Nicotine Replacement Therapy During Pregnancy and Infantile Colic in the Offspring
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the associations between use of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) and smoking during pregnancy and infantile colic in the offspring. METHODS: We used data from maternal interviews (from pregnancy and at 6 months post partum) from the Danish National Birth Cohort (1996–2002). We included 63 128 live-born singletons with complete information on nicotine exposure during pregnancy and infantile colic symptoms as recorded at 6 months of age. RESULTS: A total of 46 660 infants (73.9%) were unexposed to nicotine during pregnancy; 207 (0.3%) were exposed to NRT, 15 016 (23.8%) were exposed to smoking, and 1245 (2.0%) to both. A total of 4974 (7.9%) infants fulfilled Wessel’s modified criteria for infantile colic. Prenatal nicotine exposure was associated with elevated risk for infantile colic in the offspring. Compared with the unexposed, NRT users had an adjusted odds ratio (OR) (95% confidence interval) of 1.6 (1.0–2.5; P = .03), smokers had OR = 1.3 (1.2–1.4), and women who both smoked and used NRT had OR = 1.6 (1.3–1.9). Partners’ smoking was not associated with infantile colic after adjustment for maternal smoking. CONCLUSIONS: We corroborated the association between smoking and infantile colic after adjustment for several possible confounders in a large cohort study. Moreover, we found that infants exposed to NRT prenatally had an increased risk for infantile colic of the same magnitude as those exposed to tobacco smoke. Thus, nicotine may play a role in the pathogenesis of infantile colic.
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In one study, low birth weight incidences were 2.4% in unexposed women, 2.9% in NRT users, 4.8% in women who smoked and used NRT, and 4.3% in smokers.
“One reported low birth weight incidences of 2.4% in unexposed women, 2.9% in NRT users, 4.8% of women who smoked and used NRT and 4.3% in smokers [39].”
From Fetal safety of nicotine replacement therapy in pregnancy: systematic review and meta-analysis. (2021) · cites this paper as [39]
Two of the studies reporting low birth weight had the lowest quality scores of all routine health-care studies.
“Two of these studies had the lowest quality scores of all routine health-care studies (see Table 4) [36,39].”
From Fetal safety of nicotine replacement therapy in pregnancy: systematic review and meta-analysis. (2021) · cites this paper as [39]
In Milidou 2012, infantile colic occurred in 4974 (7.9%) of total infants.
“Infantile colic-n = 4974 (7.9%) of total | infants.”
From Fetal safety of nicotine replacement therapy in pregnancy: systematic review and meta-analysis. (2021) · cites this paper as [39]
In Milidou 2012, the results for infantile colic were similar and all significant when adjusted for maternal age, first parity, daily coffee consumption, weekly alcohol consumption, and binge-drinking episodes, and when further adjusted for couple's combined educational and occupational status.
“Similar results (all significant) when adjusted | for maternal age, first parity, daily coffee | consumption, weekly alcohol consumption, | and binge-drinking episodes and when further | adjusted for couple's combined educational | and occupational status”
From Fetal safety of nicotine replacement therapy in pregnancy: systematic review and meta-analysis. (2021) · cites this paper as [39]
In Milidou 2012, crude unadjusted odds ratios for infantile colic compared with controls were 1.6 for NRT users, 1.3 for smokers, and 1.6 for smoking and NRT users.
“Crude unadjusted ORs when | compared with controls n = 3397: NRT | n = 23, OR = 1.6; smokers c n = 1417, | OR = 1.3; smoking and NRT n = 137, OR 1.6”
From Fetal safety of nicotine replacement therapy in pregnancy: systematic review and meta-analysis. (2021) · cites this paper as [39]
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Multigenerational epigenetic effects of nicotine on lung function
Leslie, F. M. (2013) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/1741-7015-11-27 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Fetal safety of nicotine replacement therapy in pregnancy: systematic review and meta-analysis.
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“Routine health‐care cohorts reported pregnancy outcomes such as congenital anomalies [34,35], birth weight [36–40], gestational age at birth [36,37,39,40] and stillbirth [32,33].”
InfluentialNicotine replacement therapy during pregnancy and child health outcomes: a systematic review
Blanc, J., Tosello, B., Ekblad, M. O., Berlin, I., & Netter, A. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18084004 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Hestbaek, L., Sannes, M. M., & Lous, J. (2014) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1111/apa.12570 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
- Authors
- Milidou, I., Henriksen, T. B., Jensen, M. S., Olsen, J., & Søndergaard, C.
- Affiliations
- Aarhus University Hospital (DK)
- Perinatal Epidemiology Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital Skejby, Aarhus, Denmark;
- Aarhus University (DK)
- Regionshospitalet Herning (DK)
- Venue
- Pediatrics
- Publisher
- American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)
- Published
- 2012-03-01
- Volume
- 129
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- e652-e658
- ISSN
- 0031-4005 (ISSN-L)
- 1098-4275
- OpenAlex
- W2170844681
- Cited by
- 29
- References
- 4
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 4 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 4.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- PEDIATRICS (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Pharmacy › Infant Health and Development
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Prenatal Substance Exposure Effects
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Keywords
- nicotine replacement therapy, prenatal nicotine exposure, infantile colic, smoking during pregnancy, tobacco smoke exposure, offspring, partner smoking
- MeSH terms
- Smoking Prevention, Adult, Colic, Denmark, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Gestational Age, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Interviews as Topic, Nicotine, Pregnancy, Smoking, Cohort Studies, Incidence, Confidence Intervals, Logistic Models, Odds Ratio, Smoking Cessation, Risk Assessment, Maternal Exposure, Tobacco Use Cessation Devices
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