Comparing the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire and the Child Behavior Checklist: Is Small Beautiful?
Abstract
The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) is a brief behavioral screening questionnaire that can be completed in 5 minutes by the parents or teachers of children aged 4 to 16; there is a self-report version for 11- to 16-year-olds. In this study, mothers completed the SDQ and the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) on 132 children aged 4 through 7 and drawn from psychiatric and dental clinics. Scores from the SDQ and CBCL were highly correlated and equally able to discriminate psychiatric from dental cases. As judged against a semistructured interview, the SDQ was significantly better than the CBCL at detecting inattention and hyperactivity, and at least as good at detecting internalizing and externalizing problems. Mothers of low-risk children were twice as likely to prefer the SDQ.
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The SDQ emotional symptoms and peer problems subscales show good convergent validity and measurement invariance over time.
“Both emotional symptoms and peer problems SDQ subscales show good convergent validity as well as measurement invariance over time (Goodman & Scott, 1999; Speyer, Auyeng, & Murray, 2022; Vugteveen, de Bildt, Theunissen, Reijneveld, & Timmerman, 2021).”
From A cross‐lagged twin study of emotional symptoms, social isolation and peer victimisation from early adolescence to emerging adulthood (2023) · cites this paper as Goodman & Scott, 1999
The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire scales are well-validated and comparable with the Child Behaviour Check List.
“It has been suggested that these scales are well-validated (Riso et al., 2010) and are comparable with the Child Behaviour Check List (CBCL), a respected measure used in assessing childhood problems and clinical child psychiatric diagnoses (Goodman et al., 2000; Goodman and Scott, 1999; Stone et al., 2010).”
From Longitudinal associations between reading for pleasure and child maladjustment: Results from a propensity score matching analysis (2020) · cites this paper as Goodman and Scott, 1999
Goodman and Scott reported that Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire scales correlated more highly with interview-based ratings of clinical symptoms than the Child Behavior Checklist.
“Goodman and Scott (1999) reported the SDQ scales were more highly correlated with interview-based ratings of clinical symptoms than the Child Behavior Checklist.”
From Prospective Relations between Family Conflict and Adolescent Maladjustment: Security in the Family System as a Mediating Process (2015) · cites this paper as Goodman and Scott (1999)
The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire discriminated between high-risk and low-risk samples, supporting its criterion validity.
“Additionally they found that the SDQ discriminated between high risk and low risk samples in support of criterion validity.”
From Prospective Relations between Family Conflict and Adolescent Maladjustment: Security in the Family System as a Mediating Process (2015) · cites this paper as Goodman and Scott (1999)
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Goldner, L., & Scharf, M. (2014) · The Journal of Primary Prevention · doi:10.1007/s10935-014-0349-0 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Acosta, H., Kantojärvi, K., Tuulari, J. J., Lewis, J. D., Hashempour, N., Scheinin, N. M., Lehtola, S. J., Nolvi, S., Fonov, V. S., Collins, D. L., et al. (2024) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579423000275 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Meagher, R., Chessor, D., & Fogliati, V. J. (2018) · Australian Psychologist · doi:10.1111/ap.12288 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
- Authors
- Goodman, R., & Scott, S.
- Venue
- Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology
- Published
- 1999-02
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 17-24
- ISSN
- 0091-0627 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-2835
- OpenAlex
- W1653360437
- Cited by
- 1,420
- References
- 15
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 37 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 38 · 2022: 41 · 2021: 57 · 2020: 55 · 2019: 71 · 2018: 67 · 2017: 68 · 2016: 73 · 2015: 93 · 2014: 95 · 2013: 106 · 2012: 89
- FWCI
- 15.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Health Services Research and Development
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, Child Behavior Checklist, behavioral screening, parent questionnaires, hyperactivity/inattention, internalizing problems, externalizing problems, preschool children
- MeSH terms
- Child, Child Behavior Disorders, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Male, Mother-Child Relations, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Surveys and Questionnaires, Sensitivity and Specificity, Reproducibility of Results
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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