committee on Environmental Health
- ORCID
- Greer, Frank R.
- Venue
- Pediatrics
- Publisher
- American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)
- Published
- 2005-09-01
- Volume
- 116
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 784-786
- ISSN
- 0031-4005 (ISSN-L)
- 1098-4275
- OpenAlex
- W2146016173
- Cited by
- 326
- References
- 20
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 19
- FWCI
- 4.55
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- PEDIATRICS (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hematology › Methemoglobinemia and Tumor Lysis Syndrome
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Water Treatment and Disinfection
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Neonatal Health and Biochemistry
- Keywords
- nitrate toxicity, dietary nitrate, well water, infant formula, breastfeeding, infant food safety
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Infant, Infant Food, Methemoglobinemia, Nitrates, Vegetables, Water Pollutants, Chemical, Water Supply, Infant Formula
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review