Dietary nitrate in man: friend or foe?
Open accessAbstract
Based on the premise that dietary nitrate is detrimental to human health, increasingly stringent regulations are being instituted to lower nitrate levels in food and water. Not only does this pose a financial challenge to water boards and a threat to vegetable production in Northern Europe, but also may be eliminating an important non-immune mechanism for host defence. Until recently nitrate was perceived as a purely harmful dietary component which causes infantile methaemoglobinaemia, carcinogenesis and possibly even teratogenesis. Epidemiological studies have failed to substantiate this. It has been shown that dietary nitrate undergoes enterosalivary circulation. It is recirculated in the blood, concentrated by the salivary glands, secreted in the saliva and reduced to nitrite by facultative Gram-positive anaerobes (Staphylococcus sciuri and S. intermedius) on the tongue. Salivary nitrite is swallowed into the acidic stomach where it is reduced to large quantities of NO and other oxides of N and, conceivably, also contributes to the formation of systemic S-nitrosothiols. NO and solutions of acidified nitrite, mimicking gastric conditions, have been shown to have antimicrobial activity against a wide range of organisms. In particular, acidified nitrite is bactericidal for a variety of gastrointestinal pathogens such as Yersinia and Salmonella.NO is known to have vasodilator properties and to modulate platelet function, as are S-nitrosothiols. Thus, nitrate in the diet, which determines reactive nitrogen oxide species production in the stomach (McKnight et al.1997), is emerging as an effective host defence against gastrointestinal pathogens, as a modulator of platelet activity and possibly even of gastrointestinal motility and microcirculation. Therefore dietary nitrate may have an important therapeutic role to play, not least in the immunocompromised and in refugees who are at particular risk of contracting gastroenteritides.
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Higher [nitrate/nitrite] concentrations in conventional crops/crop-based foods are risk factors for stomach cancer and methaemoglobinaemia in humans.
“The higher concentrations in conventional crops/crop-based foods are nutritionally undesirable, as they have been described to be risk factors for stomach cancer and methaemoglobinaemia in humans( 65 ).”
The higher [nitrate/nitrite] concentrations in conventional crops are thought to be linked to high mineral N inputs, as both [nitrate/nitrite] are known to accumulate in plants under high-mineral N input regimens.
“The higher and concentrations in conventional crops are also thought to be linked to high mineral N inputs, as both and are known to accumulate in plants under high-mineral N input regimens( 65 ).”
There is still controversy about the potential health impacts of crop-based [nitrate/nitrite] dietary intake.
“However, while increasing dietary intake levels is widely considered to be potentially harmful for human health, there is still controversy about the potential health impacts of crop-based dietary intake( 65 – 67 ).”
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- Authors
- McKnight, G. M., Duncan, C. W., Leifert, C., & Golden, M. H.
- Affiliations
- University of Aberdeen (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Golden, M. H.
- Venue
- British Journal of Nutrition
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 1999-05
- Volume
- 81
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 349-358
- ISSN
- 0007-1145 (ISSN-L)
- 1475-2662
- OpenAlex
- W2146852783
- Cited by
- 300
- References
- 96
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 23
- FWCI
- 0.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- British Journal Of Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Newcastle University ePrints (Newcastle Univesity)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Nitric Oxide and Endothelin Effects
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry › Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activities
- Keywords
- dietary nitrate, nitric oxide, salivary nitrite, S-nitrosothiols, antimicrobial activity, enteric pathogens, host defense, platelet function, methemoglobinemia, nitrate toxicity
- MeSH terms
- Bacteria, Bacterial Infections, Cardiovascular Diseases, Diet, Humans, Intestines, Methemoglobinemia, Neoplasms, Nitrates, Nitrites, Saliva, Stomach, Reactive Oxygen Species
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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