The DOI matches its Crossref record; 109 of the 110 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Disparities in Academic Achievement and Health: The Intersection of Child Education and Health Policy
Abstract
Recent data suggest that that the United States is failing to make significant progress toward the Healthy People 2010 goal of eliminating health disparities. One missing element from the US strategy for achieving this goal is a focus on gaps in child development and achievement. Academic achievement and education seem to be critical determinants of health across the life span and disparities in one contribute to disparities in the other. Despite these linkages, national policy treats child education and health as separate. Landmark education legislation, the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001, is due for Congressional reauthorization. It seeks to eliminate gaps in academic child achievement by 2014. It does so by introducing accountability for states, school districts, and schools. In this special article, we review health disparities and contributors to child achievement gaps. We review changes in achievement gaps over time and potential contributors to the limited success of the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001, including its unfunded mandates and unfounded assumptions. We conclude with key reforms, which include addressing gaps in child school readiness through adequate investment in child health and early education and reductions in child poverty; closing the gap in child achievement by ensuring equity in school accountability standards; and, importantly, ensuring equity in school funding so that resources are allocated on the basis of the needs of the students. This will ensure that schools, particularly those serving large numbers of poor and minority children, have the resources necessary to promote optimal learning.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Conversely, low academic achievement is strongly associated with risk-taking behavior, compromised health status, and reduced longevity.22–33”
From School-Based Health Centers to Advance Health Equity (2016) · cites this paper as [28]
In the citing paper
“Adult health and lifetime productivity are both influenced by educational attainment.37, 38”
From Health and School Outcomes During Children's Transition Into Adolescence (2013) · cites this paper as [38]
Citations
Cites
Skill formation and the economics of investing in disadvantaged children
Heckman, J. J. (2006) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1128898 · Cited by 3,559
Handbook of The Economics of Education
(2011) · Handbook of the economics of education · doi:10.1016/c2009-0-19772-6 · Cited by 2,590
Assessing the Effects of School Resources on Student Performance: An Update
Hanushek, E. A. (1997) · Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis · doi:10.3102/01623737019002141 · Cited by 1,612
Lantz, P. M., House, J. S., Lepkowski, J. M., Williams, D. R., Mero, R. P., & Chen, J. (1998) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.279.21.1703 · Cited by 1,514
Education and Health: Evaluating Theories and Evidence
Cutler, D., & Lleras-Muney, A. (2006) · doi:10.3386/w12352 · Cited by 1,507
Mass imprisonment and the life course: Race and class inequality in U.S. incarceration
Pettit, B., & Western, B. (2004) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.1177/000312240406900201 · Cited by 1,499
The Relationship Between Education and Adult Mortality in the United States
Lleras-Muney, A. (2005) · Review of Economic Studies · doi:10.1111/0034-6527.00329 · Cited by 1,282
Early Childhood Education: Young Adult Outcomes From the Abecedarian Project
Campbell, F. A., Ramey, C. T., Pungello, E., Sparling, J., & Miller-Johnson, S. (2002) · Applied Developmental Science · doi:10.1207/s1532480xads0601_05 · Cited by 1,144
Interpreting the Evidence on Life Cycle Skill Formation
Cunha, F., Heckman, J. J., Lochner, L., & Masterov, D. V. (2005) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w11331 · Cited by 1,142
The economics, technology, and neuroscience of human capability formation.
Heckman, J. J. (2007) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0701362104 · Cited by 1,042
Research works printed but not linked: 5
- Rothstein, R. “Proficiency for All: An Oxymoron.” Paper prepared for the Symposium, “Examining America's Commitment to Closing Achievement Gaps: NCLB and Its Alternatives,” sponsored by the Campaign for Educational Equity, Teachers College, Columbia University, November 13–14, 2006
- Ferguson RF. Teachers' perceptions and expectations and the black–white test score gap. In: Fashola O, ed. Educating African American Males: Voices From the Field. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press; 2005
- Carneiro P, Heckman J. Human capital policy. In: Friedman B, ed. Inequality in America. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press; 2005:77–239
- Peterson P, Hess F. Keeping an eye on state standards. Education Next. 2006;6(3):28–29
- Kreuger AB. Inequality, too much of a good thing. In: Friedman B, ed. Inequality in America. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press; 2005
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–224 of 224
California School Nurse Survey
Niekerk, R. V. (2011) · doi:10.22371/07.2011.016
Special health care needs during childhood and academic achievement in secondary school
van Zwieten, A., Teixeira-Pinto, A. M., Lah, S. S., Nassar, N., Craig, J. C., & Wong, G. (2021) · Child Care Health and Development · doi:10.1111/cch.12931 · Cited by 1
California School Nurse Survey
Niekerk, R. V. (2011) · doi:10.22371/07.2011.16
HIIT and Resistance Training Effects on Learning-related Outcomes in Underserved School Children
Peacock, J. C., Finn, K. E., & Bowling, A. B. (2022) · International Journal of Physical Education Fitness and Sports · doi:10.34256/ijpefs2211
(2019) · Humboldt Journal of Social Relations · doi:10.55671/0160-4341.1121
Between-School Variability in Achievement GapsPreprint
Anderson, D. (2019) · EdArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.35542/osf.io/saetu
Paediatrics and the Multidimensional Nature of School Readiness: A Population-Based Cohort StudyPreprint
Law, E. C. N., Chong, S. C., Nadarajan, R., Yeo, S. L., Sum, J., Broekman, B. F. P., Rifkin-Graboi, A. E., Shorey, S., Aris, I. M., Daniel, M. L., et al. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4184821
Seeley, K. M. L., Foster, B. A., Zuckerman, K. E., & Peterson, J. W. (2022) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2022.10.003
Hester, G. Z., Thornton, A., & Workman, J. K. (2023) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2023.113558
Exer-learning in a Low-Income Childcare Setting: Effects on Children’s Executive Function and Affect
Bowling, A. B., McInnis, K. J., Dowdie, B., & Finn, K. E. (2019) · Translational Journal of the American College of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1249/tjx.0000000000000083
Beyond mortality: early childhood development and COVID’s impact
Zahedivash, A., Padrez, R., & Chamberlain, L. J. (2023) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1038/s41390-023-02843-4
Butcher, M. B., Haakenstad, M. K., Noonan, C., & Fyfe‐Johnson, A. L. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20247166 · Cited by 3
Eichner, M. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190055479.002.0004
Eichner, M. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190055479.002.0003
Eichner, M. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190055479.002.0008
Eichner, M. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190055479.002.0007
Guerrero, K. D., Lakata, L., Lima, D., Mendoza, C., Uthirasamy, N., Morrow, L. M., Perez‐Cortes, S., Pellerano, M. B., Bator, A., Ohman‐Strickland, P., et al. (2025) · JMIR Pediatrics and Parenting · doi:10.2196/60764
Fyfe‐Johnson, A. L., Noonan, C., Butcher, M. B., & Haakenstad, M. K. (2025) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph22020236
Vennegoor, G., van Assema, P., Molleman, G. R. M., van Empelen, P., & Jansen, M. W. J. (2025) · Health Education · doi:10.1108/he-11-2024-0134
Marchant, J., Ferrell, M., Wei, Y., Baron, K. G., Blackwell, C. K., Sigal, A., Geiger, S. D., Schantz, S. L., Hartert, T. V., Kelly, R. S., et al. (2025) · SLEEP Advances · doi:10.1093/sleepadvances/zpaf049
Exploring Profiles of Risk and Protective Factors Among Youth Mentees: For Whom Does Mentoring Work?
Meldrum, M., & Lyons, M. D. (2026) · Prevention Science · doi:10.1007/s11121-026-01878-3
Branquinho, L., Forte, P. M., Valente, N., de França, E., Venâncio, T. F., dos Santos, R. T., & Ferraz, J. E. T. A. R. (2026) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.1014974
Continuous Medicaid During COVID-19 and Children’s Health, Development, and Academic Outcomes
Eliason, E. L., & Vasan, A. (2026) · Academic Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.acap.2026.103463
Metadata
- Authors
- Fiscella, K., & Kitzman, H.
- Affiliations
- University of Rochester Medicine (US)
- University of Rochester (US)
- Venue
- Pediatrics
- Publisher
- American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)
- Published
- 2009-03-01
- Volume
- 123
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 1073-1080
- ISSN
- 0031-4005 (ISSN-L)
- 1098-4275
- OpenAlex
- W2000858850
- Cited by
- 224
- References
- 110
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 17
- FWCI
- 12.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- PEDIATRICS (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Education › School Choice and Performance
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Child and Adolescent Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › School Health and Nursing Education
- Keywords
- health disparities, achievement gap, children's education, No Child Left Behind Act, school accountability, school funding equity, school readiness, early childhood education, child poverty, Healthy People 2010, minority children
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Child, Child, Preschool, Educational Status, Ethnicity, Female, Forecasting, Health Policy, Health Services Needs and Demand, Humans, Infant, Male, Socioeconomic Factors, United States, Early Intervention, Educational, Healthy People Programs, Healthcare Disparities, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review