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Nutritional Content of Television Food Advertisements Seen by Children and Adolescents in the United States
Abstract
OBJECTIVE. In light of the high rates of child and adolescent obesity, we examined the nutritional content of food advertising seen by American children and adolescents. METHODS. We drew samples of top-rated television shows by using ratings data to examine the nutritional content for fat, saturated fat, sugar, sodium, and fiber of food-product advertisements seen on television by both children and adolescents. Food products were examined in aggregate and by 5 separate categories that included cereal, sweets, snacks, drinks, and other food products. For 2- to 11-year-olds and 12- to 17-year-olds, respectively, a sample of 50351 and 47955 30-second-equivalent food-product advertisements and their related nutritional content were weighted by television ratings data to provide actual exposure measures of the nutritional content of food advertising seen by children and adolescents. RESULTS. Study results showed that 97.8% and 89.4% of food-product advertisements viewed by children 2 to 11 years old and adolescents 12 to 17 years old, respectively, were high in fat, sugar, or sodium. On average, 46.1% and 49.1% of total calories among the products advertised came from sugar in the advertisements seen by these respective age groups. A total of 97.6% of cereal advertisements seen by children 2 to 11 years old were for high-sugar cereals. No substantial differences were found in the nutritional content of advertisements seen by black and white children 2 to 11 years old. However, a slightly higher proportion of food advertisements in general and across all food-product categories seen by black versus white adolescents were for high-sugar products. CONCLUSION. The overwhelming majority of food-product advertisements seen on television by American children and adolescents are of poor nutritional content.
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“For example, in a review of ≈98,000 food-product advertisements on top-rated US children’s television shows, 98% and 89% of the advertised foods seen by viewers 2 to 11 years of age and 12 to 17 years of age, respectively, were packaged or processed foods that were high in fat, sugar, or sodium.”
From Population Approaches to Improve Diet, Physical Activity, and Smoking Habits: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association (2012) · cites this paper as [390]
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“The IOM committee as well as other recent analyses also concluded that food and beverage marketing practices geared to children and youth are out of balance with recommended healthful diets and contribute to an environment that puts their health at risk.”
From Population Approaches to Improve Diet, Physical Activity, and Smoking Habits: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association (2012) · cites this paper as [390]
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InfluentialSugar-Sweetened Beverages and Child Health: Implications for Policy
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“…beverage advertisements viewed by adolescents 12 to 17 years old on TV were for products that are high in fat, sugar, or sodium and 49.1% of total calories among these products advertised came from added sugars (Powell et al., 2007), a trend that continues on social media and in influencer posts.”
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BackgroundPowell, L. M., Schermbeck, R. M., Szczypka, G., & Chaloupka, F. J. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-5511-0_8 · Cited by 5
Self-citationZaman, G. S. (2015) · Journal of Natural Science Biology and Medicine · doi:10.4103/0976-9668.159995 · Cited by 5
“[31] Television viewing is hypothesized to supplant physical activity and/or increase caloric intake through snacking in response to the numerous cues in advertisements for energy dense foods of poor nutritional content.[32-34] Our study provides some support for both mechanisms.”
BackgroundPrices of healthy and unhealthy beverages in high and low per capita income areas.
Watters, C. A., Corrado, R. S., & Chaloupka, F. J. (2013) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 5
Self-citationSáez-Linero, C., & Morales, M. J. (2025) · Communication & Society · doi:10.15581/003.38.2.005 · Cited by 8
Rojas-Huayllani, E. C., & Delgado-Pérez, D. H. (2013) · Anales de la Facultad de Medicina · doi:10.15381/anales.v74i1.2031 · Cited by 4
Correlations between children's television advertising exposure and their food preference
Nazarisup, M. R., Hassansup, S. B. H., Parhizkar, S., & Hassan, M. B. A. (2011) · doi:10.5897/jmcs.9000020 · Cited by 4
Exercise portrayal in children’s television programs: analysis of the UK and Irish programming
Scully, P., Reid, O., Macken, A. P., Healy, P. M., Saunders, J. A., Leddin, D., Cullen, W., Dunne, C. P., & O’Gorman, C. S. (2016) · Diabetes Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity · doi:10.2147/dmso.s96400 · Cited by 4
“5 hours per week, which is ~10 hours more than the recommended watching.(15) Many studies have examined the portrayal of food within advertisements and to a much lesser extent in children’s programming, but few have examined the portrayal of exercise and physical activity.”
BackgroundRevisiting 42 Years of literature on food marketing to children: A morphological analysis
Lianbiaklal, S., & Rehman, V. (2023) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2023.106989 · Cited by 4
Cohort‐based income gradients in obesity among U.S. adults
Heo, J., Beck, A. N., Lin, S., Marcelli, E. A., Lindsay, S. P., & Finch, B. K. (2017) · American Journal of Human Biology · doi:10.1002/ajhb.23084 · Cited by 4
Avery, R. J., Cawley, J., Eisenberg, M. D., Mathios, A., & Schulman, C. S. (2022) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.23388 · Cited by 3
Dikmen, D., Koyu, E. B., Işgın‐Atıcı, K., Eroglu, E. I., Akyol, A., Ayaz, A., Nergiz‐Unal, R., & Büyüktuncer, Z. (2021) · Journal of Research in Health Sciences · doi:10.34172/jrhs.2022.74 · Cited by 3
Auswirkungen von an Kinder gerichtete TV-Werbung für ungesunde Nahrungsmittel
Spitzer, M. (2010) · Nervenheilkunde · doi:10.1055/s-0038-1628791 · Cited by 3
“Oder anders ausgedrückt: Während des Zeichentrick-Unterhaltungsprogramms an einem typischen Sonntagmorgen sehen Kinder im Durchschnitt alle fünf Minuten einen Nahrungsmittelwerbespot (6), und nahezu alle im Fernsehen beworbenen Nahrungsmittel sind ungesund (4, 9, 15, 21, 22, 24, 26, 29, 30).”
BackgroundJunk Food Seen at Pediatric Clinic Visits
Frazier, J. P., Land, M. E., Hsieh, P.-H., & Barratt, M. S. (2013) · Clinical Pediatrics · doi:10.1177/0009922813507996 · Cited by 3
“Fast foods advertised among children 2 to 11 years old are above 20% and in 2009, 86% of ads seen by children were products high in sugar, saturated fats, and sodium.(13,14) These types of junk food advertisements seen by children may apply undue pressure on parents to provide junk food as comfort food away from home.”
BackgroundHutton, J. (2012) · Clinical Pediatrics · doi:10.1177/0009922812465946 · Cited by 3
Haroldson, A., Cordell, Z., & Haldeman, L. M. (2015) · Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal · doi:10.1111/fcsr.12126 · Cited by 3
Olszewska, J. M., Fałkowski, A., Conway, S. P., Jablonska, M., & Mackiewicz, R. (2026) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-025-08847-z · Cited by 2
Local and National Policy-Based Interventions: To Improve Children’s Nutrition
Schwartz, M. B., & Brownell, K. D. (2010) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-60327-874-4_31 · Cited by 2
Metadata
- Authors
- Powell, L. M., Szczypka, G., Chaloupka, F. J., & Braunschweig, C. L.
- Affiliations
- Institute for Health Research and Policy and Departments of
- University of Illinois Chicago (US)
- Corresponding author
- Szczypka, Glen
- Venue
- Pediatrics
- Publisher
- American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)
- Published
- 2007-09-01
- Volume
- 120
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 576-583
- ISSN
- 0031-4005 (ISSN-L)
- 1098-4275
- OpenAlex
- W2095947193
- Cited by
- 263
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 17
- FWCI
- 21.28
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- PEDIATRICS (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Robert Wood Johnson Foundation
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Consumer Attitudes and Food Labeling
- Keywords
- television food advertising, adolescents, sugar content, saturated fat, sodium, fibers, cereal advertising, childhood obesity, media influence on eating behavior
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Advertising, Child, Child, Preschool, Food, Humans, Nutritive Value, Television, United States
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