The DOI matches its Crossref record; 32 of the 33 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Maternal Smoking and Child Psychological Problems: Disentangling Causal and Noncausal Effects
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: To explore associations of maternal prenatal smoking and child psychological problems and determine the role of causal intrauterine mechanisms. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Maternal smoking and child psychological problems were explored in 2 birth cohorts in Pelotas, Brazil (n = 509, random subsample), and the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) in Britain (n = 6735). Four approaches for exploring causal mechanisms were applied: (1) cross-population comparisons between a high-income and a middle-income country; (2) multiple adjustment for socioeconomic and parental psychological factors; (3) maternal-paternal comparisons as a test of putative intrauterine effects; and (4) searching for specific effects on different behavioral subscales. RESULTS: Socioeconomic patterning of maternal prenatal smoking was stronger in the ALSPAC compared with the Pelotas cohort. Despite this difference in a key confounder, consistency in observed associations was found between these cohorts. In both cohorts, unadjusted maternal smoking was associated with greater offspring hyperactivity, conduct/externalizing problems, and peer problems but not with emotional/internalizing problems. After adjusting for confounders and paternal prenatal smoking, only the association with conduct/externalizing problems persisted in both cohorts (conduct problems in the ALSPAC cohort, odds ratio [OR]: 1.24 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.07-1.46], P = .005; externalizing problems in the Pelotas cohort, OR: 1.82 [95% CI: 1.19-2.78], P = .005; ORs reflect ordinal odds ratios of maternal smokers having offspring with higher scores). Maternal smoking associations were stronger than paternal smoking associations, although statistical evidence that these associations differed was weak in 1 cohort. CONCLUSION: Evidence from 4 approaches suggests a possible intrauterine effect of maternal smoking on offspring conduct/externalizing problems.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire: A research note
Goodman, R. (1997) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01545.x · Cited by 14,908
The environment and disease: association or causation?
Hill, A. B. (2015) · Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine · doi:10.1177/0141076814562718 · Cited by 7,804
The Environment and Disease: Association or Causation?
Hill, A. B. (1965) · Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine · doi:10.1177/003591576505800503 · Cited by 6,974
The validity of self-reported smoking: a review and meta-analysis.
Patrick, D. L., Cheadle, A. D., Thompson, D. C., Diehr, P. H., Koepsell, T. D., & Kinne, S. (1994) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.84.7.1086 · Cited by 1,737
ALSPAC–The Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children
Golding, Pembrey, Jones, & The Alspac Study Team (2001) · Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-3016.2001.00325.x · Cited by 1,549
Goodman, R., & Scott, S. (1999) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1023/a:1022658222914 · Cited by 1,420
Mackenbach, J. P., & Kunst, A. E. (1997) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(96)00073-1 · Cited by 1,343
Linnet, K. M., Dalsgaard, S., Obel, C., Wisborg, K., Henriksen, T. B., Rodriguez, A., Kotimaa, A., Moilanen, I., Thomsen, P. H., Olsen, J., et al. (2003) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.160.6.1028 · Cited by 778
Achenbach, T. M. (2000) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10517-028 · Cited by 572
Huizink, A. C., & Mulder, E. J. H. (2006) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2005.04.005 · Cited by 468
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Achenbach, 1991, Manual for the Child Behaviour Checklist/4-18 and 1991 Profile
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–118 of 118
Shenderovich, Y., Eisner, M., Ttofi, M. M., Gardner, F. E. M., & Parker, R. (2013) · Cited by 3
Bhat, S., Beilin, L. J., Robinson, M., Burrows, S., & Mori, T. A. (2018) · Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease · doi:10.1017/s2040174418000533 · Cited by 2
Risk of Child ADHD and Low Birth Weight: A Systematic Review Study
Alamolhoda, S. H., Haghdoost, S., Shariatifar, N., Zare, E., & Doulabi, M. A. (2021) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · doi:10.22038/ijp.2020.53751.4260 · Cited by 2
Sleep-Disordered Breathing in a Population-Based Cohort: Behavioral Outcomes at 4 and 7 Years
(2012) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2011-1402d · Cited by 2
Taylor, A. E., Smith, G. D., & Munafo, M. R. (2014) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwu269 · Cited by 2
The impact of cigarette smoking on the health of descendants
de Melo, M. A. B., Bellver, J., & Soares, S. R. (2012) · Expert Review of Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.1586/eog.12.9 · Cited by 1
Prenatal Cigarette Smoke Exposure: Effects on Offspring
Cornelius, M. D., & Genna, N. M. D. (2011) · Cited by 1
Smoking during pregnancy and fetal brain development
Ekblad, M. O. (2013) · UTUPub (University of Turku) · Cited by 1
Burke, A. P. (2016) · TSpace (University of Toronto) · Cited by 1
Nagai, M. M. (2017) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/t.60.2017.tde-03052017-160520 · Cited by 1
Prevalência, continuidade e fatores de risco dos transtornos psiquiátricos na adolescência
Maison, C. L. (2019) · doi:10.11606/t.5.2019.tde-23082019-094342 · Cited by 1
A developmental perspective on the etiology of alcohol use and comorbid traits
Geels, L. M. (2013) · Digital Academic REpository of VU University Amsterdam (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam)
Mutemwa, M. (2012) · University of the Western Cape Electronic Theses and Dissertations Repository (University of the Western Cape)
Smoking: An Important Environmental Risk Factor in Pregnancy
Xia, Q., Yang, J., & Tang, Q. (2018) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.72209
Fletcher, C., Hoon, E. A., Gialamas, A., Dekker, G., Lynch, J. W., & Smithers, L. G. (2025) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-6310946/v1
Bujold, A., Rosialda, K. J., & Orri, M. (2026) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291725102936
Dachew, B. A., Damtie, Y., Ayano, G., & Alati, R. (2026) · Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.1111/camh.70101
Metadata
- Authors
- Brion, M.-J., Victora, C., Matijasevich, A., Horta, B., Anselmi, L., Steer, C., Menezes, A. M. B., Lawlor, D. A., & Davey Smith, G.
- Affiliations
- Medical Research Council (GB)
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas (BR)
- Postgraduate Programme in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
- University of Bristol (GB)
- MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology,
- Venue
- PEDIATRICS
- Publisher
- American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)
- Published
- 2010-07-01
- Volume
- 126
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- e57-e65
- ISSN
- 0031-4005 (ISSN-L)
- 1098-4275
- PMC
- PMC3605780
- OpenAlex
- W2152740105
- Cited by
- 117
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 10.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- PEDIATRICS (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Explore Bristol Research (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Bristol Research (University of Bristol) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (085515)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Prenatal Substance Exposure Effects
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Keywords
- child psychological problems, conduct problems, externalizing problems, hyperactivity, peer problems, internalizing problems, socioeconomic confounding, paternal smoking, cross-population comparison, Pelotas cohort, Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children
- MeSH terms
- Attitude to Health, Child, Child Behavior, Child Behavior Disorders, Developmental Disabilities, Child, Preschool, Female, Follow-Up Studies, United Kingdom, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Maternal Behavior, Pregnancy, Prenatal Care, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Severity of Illness Index, Smoking, Socioeconomic Factors, Cohort Studies, Causality, Multivariate Analysis, Confidence Intervals, Odds Ratio, Risk Assessment, Maternal Exposure, Paternal Exposure
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
