Updated Clinical Guidelines for Diagnosing Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders
Open accessAbstract
The adverse effects of prenatal alcohol exposure constitute a continuum of disabilities (fetal alcohol spectrum disorders [FASD]). In 1996, the Institute of Medicine established diagnostic categories delineating the spectrum but not specifying clinical criteria by which diagnoses could be assigned. In 2005, the authors published practical guidelines operationalizing the Institute of Medicine categories, allowing for standardization of FASD diagnoses in clinical settings. The purpose of the current report is to present updated diagnostic guidelines based on a thorough review of the literature and the authors’ combined expertise based on the evaluation of >10 000 children for potential FASD in clinical settings and in epidemiologic studies in conjunction with National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism–funded studies, the Collaborative Initiative on Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders, and the Collaboration on FASD Prevalence. The guidelines were formulated through conference calls and meetings held at National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism offices in Rockville, MD. Specific areas addressed include the following: precise definition of documented prenatal alcohol exposure; neurobehavioral criteria for diagnosis of fetal alcohol syndrome, partial fetal alcohol syndrome, and alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder; revised diagnostic criteria for alcohol-related birth defects; an updated comprehensive research dysmorphology scoring system; and a new lip/philtrum guide for the white population, incorporating a 45-degree view. The guidelines reflect consensus among a large and experienced cadre of FASD investigators in the fields of dysmorphology, epidemiology, neurology, psychology, developmental/behavioral pediatrics, and educational diagnostics. Their improved clarity and specificity will guide clinicians in accurate diagnosis of infants and children prenatally exposed to alcohol.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Children exposed to more than 3 units of alcohol in one drinking session will be classified as alcohol exposed, in line with the latest FASD diagnostic guidelines.
“If a child was exposed to more than 3 units of alcohol in 1 drinking session, they will be classified as alcohol exposed. This is in line with the latest FASD diagnostic guidelines [2].”
Because the target population frequently suffers from structural brain abnormalities, the same concept of neuroplastic scaffolding should still apply.
“but as the target population of this intervention frequently suffers from structural brain abnormalities [2], the same concept of neuroplastic scaffolding should still apply.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
PATTERN OF MALFORMATION IN OFFSPRING OF CHRONIC ALCOHOLIC MOTHERS
Jones, K., Smith, D., Ulleland, C. N., & Streissguth, A. (1973) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(73)91291-9 · Cited by 2,178 · see citing works
Self-citationSmith's Recognizable Patterns of Human Malformation
Gilbert‐Barness, E. (1998) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/archpedi.152.2.212 · Cited by 1,996 · see citing works
Smith's recognizable patterns of human malformation
Jones, K. L., Jones, M. C., & Campo, M. D. (1997) · Cited by 1,926 · see citing works
Self-citationDIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS, FIFTH EDITION
Abbas, A., & Aminoroaia, M. (2013) · Cited by 1,458 · see citing works
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder: Canadian guidelines for diagnosis
Chudley, A. (2005) · Canadian Medical Association Journal · doi:10.1503/cmaj.1040302 · Cited by 986 · see citing works
Hoyme, H. E., May, P. A., Kalberg, W. O., Kodituwakku, P. W., Gossage, J. P., Trujillo, P. M., Buckley, D. G., Miller, J. H., Aragón, A. S., Khaole, N., et al. (2005) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2004-0259 · Cited by 981 · see citing works
Self-citationOken, E., Kleinman, K. P., Rich-Edwards, J., & Gillman, M. W. (2003) · BMC Pediatrics · doi:10.1186/1471-2431-3-6 · Cited by 940 · see citing works
Sobell, L. C., Sobell, M. B., Leo, G. I., & Cancilla, A. (1988) · British Journal of Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1988.tb00485.x · Cited by 777 · see citing works
HEAD CIRCUMFERENCE FROM BIRTH TO EIGHTEEN YEARS
Nellhaus, G. (1968) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.41.1.106 · Cited by 745 · see citing works
Assessing Alcohol Problems: A Guide for Clinicians and Researchers
Rotgers, F. (1997) · Journal of Studies on Alcohol · doi:10.15288/jsa.1997.58.106 · Cited by 636 · see citing works
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder: a guideline for diagnosis across the lifespan
Cook, J. L., Green, C. R., Lilley, C. M., Anderson, S. M., Baldwin, M. E., Chudley, A. E., Conry, J. L., LeBlanc, N., Loock, C., Lutke, J., et al. (2015) · Canadian Medical Association Journal · doi:10.1503/cmaj.141593 · Cited by 582 · see citing works
Prevalence and Characteristics of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders
May, P. A., Baete, A., Russo, J., Elliott, A. J., Blankenship, J., Kalberg, W. O., Buckley, D. G., Brooks, M., Hasken, J. M., Abdul-Rahman, O. A., et al. (2014) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2013-3319 · Cited by 564 · see citing works
Self-citationAstley, S. J. (2000) · Alcohol and Alcoholism · doi:10.1093/alcalc/35.4.400 · Cited by 530 · see citing works
West, J. R., Goodlett, C. R., & Kelly, S. J. (1987) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e496682006-004 · Cited by 521 · see citing works
Coles, C. D., Platzman, K. A., Raskind‐Hood, C. L., Brown, R. T., Falek, A., & Smith, I. E. (1997) · Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1997.tb03743.x · Cited by 443 · see citing works
Self-citationOMIM: Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man
Scott, A. F., Amberger, J. S., Brylawski, B., et al. (2006) · Kluwer Academic Publishers eBooks · doi:10.1007/0-306-46903-0_7 · Cited by 380 · see citing works
Alcohol use and binge drinking among women of childbearing age — United States, 2011–2013
Tan, C. H., Denny, C. H., Cheal, N. E., Sniezek, J. E., & Kanny, D. (2015) · MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report · doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6437a3 · Cited by 378 · see citing works
Bartholomeusz, H. H., Courchesne, E., & Karns, C. M. (2002) · Neuropediatrics · doi:10.1055/s-2002-36735 · Cited by 340 · see citing works
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders
Williams, J. F., & Smith, V. C. (2015) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2015-3113 · Cited by 338 · see citing works
Drinking patterns and alcohol-related birth defects.
Maier, S. E., & West, J. R. (2001) · PubMed Central · Cited by 326 · see citing works
The epidemiology of fetal alcohol syndrome and partial FAS in a South African community
May, P. A., Gossage, J. P., Marais, A., Adnams, C. M., Hoyme, H. E., Jones, K. L., Robinson, L. K., Khaole, N., Snell, C. L., Kalberg, W. O., et al. (2006) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2006.11.007 · Cited by 324 · see citing works
Self-citationEffects of prenatal alcohol exposure at school age. I. Physical and cognitive development
Coles, C. D., Brown, R. T., Smith, I. E., Platzman, K. A., Erickson, S., & Falek, A. (1991) · Neurotoxicology and Teratology · doi:10.1016/0892-0362(91)90084-a · Cited by 314 · see citing works
Self-citationTeratogenic effects of alcohol on brain and behavior.
Mattson, S. N., Schoenfeld, A. M., & Riley, E. P. (2001) · PubMed · Cited by 310 · see citing works
Self-citationDirect and Indirect Effects of Prenatal Alcohol Damage on Executive Function
Connor, P. D., Sampson, P. D., Bookstein, F. L., Barr, H. M., & Streissguth, A. P. (2000) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1207/s1532694204connor · Cited by 303 · see citing works
Floyd, R. L., Decouflé, P., & Hungerford, D. W. (1999) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0749-3797(99)00059-8 · Cited by 286 · see citing works
Neurocognitive profile in children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders
Kodituwakku, P. W. (2009) · Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews · doi:10.1002/ddrr.73 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
Effects of prenatal alcohol exposure at school age. II. Attention and behavior
Brown, R. T., Coles, C. D., Smith, I. E., Platzman, K. A., Silverstein, J. H., Erickson, S., & Falek, A. (1991) · Neurotoxicology and Teratology · doi:10.1016/0892-0362(91)90085-b · Cited by 257 · see citing works
Self-citationA Revised Conservative Estimate of the Incidence of FAS and its Economic Impact
Abel, E. L., & Sokol, R. J. (1991) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1991.tb00553.x · Cited by 254 · see citing works
May, P. A., Gossage, J. P., Brooke, L. E., Snell, C. L., Marais, A., Hendricks, L. S., Croxford, J. A., & Viljoen, D. L. (2005) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2003.037093 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
Self-citationMay, P. A., Blankenship, J., Marais, A., Gossage, J. P., Kalberg, W. O., Barnard, R., De Vries, M., Robinson, L. K., Adnams, C. M., Buckley, D., et al. (2013) · Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.12033 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Self-citationVerbal Learning and Memory in Children with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Mattson, S. N., Riley, E. P., Delis, D. C., Stern, C., & Jones, K. L. (1996) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1996.tb05256.x · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Self-citationMay, P. A., Blankenship, J., Marais, A., Gossage, J. P., Kalberg, W. O., Joubert, B., Cloete, M., Barnard, R., de Vries, M. M., Hasken, J. M., et al. (2013) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.07.013 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
Self-citationMay, P. A., Gossage, J. P., Marais, A., Hendricks, L. S., Snell, C. L., Tabachnick, B. G., Stellavato, C., Buckley, D. G., Brooke, L. E., & Viljoen, D. L. (2008) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2008.00634.x · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Self-citationWilloughby, K. A., Sheard, E. D., NASH, K., & ROVET, J. F. (2008) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617708081368 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Howell, K. K., Lynch, M. E., Platzman, K. A., Smith, G. H., & Coles, C. D. (2005) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsj029 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Self-citationThe effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on executive functioning.
Kodituwakku, P. W., Kalberg, W. O., & May, P. A. (2001) · PubMed Central · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Self-citationValidation of a new biomarker of fetal exposure to alcohol
Bearer, C. F., Jacobson, J. L., Jacobson, S. W., et al. (2003) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1067/s0022-3476(03)00442-6 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Auditory and Visual Sustained Attention in Adolescents Prenatally Exposed to Alcohol
Coles, C. D., Platzman, K. A., Lynch, M. E., & Freides, D. (2002) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2002.tb02533.x · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Self-citationEthanol-Induced Face-Brain Dysmorphology Patterns Are Correlative and Exposure-Stage Dependent
Lipinski, R. J., Hammond, P., O’Leary‐Moore, S. K., Ament, J. J., Pecevich, S. J., Jiang, Y., Budin, F., Parnell, S. E., Suttie, M., Godin, E. A., et al. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0043067 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Further Development of a Neurobehavioral Profile of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders
Mattson, S. N., Roesch, S. C., Glass, L., Deweese, B. N., Coles, C. D., Kable, J. A., May, P. A., Kalberg, W. O., Sowell, E. R., Adnams, C. M., et al. (2012) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2012.01952.x · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Self-citationNeuroimaging and fetal alcohol spectrum disorders
Spadoni, A. D., Petrenko, C. L. M., Fryer, S. L., & Riley, E. P. (2006) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2006.09.006 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Self-citationWhaley, S. E., O'Connor, M. J., & Gunderson, B. H. (2001) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2001.tb02311.x · Cited by 157 · see citing works
The burden of prenatal exposure to alcohol: revised measurement of cost.
Stade, B. C., Ali, A. I., Bennett, D., et al. (2009) · PubMed · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Neonatal Neurobehavioral Characteristics as Correlates of Maternal Alcohol Use during Gestation
Cotes, C. D., Smith, I. E., Fernhoff, P. M., & Fatek, A. (1985) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1985.tb05582.x · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Facial Dysmorphism Across the Fetal Alcohol Spectrum
Suttie, M., Foroud, T., Wetherill, L. F., et al. (2013) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2012-1371 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Alcohol Consumption Before and During Pregnancy Comparing Concurrent and Retrospective Reports
Alvik, A., Haldorsen, T., Grøholt, B., & Lindemann, R. (2006) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2006.00055.x · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Sobell, L. C., Agrawal, S., Annis, H. M., Velázquez, H. A., Echeverría, L., Leo, G. I., RYBAKOWSKI, J. K., Sandahl, C., Saunders, B., Thomas, S. C., et al. (2001) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1081/ja-100102628 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Toward a Neurobehavioral Profile of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders
Mattson, S. N., Roesch, S. C., Fagerlund, Å., Autti‐Rämö, I., Jones, K. L., May, P. A., Adnams, C. M., Konovalova, V., Riley, E. P., & CIFASD, T. (2010) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2010.01250.x · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Self-citationAuditory and Visual Sustained Attention in Adolescents Prenatally Exposed to Alcohol
Coles, C. D., Platzman, K. A., Lynch, M. E., & Freides, D. (2002) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1097/00000374-200202000-00015 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Self-citationCrocker, N., Vaurio, L., Riley, E. P., & Mattson, S. N. (2009) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2009.01040.x · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Self-citationWurst, F. M., Kelso, E., Weinmann, W., et al. (2008) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2007.10.801 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Whaley, S. E., Connor, M. J. O., & Gunderson, B. H. (2001) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1097/00000374-200107000-00011 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Five-year reliability of self-reported alcohol consumption.
Czarnecki, D., Russell, M., Cooper, M. L., & Salter, D. P. (1990) · Journal of Studies on Alcohol · doi:10.15288/jsa.1990.51.68 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
The Effects of Prenatal Alcohol Use on the Growth of Children at Three Years of Age
Day, N. L., Robles, N., Richardson, G. A., Geva, D., Taylor, P. D., Scher, M. S., Stoffer, D. S., Cornelius, M. D., & Goldschmidt, L. (1991) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1991.tb00519.x · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Prenatal Alcohol Exposure and Risk of Birth Defects
O’Leary, C., Nassar, N., Kurinczuk, J. J., et al. (2010) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2010-0256 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
The Remarkably High Prevalence of Epilepsy and Seizure History in Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders
Bell, S. H., Stade, B. C., Reynolds, J. N., Rasmussen, C., Andrew, G., Hwang, P. A., & Carlen, P. L. (2010) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2010.01184.x · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Collaborative initiative on fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: methodology of clinical projects
Mattson, S. N., Foroud, T., Sowell, E. R., Jones, K. L., Coles, C. D., Fagerlund, Å., Autti‐Rämö, I., May, P. A., Adnams, C. M., Konovalova, V., et al. (2009) · Alcohol · doi:10.1016/j.alcohol.2009.08.005 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Self-citationMeasures of Maternal Alcohol Use as Predictors of Development in Early Childhood
Russell, M., Czarnecki, D., Cowan, R., McPherson, E. W., & Mudar, P. J. (1991) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1991.tb05200.x · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Responding to the Challenge of Early Intervention for Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders
Olson, H. C., Jirikowic, T., Kartin, D., et al. (2007) · Infants & Young Children · doi:10.1097/01.iyc.0000264484.73688.4a · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Jones, K. L., Robinson, L. K., Bakhireva, L. N., Marintcheva, G., Storojev, V., Strahova, A., Sergeevskaya, S., Budantseva, S., Mattson, S. N., Riley, E. P., et al. (2006) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2006-1037 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Self-citationSkagerström, J., Alehagen, S., Häggström‐Nordin, E., Årestedt, K., & Nilsén, P. (2013) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-13-780 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Hannigan, J. H., Chiodo, L. M., Sokol, R. J., Janisse, J. J., Ager, J. W., Greenwald, M. K., & Delaney‐Black, V. (2009) · Alcohol · doi:10.1016/j.alcohol.2009.03.003 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Children with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders: A Descriptive Profile of Adaptive Function
Jirikowic, T., Kartin, D., & Olson, H. C. (2008) · Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.1177/000841740807500411 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders and their transmission through genetic and epigenetic mechanisms
Mead, E. A., & Sarkar, D. K. (2014) · Frontiers in Genetics · doi:10.3389/fgene.2014.00154 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Aragón, A. S., Kalberg, W. O., Buckley, D. G., Barela‐Scott, L. M., Tabachnick, B. G., & May, P. A. (2008) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2008.00802.x · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Self-citationGahagan, S., Sharpe, T. T., Brimacombe, M. B., et al. (2006) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2005-0516 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Visual impairment and ocular abnormalities in children with fetal alcohol syndrome
Strömland, K. (2004) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1080/13556210410001717024 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Larkby, C. A., Goldschmidt, L., Hanusa, B. H., & Day, N. L. (2011) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2010.12.004 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Veazey, K. J., Parnell, S. E., Miranda, R. C., & Golding, M. C. (2015) · Epigenetics & Chromatin · doi:10.1186/s13072-015-0031-7 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: Extending the range of structural defects
Jones, K. L., Hoyme, H. E., Robinson, L. K., Campo, M. D., Manning, M. A., Prewitt, L. M., & Chambers, C. (2010) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A · doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.33675 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Self-citationMay, P. A., Keaster, C., Bozeman, R., et al. (2015) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.08.006 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Self-citationPalpebral fissure length from 29 weeks gestation to 14 years
Thomas, I. T., Gaitantzis, Y. A., & Frías, J. L. (1987) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/s0022-3476(87)80085-9 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Kleiber, M. L., Chater‐Diehl, E., Laufer, B. I., Mantha, K., Chokroborty-Hoque, A., Alberry, B., & Singh, S. M. (2014) · Frontiers in Genetics · doi:10.3389/fgene.2014.00161 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Pichini, S., Marchei, E., Vagnarelli, F., et al. (2011) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2011.01647.x · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Enhancing the self-report of alcohol consumption in the community: two questionnaire formats.
King, A. C. (1994) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.84.2.294 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Doyle, L. R., & Mattson, S. N. (2015) · Current Developmental Disorders Reports · doi:10.1007/s40474-015-0054-6 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Recall of alcohol consumption during pregnancy.
Robles, N., & Day, N. L. (1990) · Journal of Studies on Alcohol · doi:10.15288/jsa.1990.51.403 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder: New Zealand birth mothers' experiences.
Salmon, J. (2008) · PubMed · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Ostrea, E. M. (1999) · Current Problems in Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/s0045-9380(99)80046-2 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Hofer, R., & Burd, L. (2009) · Birth Defects Research Part A Clinical and Molecular Teratology · doi:10.1002/bdra.20562 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Fatty Acid Ethyl Esters: Ethanol Metabolites That Reflect Ethanol Intake
Soderberg, B. L., Salem, R. O., Best-Popescu, C. A., Cluette‐Brown, J. E., & Laposata, M. (2003) · Pathology Patterns Reviews · doi:10.1309/6f39-ear2-l4gy-x5g6 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Verbal and Nonverbal Memory in Adults Prenatally Exposed to Alcohol
Coles, C. D., Lynch, M. E., Kable, J. A., Johnson, K. C., & Goldstein, F. C. (2010) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2010.01162.x · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Self-citationAlvik, A., Haldorsen, T., & Lindemann, R. (2005) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1097/01.alc.0000175014.31463.9a · Cited by 54 · see citing works
May, P. A., Tabachnick, B. G., Gossage, J. P., Kalberg, W. O., Marais, A., Robinson, L. K., Manning, M. A., Buckley, D. G., & Hoyme, H. E. (2011) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.05.009 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Self-citationTesting Ethylglucuronide in Maternal Hair and Nails for the Assessment of Fetal Exposure to Alcohol
Morini, L., Marchei, E., Tarani, L., et al. (2013) · Therapeutic Drug Monitoring · doi:10.1097/ftd.0b013e318283f719 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Ware, A. L., O’Brien, J. W., Crocker, N., Deweese, B. N., Roesch, S. C., Coles, C. D., Kable, J. A., May, P. A., Kalberg, W. O., Sowell, E. R., et al. (2012) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2012.01953.x · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Self-citationParnell, S. E., Holloway, H., Baker, L. K., Styner, M. A., & Sulik, K. K. (2014) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.12464 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Diagnosing fetal alcohol syndrome: new insights from newer genetic technologies
Douzgou, S., Breen, C. M., Crow, Y. J., et al. (2012) · Archives of Disease in Childhood · doi:10.1136/archdischild-2012-302125 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
(2014) · Handbook of Clinical Neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-62619-6.00026-4 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Kulaga, V., Pragst, F., Fulga, N., et al. (2009) · Therapeutic Drug Monitoring · doi:10.1097/ftd.0b013e31819c33b8 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Normal distribution of palpebral fissure lengths in Canadian school age children.
Clarren, S. K., Chudley, A. E., Wong, L., et al. (2010) · PubMed · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Clarren, S. K., Lutke, J., & Sherbuck, M. (2011) · PubMed · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Nicita, F., Verrotti, A., Pruna, D., et al. (2014) · Epilepsia · doi:10.1111/epi.12638 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Maternal risk factors for fetal alcohol spectrum disorders in a province in Italy
Ceccanti, M., Fiorentino, D., Coriale, G., Kalberg, W. O., Buckley, D. G., Hoyme, H. E., Gossage, J. P., Robinson, L. K., Manning, M. A., Romeo, M., et al. (2014) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.10.017 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Self-citationSalmon, J. V., & Buetow, S. (2012) · PubMed · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Mallard, S. R., CONNOR, J. L., & Houghton, L. A. (2013) · Drug and Alcohol Review · doi:10.1111/dar.12024 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
A South African mixed race lip/philtrum guide for diagnosis of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders
Hoyme, H. E., Hoyme, D. B., Elliott, A. J., et al. (2015) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A · doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.37023 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Self-citationSchambra, U. B., Goldsmith, J., Nunley, K., Liu, Y., Harirforoosh, S., & Schambra, H. M. (2015) · Neurotoxicology and Teratology · doi:10.1016/j.ntt.2015.07.003 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Parackal, S. M., Parackal, M., & HARRAWAY, J. A. (2012) · Maternal and Child Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10995-012-1026-7 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Validez del cuestionario de consumo materno de alcohol para detectar la exposición prenatal
Manich, A. M., Rodríguez‐Belvís, M. V., Joya, X., et al. (2011) · Anales de Pediatría · doi:10.1016/j.anpedi.2011.09.016 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
The differential diagnosis of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder.
Leibson, T., Neuman, G., Chudley, A. E., & Koren, G. (2014) · PubMed · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Astley, S. J. (2015) · PubMed · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Astley, S. J. (2011) · PubMed · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Incidence of prenatal alcohol exposure in Prince Edward Island: a population-based descriptive study
Bryanton, J., Gareri, J., Boswall, D., McCarthy, M. J., Fraser, B., Walsh, D., Freeman, B., Koren, G., & Bigsby, K. (2014) · CMAJ Open · doi:10.9778/cmajo.20140011 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Abdelmalik, N., van Haelst, M. M., Mancini, G. M. S., et al. (2013) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A · doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.35672 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Cranston, M. E., Mhanni, A. A., Marles, S. L., et al. (2009) · PubMed · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Validation of the facial photographic in fetal alcohol spectrum disorder screening and diagnosis.
Avner, M., Henning, P., Koren, G., et al. (2014) · PubMed · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Gahagan, S., Sharpe, T. T., Brimacombe, M. B., et al. (2007) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · Cited by 7 · see citing works
The Role of the Audiologist and Otologist in the Identification of the Dysmorphic Child
Grundfast, K. M. (1983) · Ear and Hearing · doi:10.1097/00003446-198301000-00006 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
‘Safe to Sleep’ spreads broader infant sleep message
Korioth, T. (2012) · AAP News · doi:10.1542/aapnews.20123312-18 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Prenatal Alcohol Exposure and Risk of Birth Defects
O’Leary, C., Nassar, N., Kurinczuk, J. J., et al. (2011) · Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey · doi:10.1097/ogx.0b013e31821684bc · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Treit, S., Zhou, D., Andrew, G., et al. (2015) · International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2015.04.231 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 10
- [1]Lemoine P, Harousseau H, Borteyru JP, Menuet JC. Les enfants des parents alcoholiques: anomolies observees a propos de 127 cas [The children of alcoholic parents: anomalies observed in 127 cases]. Quest Medical. 1968;25:476–482 [Google Scholar]
- [3]Stratton K, Howe C, Battaglia F, eds. Institute of Medicine. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Diagnosis, Epidemiology, Prevention, and Treatment. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 1996 [Google Scholar]
- [6]World Health Organization. The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioral Disorders: Clinical Descriptions and Diagnostic Guidelines. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 1992 [Google Scholar]
- [8]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders: Guidelines for Referral and Diagnosis. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2004 [Google Scholar]
- [15]May PA, Blankenship J, Marais AS, et al. Approaching the prevalence of the full spectrum of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders in a South African population-based study. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2013;37(5):818–830 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- [18]Harwood H. Updating Estimates of the Economic Costs of Alcohol Abuse in the United States: Estimates, Updated Methods and Data. Report Prepared by the Lewin Group. Bethesda, MD: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism; 2000 [Google Scholar]
- [33]Manich A, Velasco M, Joya X, et al. Validity of a maternal alcohol consumption questionnaire in detecting prenatal exposure [in Spanish]. An Pediatr (Barc). 2012;76(6):324–328 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- [43]Floyd RL, Decouflé P, Hungerford DW. Alcohol use prior to pregnancy recognition. Am J Prev Med. 1999;17(2):101–107 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- [111]Consensus statement on recognizing alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder (ARND) in primary health care of children. Interagency Coordinating Committee on Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (ICCFASD). Joseph F. Hagan, Jr., M.D., Conference Panel Chair. Available at: http://niaaa.nih.gov/sites/default/files/ARNDConferenceConsensusStatementBooklet_Complete.pdf. Accessed March 29, 2016
- [112]AAP Division of Children with Special Needs AAP endorses statement on alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disabilities. AAP News. 2012;33:18 [Google Scholar]
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Gómez-Roig, M. D., Pascal, R., Cahuana, M. J., García-Algar, O., Sebastiani, G., Andreu-Fernández, V., Martínez, L., Rodríguez, G., Iglesia, I., Ortiz-Arrabal, O., et al. (2021) · Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy · doi:10.1159/000514884 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Coles, C. D., Kalberg, W., Kable, J. A., Tabachnick, B., May, P. A., & Chambers, C. D. (2020) · Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.14325 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citationLouw, J. G., Olivier, L., Skeen, S., van Heerden, A., & Tomlinson, M. (2019) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/14489 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Winarni, T. I., Aishworiya, R., Culpepper, H., Zafarullah, M., Mendoza, G., Wilaisakditipakorn, T. J., Likhitweerawong, N., Law, J., Hagerman, R., & Tassone, F. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms26072840 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
- Authors
- Hoyme, H. E., Kalberg, W. O., Elliott, A. J., Blankenship, J., Buckley, D., Marais, A.-S., Manning, M. A., Robinson, L. K., Adam, M. P., Abdul-Rahman, O., Jewett, T., Coles, C. D., Chambers, C., Jones, K. L., Adnams, C. M., Shah, P. E., Riley, E. P., Charness, M. E., Warren, K. R., & May, P. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Arizona (US)
- University of New Mexico (US)
- University of South Dakota (US)
- Stellenbosch University (ZA)
- Stanford Medicine (US)
- University at Buffalo, State University of New York (US)
- University of Washington (US)
- University of Mississippi Medical Center (US)
- Wake Forest University Health Sciences (US)
- Emory University (US)
- University of California San Diego (US)
- University of Cape Town (ZA)
- University of Michigan (US)
- San Diego State University (US)
- Boston University (US)
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (US)
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hoyme, H. Eugene
- ORCID
- Venue
- Pediatrics
- Publisher
- American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)
- Published
- 2016-08-01
- Volume
- 138
- Issue
- 2
- ISSN
- 0031-4005 (ISSN-L)
- 1098-4275
- PMC
- PMC4960726
- OpenAlex
- W2492998196
- Cited by
- 876
- References
- 112
- Citations by year
- 2026: 60 · 2025: 83 · 2024: 92 · 2023: 144 · 2022: 75 · 2021: 97 · 2020: 132 · 2019: 77 · 2018: 52 · 2017: 54 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 1 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 73.33
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- PEDIATRICS (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) (submittedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- UNC Libraries
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (U01AA019879, R01AA011685)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Prenatal Substance Exposure Effects
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Fetal and Pediatric Neurological Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Keywords
- fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, prenatal alcohol exposure, diagnostic criteria, fetal alcohol syndrome, partial fetal alcohol syndrome, alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder, alcohol-related birth defects, neurobehavioral assessment
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Alcohol Drinking, Child, Child, Preschool, Diagnosis, Differential, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Maternal Behavior, Neuropsychological Tests, Pediatrics, Physical Examination, Physician's Role, Sensitivity and Specificity, Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
